Chapter 5EpidemiologyCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 199.docx
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Chapter 5 Epidemiology Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Epidemiology Is … … the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations (Harkness, 1995) … the principal science of public health Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Historical Perspective Investigations of disease pattern in the community; comparing people who had disease or who remained healthy Person-Place-Time Model Person: “Who” factors, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status Place: “Where” factors, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, political and social environment Time: “When” factors, such as times of day, week, or month and secular trends over months and year Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Different Types of Epidemiology Descriptive Epidemiology Study of the amount and distribution of disease Used by public health professionals Identified patterns frequently indicate possible causes of disease Analytic Epidemiology Examine complex relationships among the many determinants of disease Investigation of the causes of disease, or etiology Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Epidemiological Triangle Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Figure 5-1 Agent of Disease (Etiologic Factors) Nutritive elements Excesses, deficiencies Chemical agents Poisons, allergens Physical agents Ionizing radiation, mechanical Infectious agents Metazoa, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, rickettsia, viruses Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Host Factors–Intrinsic Factors (Susceptibility, or Response to Agent) Genetic Age Sex Ethnic group Physiological state Prior immunological experience Active/, passive Intercurrent or preexisting disease Human behavior Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Environmental Factors— Extrinsic Factors… … influence existence of the agent, exposure, or susceptibility to agent Physical environment Biological environment Human populations, flora, fauna Socioeconomic environment Occupation, urbanization and economic development, disruption Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Wheel Model of Human-Environment Interaction Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Figure 5-2 Redrawn from Mausner JS, Kramer S: Mausner and Bahn epidemiology: an introductory text, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1985, Saunders. Web of Causation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Figure 5-3 From Friedman GD: Primer of epidemiology, ed 4, New York, 1994, M ...
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Chapter 4
Health Promotion and Risk Reduction
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Health Promotion Is…
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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c. Example/supporting evidence:
d. Commentary/explanation:III. Body paragraph 2
e. Topic sentence:
f. Example/supporting evidence:
g. Commentary/explanation:IV. Body paragraph 3
h. Topic sentence:
i. Example/supporting evidence:
j. Commentary/explanation:
….Continue for all body paragraphsV. Conclusion
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 4
Health Promotion and Risk Reduction
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Health Promotion Is…
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…that which is motivated by the desire to increase well-being and to reach the best possible health potential (Parse, 1990)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Life expectancy varies significantly in different countries.
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Live closer together and migrate to urban areas for employment
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 15
Health in the Global Community
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Human health and its influence on every aspect of life are central to the global agenda.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Population characteristics
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Patterns of health and disease
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International health care delivery systems
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Research in international health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Courtesy J. C. Novak.
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Large populations create pressures
Goal is to improve quality of life (QOL)
Health promotion
Effective health care delivery systems
Enhancement of the environmental infrastructure
World population distribution is uneven
More than 50% live in China, India, United States, and Indonesia; 30% are children; 8% are over 60
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Population Characteristics (Cont.)
Life expectancy varies significantly in different countries.
Japan 86 years, Zambia 43 years
As the world population grows, a global trend toward urbanization occurs.
Live closer together and migrate to urban areas for employment
Increased living density and global travel threatens health of general population by environmental factors
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Environmental Factors
Environmental stressors
Directly assault human health
Damage society’s goods and services
Affect quality of life (QOL)
Interfere with the ecological balance
Natural disasters, terrorism, and war affect all of the above
The field of environmental health and sustainable development has exploded since 1990.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
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Lifestyles, health and cultural beliefs, infrastructure, economics, and politics affect existing illnesses and society’s commitment to prevention.
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This is Question 1 from the unit 8:
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Chapter 1
Health: A Community View
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
1
Community/Public Health Nursing …
… is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice.
… has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations.
… focuses on health promotion and health maintenance.
… is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to patient demand.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
2
The mission of public health is …
… social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
http://www.health.gov/phfunctions/public.htm
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
3
How Do We Define Health?
A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
– World Health Organization, 1958
The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities.
– World Health Organization, 1986
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
4
Community …
… a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals.
Nies and McEwen, 2013
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
5
Figure 1-2
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Federal Interagency Workgroup: The vision, mission, and goals of Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Consortium/HP2020Framework.pdf. Access ...
Chapter 15Health in the Global CommunityCopyright © 2015, 20.docx
Chapter 15
Health in the Global Community
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Human health and its influence on every aspect of life are central to the global agenda.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Health in the Global Community
Population characteristics
Environmental factors
Patterns of health and disease
International agencies and organizations
International health care delivery systems
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Research in international health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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International Community Assessment Model
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Courtesy J. C. Novak.
