Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of
concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.
· Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any gr.
Protecting the Portals - Strengthening Data Security.pdfkelyn Technology
Dive deep into the reservoir of security knowledge and emerge with strategies tailor-made for your organization’s unique needs with Kelyntech’s agile enterprise data storage service.
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Application security in large enterprises (part 2)
Student Name:
) (
Instructor Name
)
Detailed Description:
Large enterprises of a thousand persons or more often have distinctly distinct data security architectures than lesser businesses. Typically they treat their data security as if they were still little companies.
This paper endeavors to demonstrate that not only do large businesses have an entire ecology of focused programs, specific to large businesses and their needs, but that this software has distinct security implications than buyer or small enterprise software. identifying these dissimilarities, and analyzing the way this can be taken advantage of by an attacker, is the key to both striking and keeping safe a large enterprise.
The Web applications are the important part of your business every day, they help you handle your intellectual property, increase your sales, and keep the trust of your customers. But there's the problem that applications re fast becoming the preferred attack vector of hackers. For this you really need something that makes your application secure.
And, with the persistent condition of today's attacks, applications can easily be get infected when security is not considered and scoped into each phase of the software development life cycle, from design to development to testing and ongoing maintenance of the application. When you take a holistic approach to your application security, you actually enhance your ability to produce and manage stable, secure applications. Applications need training and testing from the leading team of ethical hackers, for this there should be an authentic plan to recover these issues that can help an organization to plan, test, build and run applications smartly and safely.
Large enterprises of a thousand people or even more have distinctly different information security architectures than many other smaller companies. Actually, they treat their information security as if they were still small companies.
We are going to discuss some attempts to demonstrate that not only do large companies have an entire ecology of specialized software, specific to large companies and their needs, but that this software has different security implications than consumer or small business software for the applications. Recognizing these differences, and examining the way this can be taken advantage of by an attacker, is the key to both attacking and defending a large enterprise. It’s really important to cover up the security procedures in the large enterprise.
Key Features:
· Web application security checking from development through output
· Security check web APIs and world wide web services that support your enterprise
· Effortlessly organize, view and share security-test outcomes and histories
· Endow broader lifecycle adoption th ...
Empowering Employees for Cyber Resilience: A Guide to Strengthening Your Orga...Richard Lawson
This comprehensive guide focuses on empowering employees to contribute to their organization's cybersecurity posture. It outlines the importance of investing in cybersecurity skills and training, implementing strong security controls, understanding incident response plans, monitoring the work environment for threats, and continuously educating employees about cybersecurity best practices. By fostering a security-conscious workforce and encouraging active participation in cybersecurity efforts, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of cyberattacks and build a more robust and resilient defense against potential breaches.
The Risks of Horizontal Privilege Escalation.pdfuzair
I. Introduction
Definition of horizontal privilege escalation
Importance of understanding the risks
II. Common Vulnerabilities and Exploits
Misconfigured access controls
Weak authentication mechanisms
Software vulnerabilities
Social engineering attacks
III. Impact of Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Unauthorized access to sensitive information
Data breaches and privacy violations
Financial losses and legal consequences
Reputational damage
IV. Examples of Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Case study 1: Exploiting a misconfigured access control
Case study 2: Leveraging weak authentication
Case study 3: Exploiting software vulnerabilities
V. Mitigation Strategies
Implementing strong access controls
Regularly updating and patching software
Conducting security audits and penetration testing
Educating employees about social engineering attacks
VI. Best Practices for Prevention
Principle of least privilege
Implementing multi-factor authentication
Regularly monitoring and logging system activities
Implementing intrusion detection and prevention systems
VII. Conclusion
VIII. FAQs
What is horizontal privilege escalation?
How can misconfigured access controls lead to horizontal privilege escalation?
What are some examples of software vulnerabilities that can be exploited for horizontal privilege escalation?
How can organizations prevent horizontal privilege escalation?
What are the potential consequences of horizontal privilege escalation?
The Risks of Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Horizontal privilege escalation refers to a critical security vulnerability that can have severe consequences for organizations and individuals alike. It occurs when an unauthorized user gains access to resources, data, or privileges that they should not have within the same level of authorization. In this article, we will delve into the risks associated with horizontal privilege escalation and explore mitigation strategies to protect against this type of attack.