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Large populations create pressures
Goal is to improve quality of life (QOL)
Health promotion
Effective health care delivery systems
Enhancement of the environmental infrastructure
World population distribution is uneven
More than 50% live in China, India, United States, and Indonesia; 30% are children; 8% are over 60
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Population Characteristics (Cont.)
Life expectancy varies significantly in different countries.
Japan 86 years, Zambia 43 years
As the world population grows, a global trend toward urbanization occurs.
Live closer together and migrate to urban areas for employment
Increased living density and global travel threatens health of general population by environmental factors
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Environmental stressors
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Damage society’s goods and services
Affect quality of life (QOL)
Interfere with the ecological balance
Natural disasters, terrorism, and war affect all of the above
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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WHO (World Health Organization)
PAHO (Pan American Health Organization)
UN (United Nations)
UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Fund)
World Bank
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
“Health for All by the Year 2000”
(WHO Goal, 1978)
Goal framed at the Alma-Ata conference in the .
Public Health Community Nursing Questions Discussion HW.pdf
This document provides an overview of public health community nursing. It discusses key concepts like the definitions of health, community, and the levels and goals of prevention. It also summarizes the core functions of public health as assessment, policy development, and assurance. Other topics covered include Healthy People 2020, the levels of prevention, and models for population-focused nursing and public health interventions.
Domestic animal diseases.pptx
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. It investigates how disease spreads and is caused. The key factors that influence disease transmission include characteristics of the infectious agent, environmental factors that support the agent, and characteristics of the host that influence susceptibility.
Chapter 14Environmental HealthCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, .docx
Chapter 14
Environmental Health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Environmental Health Is …
... all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors.
… encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.
… targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
– WHO (2013)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Environmental Health
The purpose of environmental health is to ensure the conditions of human health and provide healthy environments for people to live, work, and play.
Accomplished through…
Risk assessment
Prevention
Intervention
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Using a Critical Theory Approach
Uses “thinking upstream” framework.
Raises questions about oppressive situations.
Involves community members in the definition and solution of problems.
Facilitates interventions that reduce health-damaging effects of environments.
Asks critical questions about clients’ work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to health.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Benefits of an Environmental Health History
Increased awareness of environmental/ occupational factors
Improved timelines and accuracy of diagnosis
Prevents disease and aggravation of conditions
Identifies potential work-related environmental hazards and/or environmental hazards in and around clients’ homes
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
I PREPARE
Environmental Exposure History
I – Investigate potential exposures
P – Present work
R – Residence
E – Environmental concerns
P – Past work
A – Activities
R – Referrals and Resources
E – Educate
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Figure 14-1
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2010, ed 2, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Areas of Environmental Health
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food, safety, and waste management
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Built Environment
The connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Built Environment: Examples
Drunk driving
Second-hand smoke
Noise exposure
Urban crowding
Technological hazards
...
Chapter 14Environmental HealthCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, .docx
Chapter 14
Environmental Health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Environmental Health Is …
... all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors.
… encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.
… targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
– WHO (2013)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Environmental Health
The purpose of environmental health is to ensure the conditions of human health and provide healthy environments for people to live, work, and play.
Accomplished through…
Risk assessment
Prevention
Intervention
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Using a Critical Theory Approach
Uses “thinking upstream” framework.
Raises questions about oppressive situations.
Involves community members in the definition and solution of problems.
Facilitates interventions that reduce health-damaging effects of environments.
Asks critical questions about clients’ work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to health.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Benefits of an Environmental Health History
Increased awareness of environmental/ occupational factors
Improved timelines and accuracy of diagnosis
Prevents disease and aggravation of conditions
Identifies potential work-related environmental hazards and/or environmental hazards in and around clients’ homes
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
I PREPARE
Environmental Exposure History
I – Investigate potential exposures
P – Present work
R – Residence
E – Environmental concerns
P – Past work
A – Activities
R – Referrals and Resources
E – Educate
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Figure 14-1
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2010, ed 2, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Areas of Environmental Health
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food, safety, and waste management
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Built Environment
The connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Built Environment: Examples
Drunk driving
Second-hand smoke
Noise exposure
Urban crowding
Technological hazards
C.
COMMUNITY NURSING Course Reflection .docx
COMMUNITY NURSING Course Reflection NUR4636 Directions and Grading Criteria
Category
Points
%
Description
(Introduction – see note under requirement #4 above)
8
8
Introduces the purpose of the reflection and addresses BSN Essentials (AACN, 2008) pertinent to healthcare policy and advocacy.
You Decide Reflection
80
80
Include a self-assessment regarding learning that you believe represents your skills, knowledge, and integrative abilities to meet the pertinent BSN Essential and sub-competencies (AACN, 2008) as a result of active learning throughout this course. Be sure to use examples from selected readings, threaded discussions, and/or applications to support your assertions to address each of the following sub-competencies:
(a) “Demonstrate basic knowledge of healthcare policy, finance, and regulatory environments, including local, state, national, and global healthcare trends.
(b) Describe how health care is organized and financed, including the implications of business principles, such as patient and system cost factors.
(c) Compare the benefits and limitations of the major forms of reimbursement on the delivery of healthcare services.
(d) Examine legislative and regulatory processes relevant to the provision of health care.
(e) Describe state and national statutes, rules, and regulations that authorize and define professional nursing practice.
(f) Explore the impact of sociocultural, economic, legal, and political factors influencing healthcare delivery and practice.
(g) Examine the roles and responsibilities of the regulatory agencies and their effect on patient care quality, workplace safety, and the scope of nursing and other health professionals’ practice.
(h) Discuss the implications of healthcare policy on issues of access, equity, affordability, and social justice in healthcare delivery.
(i) Use an ethical framework to evaluate the impact of social policies on health care, especially for vulnerable populations.
(j) Articulate, through a nursing perspective, issues concerning healthcare delivery to decision makers within healthcare organizations and other policy arenas.
(k) Participate as a nursing professional in political processes and grassroots legislative efforts to influence healthcare policy.
(l) Advocate for consumers and the nursing profession.
(m) Assess protective and predictive factors, including genetics, which influence the health of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.
(n) Conduct a health history, including environmental exposure and a family history that recognizes genetic risks, to identify current and future health problems.
(o) Assess health/illness beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.
(p) Use behavioral change techniques to promote health and manage illness.
(q) Use evidence based practices to guide health teaching, health counseling, screening, outreach, disease and outbre ...
RESPONSE TWO9-3 Discussion Models of CausationMacMahon and Pu.docx
RESPONSE TWO
9-3 Discussion: Models of Causation
MacMahon and Pugh, in 1970, wrote that “the word cause is an abstract noun and, like beauty, will have different meanings in different contexts” (Parascandola & Weed, 2001, p. 905). Cause is also a scientific term and it is important that epidemiologists have common thinking about what is meant in saying “X causes Y” (Parascandola & Weed, 2001). Epidemiologists have developed complex models of disease causality to describe exposure-disease relationships. These models use an ecologic approach by relating disease to one or more environmental factors. Multiple causation in epidemiology refers to the requirement that more than one factor be present for disease to develop. There are several models used by epidemiologists such as epidemiologic triangle, web of causation, wheel of model and pie model (Friis & Sellers, 2014).
The web of causation, one of the several models used, arose out of the study of chronic diseases like cancer or heart disease. In a casual web, interconnections of casual components in a population are emphasized. There are direct and indirect causes comprising casual webs. Proximal to pathogenic events are direct causes. Distal from pathological events are indirect causes. Indirect and direct causes form a hierarchical causal web often with reciprocal relations among factors. An example of a causal web model is shown below in Figure 1 (Gerstman, 2003). When looking at heart disease, the concept of a “necessary” condition is rarely, if ever, meaningful. There is no “necessary” cause of heart disease; rather the idea of a “causal web” has been introduced and applied. To induce heart disease a concurrence of different “exposures” or conditions are required, and the casual web reflects this fact. Heart disease can be induced by a casual web, including tobacco smoking, genetics, high-fat diet, physical inactivity, and stress. The web of causation implies that even though heart disease is well-defined from a clinical point of view, the etiologic perspective is more complex. Not all heart disease cases can be linked to the same exposures but may share partially overlapping causes (Vineis & Kriebel, 2006). Hill's criteria for causation applies to this relationship as each of his criteria are carefully considered when determining a cause-and-effect relationship.
Figure 1.0. Causal-web model for myocardial infarction.
References
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Gerstman, B. B. (2003). Epidemiology kept simple: an introduction to traditional and modern epidemiology (2nd ed). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Liss. Retrieved from http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/hs161/Ch2-EKS-2ed.pdf
Parascandola, M., & Weed, D. (2001). Causation in epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(12), 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.12.905 Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=https:/.
Introduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Community Health Nursing Questions.pdf
This document provides information about community health nursing and public health. It includes definitions of key concepts like community, health, and levels of prevention. It discusses the nursing process in a community context and describes tools like the intervention wheel and epidemiological data for conducting community health assessments and developing interventions. Historical factors and contemporary issues in public health nursing are also addressed.
Epidemiology lecture of Community Medicine
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It has evolved rapidly in recent decades from focusing only on disease distribution and causation to also examining health events, treatment modalities, and health services. Modern epidemiology identifies risk factors for chronic diseases and evaluates prevention and treatment options to improve population health.