Introduction
Horizontal privilege escalation poses a significant threat to the security of computer systems, networks, and sensitive data. It occurs when an attacker exploits vulnerabilities or weaknesses within a system to gain unauthorized access to resources or privileges. Understanding the risks associated with this type of attack is crucial for organizations to implement effective security measures.
Common Vulnerabilities and Exploits
Misconfigured access controls: Improperly configured access controls can allow unauthorized users to gain access to sensitive information or perform actions beyond their authorized privileges. Attackers can exploit these misconfigurations to elevate their privileges and access critical resources.
Weak authentication mechanisms: Weak passwords, default credentials, or insufficient authentication processes provide opportunities for attackers to gain unauthorized access to user accounts and escalate their privileges within
system.
Software vulnerabilities: Unpatched software or applicatio
Ethical hacking is becoming more popular with the rise of the internet and other tech-fueled society. SCODE Network offers Ethical hacking training courses with live projects by an expert trainer.
Ethical hacking is becoming more popular with the rise of the internet and other tech-fueled society. Hackers are increasingly becoming more prevalent and ethical hackers help keep our society safe from attacks. SCODE Network offers Ethical hacking training courses with live projects by an expert trainer.
10 Ways For Mitigating Cybersecurity Risks In Project Management.docxyoroflowproduct
Each strategy discussed here will focus on a specific aspect of project management that can be vulnerable to cyber threats. From establishing strong access controls and user authentication mechanisms to ensuring regular data backups and robust incident response plans, these strategies will provide project managers with practical steps to enhance their project’s cybersecurity posture.
Take the first step today by requesting a demo of the Yoroproject, enabling you to proactively protect your business against cyber threats.
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
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Application security in large enterprises (part 2)
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Instructor Name
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Detailed Description:
Large enterprises of a thousand persons or more often have distinctly distinct data security architectures than lesser businesses. Typically they treat their data security as if they were still little companies.
This paper endeavors to demonstrate that not only do large businesses have an entire ecology of focused programs, specific to large businesses and their needs, but that this software has distinct security implications than buyer or small enterprise software. identifying these dissimilarities, and analyzing the way this can be taken advantage of by an attacker, is the key to both striking and keeping safe a large enterprise.
The Web applications are the important part of your business every day, they help you handle your intellectual property, increase your sales, and keep the trust of your customers. But there's the problem that applications re fast becoming the preferred attack vector of hackers. For this you really need something that makes your application secure.
And, with the persistent condition of today's attacks, applications can easily be get infected when security is not considered and scoped into each phase of the software development life cycle, from design to development to testing and ongoing maintenance of the application. When you take a holistic approach to your application security, you actually enhance your ability to produce and manage stable, secure applications. Applications need training and testing from the leading team of ethical hackers, for this there should be an authentic plan to recover these issues that can help an organization to plan, test, build and run applications smartly and safely.
Large enterprises of a thousand people or even more have distinctly different information security architectures than many other smaller companies. Actually, they treat their information security as if they were still small companies.
We are going to discuss some attempts to demonstrate that not only do large companies have an entire ecology of specialized software, specific to large companies and their needs, but that this software has different security implications than consumer or small business software for the applications. Recognizing these differences, and examining the way this can be taken advantage of by an attacker, is the key to both attacking and defending a large enterprise. It’s really important to cover up the security procedures in the large enterprise.
Key Features:
· Web application security checking from development through output
· Security check web APIs and world wide web services that support your enterprise
· Effortlessly organize, view and share security-test outcomes and histories
· Endow broader lifecycle adoption th ...
Empowering Employees for Cyber Resilience: A Guide to Strengthening Your Orga...Richard Lawson
This comprehensive guide focuses on empowering employees to contribute to their organization's cybersecurity posture. It outlines the importance of investing in cybersecurity skills and training, implementing strong security controls, understanding incident response plans, monitoring the work environment for threats, and continuously educating employees about cybersecurity best practices. By fostering a security-conscious workforce and encouraging active participation in cybersecurity efforts, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of cyberattacks and build a more robust and resilient defense against potential breaches.