COMMUNITY DENTISTRY LECTURE 3
EPIDEMIOLOGY, DEFINITIONS, DENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY. OBJECTIVES, COMPONENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ESSENTIAL STEPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY, BASIC MEASUREMENTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Explain the difference between health nursing practice.pdf
This document provides an overview of public/community health nursing practice by comparing definitions, core functions, and interventions. It discusses how public health nursing aims to promote health and prevent disease at population levels through health education, screening, and collaboration. Community health nursing also focuses on populations but provides direct care to individuals, families, and groups. The document outlines models like the nursing process and levels of prevention applied across community settings and populations.
Compare and contrast definitions of health in Nursing.pdf
1. The document discusses definitions of health from nursing perspectives, including the WHO definitions from 1958 and 1986. It also discusses definitions from a public health perspective.
2. Community/public health nursing is defined as the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice, with a goal of preserving community health. It focuses on health promotion and identifying at-risk populations.
3. Major models and frameworks for community health are presented, including core public health functions, 10 essential services, levels of prevention, and the goals of Healthy People 2020.
Describe and discuss the three focus areas in Healthy People.pdf
The document discusses three key topics:
1) The three focus areas in Healthy People 2020 objectives related to infectious diseases.
2) The definitions of infectious and communicable disease, providing two examples of each.
3) The legal responsibility for control of communicable diseases in the United States.
Definitions of Health from A Public Health Nursing Perspective Paper.pdf
1. The document discusses definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective, including definitions from the World Health Organization from 1958 and 1986. It also discusses the three levels of prevention - primary, secondary, and tertiary - and provides examples of each.
2. Key aspects of public and community health are explained, including Winslow's definition and the core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance. The 10 essential services of public health are also outlined.
3. Healthy People 2020 is reviewed as a framework for health promotion, with its vision of a society with long, healthy lives for all. It has overarching goals and 42 focus areas to guide activities to promote community health.
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into th.docx
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into the only Male, Female, ND, and Other) (bar comparison chart, pie comparison chart)
2. How many Male, Female, ND, and Other are there in each ALIGN. (Bar comparison chart)
3. How many red-haired heroes do Marvel and DC have?
.
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains.docx
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida, and Aspergillus, can survive for one to three months on a variety of materials found in hospitals, including scrub suits, lab coats, plastic aprons, and computer keyboards. What can hospital personnel do to reduce the spread of these pathogens?
2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect does this have on antibody and cell-mediated immunity?
**Provide APA references for each
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 5EpidemiologyCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 199.docx
A Community View.pdf
The document discusses community health and public health nursing. It provides definitions of health from both public health and community perspectives. It outlines the three levels of prevention - primary, secondary, and tertiary - and provides examples. It also discusses core public health functions including assessment, policy development, and assurance. The document reviews the 10 essential public health services and Healthy People 2020 which aims to create a healthier society.
Modern epidemiology
This document provides an overview of modern epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related diseases or events in populations, including their determinants and control. The purposes of epidemiology are described as investigating disease extent and priorities, studying disease progression, identifying causes and risks, recommending interventions, and informing public policy. John Snow is highlighted for his work tracing a cholera outbreak that improved public health systems.
Community Health Nursing in Context Paper.pdf
This document discusses community health nursing and public health. It compares definitions of health from public health and nursing perspectives, describes the three levels of prevention and examples. It also explains the process of conducting a community health assessment and uses of epidemiological data in the nursing process. Finally, it compares application of public health principles for acute vs chronic diseases and discusses contemporary public health nursing issues and their historical roots.
Question 3This is Question 1 from the unit 8Family Systems Th.docx
Question 3
This is Question 1 from the unit 8:
Family Systems Therapy and Communication
For this discussion:
Consider how communication patterns can lead to symptoms for one or more members of a family.
How might a family therapist intervene in working with the family?
Discuss one technique or method that a family therapist might use.
No Wikipedia
APA6
No plagiarism
Due Thursday
Chapter 1
Health: A Community View
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
1
Community/Public Health Nursing …
… is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice.
… has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations.
… focuses on health promotion and health maintenance.
… is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to patient demand.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
2
The mission of public health is …
… social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
http://www.health.gov/phfunctions/public.htm
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
3
How Do We Define Health?
A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
– World Health Organization, 1958
The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities.
– World Health Organization, 1986
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
4
Community …
… a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals.
Nies and McEwen, 2013
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Nies: Power Points, Evolve Resources for Nies/McEwen: Community Health Nursing, 4th ed.
5
Figure 1-2
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Federal Interagency Workgroup: The vision, mission, and goals of Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Consortium/HP2020Framework.pdf. Access ...
Chapter 15Health in the Global CommunityCopyright © 2015, 20.docx
Chapter 15
Health in the Global Community
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Human health and its influence on every aspect of life are central to the global agenda.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Health in the Global Community
Population characteristics
Environmental factors
Patterns of health and disease
International agencies and organizations
International health care delivery systems
The CHN’s role in the global community
Research in international health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
International Community Assessment Model
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Courtesy J. C. Novak.
Population Characteristics
Large populations create pressures
Goal is to improve quality of life (QOL)
Health promotion
Effective health care delivery systems
Enhancement of the environmental infrastructure
World population distribution is uneven
More than 50% live in China, India, United States, and Indonesia; 30% are children; 8% are over 60
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Population Characteristics (Cont.)
Life expectancy varies significantly in different countries.
Japan 86 years, Zambia 43 years
As the world population grows, a global trend toward urbanization occurs.
Live closer together and migrate to urban areas for employment
Increased living density and global travel threatens health of general population by environmental factors
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Environmental Factors
Environmental stressors
Directly assault human health
Damage society’s goods and services
Affect quality of life (QOL)
Interfere with the ecological balance
Natural disasters, terrorism, and war affect all of the above
The field of environmental health and sustainable development has exploded since 1990.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Patterns of Health and Disease
Lifestyles, health and cultural beliefs, infrastructure, economics, and politics affect existing illnesses and society’s commitment to prevention.
Disease patterns vary throughout the world.
Racial, ethnic, and access disparities exist within and between countries.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
International Organizations
WHO (World Health Organization)
PAHO (Pan American Health Organization)
UN (United Nations)
UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Fund)
World Bank
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
“Health for All by the Year 2000”
(WHO Goal, 1978)
Goal framed at the Alma-Ata conference in the .
Public Health Community Nursing Questions Discussion HW.pdf
This document provides an overview of public health community nursing. It discusses key concepts like the definitions of health, community, and the levels and goals of prevention. It also summarizes the core functions of public health as assessment, policy development, and assurance. Other topics covered include Healthy People 2020, the levels of prevention, and models for population-focused nursing and public health interventions.
Domestic animal diseases.pptx
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. It investigates how disease spreads and is caused. The key factors that influence disease transmission include characteristics of the infectious agent, environmental factors that support the agent, and characteristics of the host that influence susceptibility.
Chapter 14Environmental HealthCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, .docx
Chapter 14
Environmental Health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Environmental Health Is …
... all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors.
… encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.
… targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
– WHO (2013)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Environmental Health
The purpose of environmental health is to ensure the conditions of human health and provide healthy environments for people to live, work, and play.
Accomplished through…
Risk assessment
Prevention
Intervention
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Using a Critical Theory Approach
Uses “thinking upstream” framework.
Raises questions about oppressive situations.
Involves community members in the definition and solution of problems.
Facilitates interventions that reduce health-damaging effects of environments.
Asks critical questions about clients’ work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to health.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Benefits of an Environmental Health History
Increased awareness of environmental/ occupational factors
Improved timelines and accuracy of diagnosis
Prevents disease and aggravation of conditions
Identifies potential work-related environmental hazards and/or environmental hazards in and around clients’ homes
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
I PREPARE
Environmental Exposure History
I – Investigate potential exposures
P – Present work
R – Residence
E – Environmental concerns
P – Past work
A – Activities
R – Referrals and Resources
E – Educate
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Figure 14-1
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2010, ed 2, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Areas of Environmental Health
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food, safety, and waste management
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Built Environment
The connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Built Environment: Examples
Drunk driving
Second-hand smoke
Noise exposure
Urban crowding
Technological hazards
...
Chapter 14Environmental HealthCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, .docx
Chapter 14
Environmental Health
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Environmental Health Is …
... all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors.
… encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.
… targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
– WHO (2013)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Environmental Health
The purpose of environmental health is to ensure the conditions of human health and provide healthy environments for people to live, work, and play.
Accomplished through…
Risk assessment
Prevention
Intervention
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Using a Critical Theory Approach
Uses “thinking upstream” framework.
Raises questions about oppressive situations.
Involves community members in the definition and solution of problems.
Facilitates interventions that reduce health-damaging effects of environments.