The Risks of Horizontal Privilege Escalation.pdfuzair
I. Introduction
Definition of horizontal privilege escalation
Importance of understanding the risks
II. Common Vulnerabilities and Exploits
Misconfigured access controls
Weak authentication mechanisms
Software vulnerabilities
Social engineering attacks
III. Impact of Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Unauthorized access to sensitive information
Data breaches and privacy violations
Financial losses and legal consequences
Reputational damage
IV. Examples of Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Case study 1: Exploiting a misconfigured access control
Case study 2: Leveraging weak authentication
Case study 3: Exploiting software vulnerabilities
V. Mitigation Strategies
Implementing strong access controls
Regularly updating and patching software
Conducting security audits and penetration testing
Educating employees about social engineering attacks
VI. Best Practices for Prevention
Principle of least privilege
Implementing multi-factor authentication
Regularly monitoring and logging system activities
Implementing intrusion detection and prevention systems
VII. Conclusion
VIII. FAQs
What is horizontal privilege escalation?
How can misconfigured access controls lead to horizontal privilege escalation?
What are some examples of software vulnerabilities that can be exploited for horizontal privilege escalation?
How can organizations prevent horizontal privilege escalation?
What are the potential consequences of horizontal privilege escalation?
The Risks of Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Horizontal privilege escalation refers to a critical security vulnerability that can have severe consequences for organizations and individuals alike. It occurs when an unauthorized user gains access to resources, data, or privileges that they should not have within the same level of authorization. In this article, we will delve into the risks associated with horizontal privilege escalation and explore mitigation strategies to protect against this type of attack.
Introduction
Horizontal privilege escalation poses a significant threat to the security of computer systems, networks, and sensitive data. It occurs when an attacker exploits vulnerabilities or weaknesses within a system to gain unauthorized access to resources or privileges. Understanding the risks associated with this type of attack is crucial for organizations to implement effective security measures.
Common Vulnerabilities and Exploits
Misconfigured access controls: Improperly configured access controls can allow unauthorized users to gain access to sensitive information or perform actions beyond their authorized privileges. Attackers can exploit these misconfigurations to elevate their privileges and access critical resources.
Weak authentication mechanisms: Weak passwords, default credentials, or insufficient authentication processes provide opportunities for attackers to gain unauthorized access to user accounts and escalate their privileges within
system.
Software vulnerabilities: Unpatched software or applicatio
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Each strategy discussed here will focus on a specific aspect of project management that can be vulnerable to cyber threats. From establishing strong access controls and user authentication mechanisms to ensuring regular data backups and robust incident response plans, these strategies will provide project managers with practical steps to enhance their project’s cybersecurity posture.
Take the first step today by requesting a demo of the Yoroproject, enabling you to proactively protect your business against cyber threats.
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Match the directional term with it\'s Correct ipsilateral media inferior superficial proximal
posterior distal anterior lateral contralateral deep superior above below front back center
side same side other side closer to the trunk farther from the trunk surface internal
Solution
Ipsilateral-same side Medial- center Inferior-below Superficial-surface Proximal-closer to the
trunk Posterior-back Distal-farther from the trunk Anterior-front Lateral-side Contralateral-other
side Deep-internal superior-above.
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Lithium:
A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
B. completely crosses into the brain.
C. crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly.
D. is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites.
Solution
Answer: A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
Lithium is potent mood stabilizer but has very narrow therapeutic range because therapeutic dose
is very nearer to toxic dose. Therefore, close monitoring is essential when a patient is prescribed
with this drug. Lithium cannot cross blood-brain barrier easily.
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. Explain why the subset {n
belongs to Z: n greaterthanorequalto 0} is not a subgroup of Z.
Solution
Identity element of given group is 0..
and the inverse of an element \'a\' is \'-a\'..
means the negative counterparts of postive numbers..which are missing in the group..
since we have only number which are greater than or equal to 0..
hence inverses are missing..therefore it is not a group itself...
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity is
produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or natural
gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants.
Using the Internet, determine
environmental considerations associated with it and how such
environmental aspects affect the respective plant design,
operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three references.
Solution
What is Fossil Fuel Power Station??
A fossil-fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum to produce electricity.
Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which
according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor toglobal warming.