Asks critical questions about clients’ work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to health.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Benefits of an Environmental Health History
Increased awareness of environmental/ occupational factors
Improved timelines and accuracy of diagnosis
Prevents disease and aggravation of conditions
Identifies potential work-related environmental hazards and/or environmental hazards in and around clients’ homes
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
I PREPARE
Environmental Exposure History
I – Investigate potential exposures
P – Present work
R – Residence
E – Environmental concerns
P – Past work
A – Activities
R – Referrals and Resources
E – Educate
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Figure 14-1
From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2010, ed 2, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Areas of Environmental Health
Built environment
Work-related exposures
Outdoor air quality
Healthy homes
Water quality
Food, safety, and waste management
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Built Environment
The connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Built Environment: Examples
Drunk driving
Second-hand smoke
Noise exposure
Urban crowding
Technological hazards
C.
COMMUNITY NURSING Course Reflection .docx
COMMUNITY NURSING Course Reflection NUR4636 Directions and Grading Criteria
Category
Points
%
Description
(Introduction – see note under requirement #4 above)
8
8
Introduces the purpose of the reflection and addresses BSN Essentials (AACN, 2008) pertinent to healthcare policy and advocacy.
You Decide Reflection
80
80
Include a self-assessment regarding learning that you believe represents your skills, knowledge, and integrative abilities to meet the pertinent BSN Essential and sub-competencies (AACN, 2008) as a result of active learning throughout this course. Be sure to use examples from selected readings, threaded discussions, and/or applications to support your assertions to address each of the following sub-competencies:
(a) “Demonstrate basic knowledge of healthcare policy, finance, and regulatory environments, including local, state, national, and global healthcare trends.
(b) Describe how health care is organized and financed, including the implications of business principles, such as patient and system cost factors.
(c) Compare the benefits and limitations of the major forms of reimbursement on the delivery of healthcare services.
(d) Examine legislative and regulatory processes relevant to the provision of health care.
(e) Describe state and national statutes, rules, and regulations that authorize and define professional nursing practice.
(f) Explore the impact of sociocultural, economic, legal, and political factors influencing healthcare delivery and practice.
(g) Examine the roles and responsibilities of the regulatory agencies and their effect on patient care quality, workplace safety, and the scope of nursing and other health professionals’ practice.
(h) Discuss the implications of healthcare policy on issues of access, equity, affordability, and social justice in healthcare delivery.
(i) Use an ethical framework to evaluate the impact of social policies on health care, especially for vulnerable populations.
(j) Articulate, through a nursing perspective, issues concerning healthcare delivery to decision makers within healthcare organizations and other policy arenas.
(k) Participate as a nursing professional in political processes and grassroots legislative efforts to influence healthcare policy.
(l) Advocate for consumers and the nursing profession.
(m) Assess protective and predictive factors, including genetics, which influence the health of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.
(n) Conduct a health history, including environmental exposure and a family history that recognizes genetic risks, to identify current and future health problems.
(o) Assess health/illness beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.
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RESPONSE TWO9-3 Discussion Models of CausationMacMahon and Pu.docx
RESPONSE TWO
9-3 Discussion: Models of Causation
MacMahon and Pugh, in 1970, wrote that “the word cause is an abstract noun and, like beauty, will have different meanings in different contexts” (Parascandola & Weed, 2001, p. 905). Cause is also a scientific term and it is important that epidemiologists have common thinking about what is meant in saying “X causes Y” (Parascandola & Weed, 2001). Epidemiologists have developed complex models of disease causality to describe exposure-disease relationships. These models use an ecologic approach by relating disease to one or more environmental factors. Multiple causation in epidemiology refers to the requirement that more than one factor be present for disease to develop. There are several models used by epidemiologists such as epidemiologic triangle, web of causation, wheel of model and pie model (Friis & Sellers, 2014).
The web of causation, one of the several models used, arose out of the study of chronic diseases like cancer or heart disease. In a casual web, interconnections of casual components in a population are emphasized. There are direct and indirect causes comprising casual webs. Proximal to pathogenic events are direct causes. Distal from pathological events are indirect causes. Indirect and direct causes form a hierarchical causal web often with reciprocal relations among factors. An example of a causal web model is shown below in Figure 1 (Gerstman, 2003). When looking at heart disease, the concept of a “necessary” condition is rarely, if ever, meaningful. There is no “necessary” cause of heart disease; rather the idea of a “causal web” has been introduced and applied. To induce heart disease a concurrence of different “exposures” or conditions are required, and the casual web reflects this fact. Heart disease can be induced by a casual web, including tobacco smoking, genetics, high-fat diet, physical inactivity, and stress. The web of causation implies that even though heart disease is well-defined from a clinical point of view, the etiologic perspective is more complex. Not all heart disease cases can be linked to the same exposures but may share partially overlapping causes (Vineis & Kriebel, 2006). Hill's criteria for causation applies to this relationship as each of his criteria are carefully considered when determining a cause-and-effect relationship.
Figure 1.0. Causal-web model for myocardial infarction.
References
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Gerstman, B. B. (2003). Epidemiology kept simple: an introduction to traditional and modern epidemiology (2nd ed). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Liss. Retrieved from http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/hs161/Ch2-EKS-2ed.pdf
Parascandola, M., & Weed, D. (2001). Causation in epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(12), 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.12.905 Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=https:/.
Introduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Community Health Nursing Questions.pdf
This document provides information about community health nursing and public health. It includes definitions of key concepts like community, health, and levels of prevention. It discusses the nursing process in a community context and describes tools like the intervention wheel and epidemiological data for conducting community health assessments and developing interventions. Historical factors and contemporary issues in public health nursing are also addressed.
Epidemiology lecture of Community Medicine
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It has evolved rapidly in recent decades from focusing only on disease distribution and causation to also examining health events, treatment modalities, and health services. Modern epidemiology identifies risk factors for chronic diseases and evaluates prevention and treatment options to improve population health.
COMMUNITY DENTISTRY LECTURE 3
EPIDEMIOLOGY, DEFINITIONS, DENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY. OBJECTIVES, COMPONENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ESSENTIAL STEPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY, BASIC MEASUREMENTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Explain the difference between health nursing practice.pdf
This document provides an overview of public/community health nursing practice by comparing definitions, core functions, and interventions. It discusses how public health nursing aims to promote health and prevent disease at population levels through health education, screening, and collaboration. Community health nursing also focuses on populations but provides direct care to individuals, families, and groups. The document outlines models like the nursing process and levels of prevention applied across community settings and populations.
Compare and contrast definitions of health in Nursing.pdf
1. The document discusses definitions of health from nursing perspectives, including the WHO definitions from 1958 and 1986. It also discusses definitions from a public health perspective.
2. Community/public health nursing is defined as the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice, with a goal of preserving community health. It focuses on health promotion and identifying at-risk populations.
3. Major models and frameworks for community health are presented, including core public health functions, 10 essential services, levels of prevention, and the goals of Healthy People 2020.
Describe and discuss the three focus areas in Healthy People.pdf
The document discusses three key topics:
1) The three focus areas in Healthy People 2020 objectives related to infectious diseases.
2) The definitions of infectious and communicable disease, providing two examples of each.
3) The legal responsibility for control of communicable diseases in the United States.
Definitions of Health from A Public Health Nursing Perspective Paper.pdf
1. The document discusses definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective, including definitions from the World Health Organization from 1958 and 1986. It also discusses the three levels of prevention - primary, secondary, and tertiary - and provides examples of each.
2. Key aspects of public and community health are explained, including Winslow's definition and the core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance. The 10 essential services of public health are also outlined.
3. Healthy People 2020 is reviewed as a framework for health promotion, with its vision of a society with long, healthy lives for all. It has overarching goals and 42 focus areas to guide activities to promote community health.
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Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
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https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/600-week-buys-freedom-fear/613972/
https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21207520/coronavirus-deaths-economy-layoffs-inequality-covid-pandemic
https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pke94n/cancer-alley-has-some-of-the-highest-coronavirus-death-rates-in-the-country
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
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Chapter 5EpidemiologyCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 199.docx
- 1. Chapter 5 Epidemiology Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Epidemiology Is … … the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations (Harkness, 1995) … the principal science of public health Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Historical Perspective Investigations of disease pattern in the community; comparing people who had disease or who remained healthy Person-Place-Time Model Person: “Who” factors, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status Place: “Where” factors, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, political and social environment Time: “When” factors, such as times of day, week, or month and secular trends over months and year Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders,
- 2. an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Different Types of Epidemiology Descriptive Epidemiology Study of the amount and distribution of disease Used by public health professionals Identified patterns frequently indicate possible causes of disease Analytic Epidemiology Examine complex relationships among the many determinants of disease Investigation of the causes of disease, or etiology Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Epidemiological Triangle Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Figure 5-1 Agent of Disease (Etiologic Factors) Nutritive elements Excesses, deficiencies Chemical agents Poisons, allergens
- 3. Physical agents Ionizing radiation, mechanical Infectious agents Metazoa, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, rickettsia, viruses Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Host Factors–Intrinsic Factors (Susceptibility, or Response to Agent) Genetic Age Sex Ethnic group Physiological state Prior immunological experience Active/, passive Intercurrent or preexisting disease Human behavior Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Environmental Factors— Extrinsic Factors… … influence existence of the agent, exposure, or susceptibility to agent
- 4. Physical environment Biological environment Human populations, flora, fauna Socioeconomic environment Occupation, urbanization and economic development, disruption Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Wheel Model of Human-Environment Interaction Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Figure 5-2 Redrawn from Mausner JS, Kramer S: Mausner and Bahn epidemiology: an introductory text, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1985, Saunders. Web of Causation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Figure 5-3 From Friedman GD: Primer of epidemiology, ed 4, New York, 1994, McGraw-Hill.