In 2011, utility coal plants in the United States emitted a total of 1.7 billion tons of CO2
Other harmful pollutants emitted annually from a typical, uncontrolled coal plant include
approximately:
NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT
1) AIR
Operating Power Plants will produce Air pollutents like SO2,CO2 into atmosphere which
requiring pollution control equipements to reduce emissions
When Air Pollution levels increases in a particular area which may lead to health problems in
people
2) Water Quantity:
Many power plants use water from lakes,rivers or ground water acquifers. Surface water is often
used for plant cooling and plant water is often for plant processes.
So if water is often drawn from Acquifers,pumping of underground waters in a large quantities
will creats cone depression around the well,lowering water levels around some region to the
place where we will utilised ground water
3) Water Quality
Power plants must discharge purified and cleaned water they should carry a little heat or newly
dissolved materials as possible
4)Vegetation
Vegetation impacts can be of two basic kinds:
• Direct impacts of vegetation removal or damage during construction.
• Indirect impacts on vegetation from air pollution or surface water impacts caused by the power
plant
COMMUNITY RESOURCES IMPACT
1) Agriculturals
Farm fields outside the proposed power plant property could also be affected, at least
temporarily, by construction of ancillary facilities like natural gas or water pipelines or electric
transmission lines.
2)Air Space
Tall power plant structures such as transmission towers, exhaust stacks, or wind turbines can be
potential hazards to aircraft attempting to land or take off. Whether the airport is a public facility
or a private landing strip, the safety of the people in the aircraft must be considered.
The level of safety can be maintained by building tall power plant structures in locations clear of
runway alignments and aircraft approach paths, where planes reduce altitude and turn to
approach the runway at a safe height and speed
3)Fog and Ice
Fossil-fueled power plants that use steam to turn the turbines must condense the steam afterward
and re-circulate the water back into the system
4)Noise
Noise .
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can only support a symbol rate of
1200 baud, how many symbol states must be used for this implementation?
Solution
Ans)
As we need speed of 4800 bps but radio link supports 1200 baud,
then number of bits represented by each symbol is 4800/1200=4 bits/symbol
then number of symbol states =2(number of bits/symbol)=24=16
so answer is required symbol states =16.
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a pro.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a problem with the nodes, as it is
posting errors with the nodes.
please help me with this problem. thank you.
public class LinkLists {
/* only need to store a single pointer to the node at the head
* of the list.
* The pointer is null if the list is empty.
* Also record the size of the list.
*/
protected Node head;
/* invariant: size is the number of nodes in the list pointed to by head */
protected int size;
/* no-arguments default constructor creates an empty list */
public LinkLists() {
head = null; // start with an empty list
size = 0;
}
/* accessor method */
public int size() {
return size;
}
/* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add(T value) {
head = addAtEnd(head, value);
size++;
}
/* node of the list to which the value should be added
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
private Node addAtEnd(Node node, T value) {
if (node == null) { // special case
return new Node(value, null);
} else if (node.getNext() == null) { // other special case
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
} else {
addAtEnd(node.getNext(), value);
}
return node;
}
/* iterative implementation of the same method
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add2(T value) {
if (head == null) {
head = new Node(value, null);
} else {
Node node = head; // guaranteed not to be null initially
while (node.getNext() != null) {
node = node.getNext(); // guaranteed not to be null here
}
// now, node.getNext() is guaranteed to be null
// similar to the second special case in addAtEnd
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
}
size++;
}
public void remove(int position) throws BadItemCountException {
if ((position < 1) || (position > size)) {
throw new
BadItemCountException(\"invalid position \" + position +
\", only 1..\" + size + \" available\");
}
if (position == 1) {
head = head.getNext();
} else {
Node node = head;
for (int i = 2; i < position; i++) {
node = node.getNext();
}
node.setNext(node.getNext().getNext());
}
size--; // one less item
}
public String toString() {
return toString(head);
}
private String toString(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return \"\";
} else {
return node.getValue() + \"\ \" + toString(node.getNext());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* create two empty lists, make sure they print out correctly */
LinkLists list1 = new LinkLists();
LinkLists list2 = new LinkLists();
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* insert some items, keep checking */
list1.add(\"hello\");
list1.add(\"world\");
list2.add(\"foo\");
list2.add(\"bar\");
list2.add(\"baz\");
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* remove an item at an invalid position */
boolean caught = false;
try {
list2.remove(4);
} catch .