- 5. Ecosocial Approach Emphasize the role of evolving macro-level socioenvironmental factors along with microbiological process in understanding health and illness (Smith & Lincoln, 2011) Challenges the more individually focused risk factor approach to understanding disease origins Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Calculation of Rates Rates are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted Number of health events in a specified period Population in same area in same specified period Proportion multiplied by a constant (k) For example, the rate can be the number of cases of a disease occurring for every 1000, 10,000 or 100,000 people in the population Can make meaningful comparisons Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Morbidity Rates Incidence rates New cases or conditions Attack rate
- 6. Number of new cases of those exposed to the disease Prevalence rates All cases of a specific disease or condition at a given time Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Prevalence Pot The relationship between incidence and prevalence Figure 5-4 Redrawn from Morton RF, Hebel JR, McCarter RJ: A study guide to epidemiology and biostatistics, ed 3, Gaithersburg, MD, 1990, Aspen Publishers. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Morbidity Rates (Cont.) Incidence Rate
- 7. Prevalence Rate Number of existing cases Total Population _____ Number of new cases _in given time period Population at risk in same time period ___75___ 4000–250 × 1000 = 0.02 0.02 × 1,000 = 20 per 1000 per time period 250 4000 = 0.0625 0.0625 × 1000 = 62.5 per 1000
- 8. Mortality Rates (routinely collected birth and death rates) Other rates Crude rates Age-specific rates Age-adjusted rates or standardization of rates Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Number of deaths in year Total population size _1720_ 200,000 × 100,000 = 0.0086 Number of births in year Total population size _2900_ 200,000 × 100,000 = 0.0145
- 9. Concept of Risk Risk—probability of an adverse event Risk factor Refers to the specific exposure factor Often external to the individual Attributable risk Estimate of the disease burden in a population Relative risk ratio Divide the incidence rate of disease in the exposed population by the incidence rate of disease in the nonexposed population. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Use of Epidemiology Disease prevention Primary prevention Health promotion and specific prevention Secondary and tertiary prevention Establishing causality Screening Surveillance Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Use of Epidemiology (Cont.) Health services
- 10. Used to describe the distribution of disease and its determinants in populations Study population health care delivery Evaluate use of community health services Nurses must apply findings in practice Incorporate results into prevention programs for communities and at-risk populations Extend application into major health policy decisions Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Community health nurses should exercise “social responsibility” in applying epidemiological findings, but this will require the active involvement of the consumer. Community health nurses collaborating with community members can combine epidemiological knowledge and aggregate-level strategies to affect change on the broadest scale. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Epidemiological Methods Descriptive epidemiology Focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population Analytic epidemiology Investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders,
- 11. an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Analytic Epidemiology Observational studies Descriptive purposes Etiology of disease No manipulation by investigator Cross-sectional studies Sometimes called prevalence or correlational studies Examine relationships between potential causal factors and disease at a specific time Impossible to make causal inferences Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Analytic Epidemiology (Cont.) Retrospective studies Compare individuals with a particular condition or disease with those who do not have the disease Data collection extends back in time Prospective studies Monitor a group of disease-free individuals to determine if and when disease occurs Cohort shares a common experience within a defined time period Monitors cohort for disease development Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 12. 23 Analytic Epidemiology (Cont.) Experimental design Also called a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) Subjects assigned to experimental or control group Apply experimental methods to test treatment and prevention strategies Ethical considerations with human subject rights review Also useful for investigating chronic disease prevention Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Grading Rubric: Short Essay # 1 Women in other Countries Your first essay will be highlighting women from other countries. You will select one country outside the United States and report how women are viewed, interesting information regarding the culture, unknown facts about the country and its lifestyle, and what types of health challenges women face caring for themselves and their family. Your essay will be at least 2 complete typed pages in your original thought. Please be aware if your work is copied from another source, it is considered plagiarism and you will receive a zero. Please organize your paper to include a 12 font, double spaced format. You will submit your paper in the Dropbox area (as a word document) for grading and the Discussion Board (copy and
- 13. paste) for this assignment only. Grading Criteria Maximum Points Describes the country selected and how women are generally viewed 30 Describes 3 health challenges women face (illness, hospitals, medical care) 30 Describe the impact the subject had on you (at least five sentences) 20 Describes 2 unknown facts about the country and its people 10 No grammar or spelling errors, 3 references cited 10