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the .pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the nervous system. In fact, their
name is derived from the Greek word for glue. However, recent findings have demonstrated a
number of functions for these cells. Discuss these functions and their importance in allowing
neurons to function.
Solution
Glial cells are indeed very important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Their
importance becomes apparent from the fact that the central nervous system has more glial cells
than neurons.
Glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS):
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), only one Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath of only
one neuron. Satellite cells are glial cells of the PNS responsible for providing nutrients and
structural support to neurons..
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct sequence of the fungal
reproductive cycle.
Solution
these re the steps of fungal reproductive cycle
1. Nuclear fusion and the production of haploid spore.
2. Gamete fuse producing dikaryotic hypae.
3.Hypae grow through the substrate.
4. New myecelium forms.
5. Fruiting body formation..
Explain the concept of distributive justiceSolutiondistributiv.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Explain the concept of distributive justice
Solution
distributive justice speaks about the distribution of goods and services among the people
irrespecitve of their income levels and other social factors like wealth, fame and name in the
society. the main moto is treat all the people same and treat them equally while offering a benefit
to them.
do not discriminate people based on their income, wealth, profession or anything. treat in an
equal manner and fair manner only. and it is our responsibility to practice and implement this
system to eliminate the inequalities among the people..
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmissi.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmission bodily fluid transmission
airborne transmission foodborne transmission
Solution
food borne transmission
Parasitic infections,which have direct life cycle and do not need an intermediate host to infect a
new host and are spread via faecal contamination of food and drinks are often referred to as
faecal orally transmitted parasites.Infections acquired through direct ingestion of infective eggs
or cyst is intimately linked with the level of personal hygiene and sanitation in the Community..
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status .pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on depression. Half
of her participants were raised in low SES homes; the other half was raised in high SES homes.
Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, an interval scale. Which of the
following statements is true?
a. The DV was a manipulated variable
b. The IV was a manipulated variable
c. The IV was a subject variable
d. The study used a within-subjects design
e. None of the above are true
Solution
a. The DV was a manipulated variable.
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their genome into the host\'s
genome to be translated and transcribed likely have a slower rates of mutation than RNA viruses
never cause diseases are more common than RNA viruses are responsible for 45% of the
human genome because of their insertions
Solution
The double-stranded DNA viruses are unique pathogens which require a DNA intermediate for
replication of new viral particles using reverse transcriptase enzyme. These viruses are
particularly shown to be highly active pathogens for human and higher vertebrate infections from
primitive times. They are less common than RNA viruses. However, like other RNA/DNA
viruses, they too possess high mutation rates owing to faulty replication and lack of proof-
reading by polymeraes. Importantly, as a mode of infection, all of these viruses do insert their
genome or a part of it in the host cell\'s genome to promotes its transcription and translation. This
is why double-stranded DNA viruses are difficult to eradicate from human/vertebrate hosts
because they very easily modulate their molecular functions according to the host machinery.
Some examples of diseases caused by such viruses are small pox, herpes infection etc.
Thus, the above explanations states that choice 1 is most correct..
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be h.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred and
the significance of this in terms of clinical antibiotic resistance.
Solution
The mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred are:
Transformation :Process by which bacteria take up DNA from outside environment.
Conjugation : Process by which bacteria transfers gene to other cell directly through a plasmid
via cell to cell contact.
Transduction :Process by which gene is transferred from one bacteria to other via bacteriophage.
The significance of this is that pathogenic bacteria continue to evolve thus resulting in bacteria
that become more resistant to bacteria.This in turn poses difficulties to identify new strains
produced and design drugs for them..
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparin.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparing the plank tonic habitat
to the benthic habitat (or to the flocculent material habitat in deep water) at Lake Herrick (you
will be sampling from a pier or a bridge). Each question should address at least one of the
following bulleted points. both biotic and abiotic components of both benthic and planktonic
habitats. organism abundance. bacteria and/or fungi. be answerable using equipment available
at the lake (Section Two, Lab equipment available in Section Two, Lab 2 (look ahead to these
labs for equipment choices). have an answer that can be obtained from data and samples
collected at the lake and analyzed in more detail in Section Two, Lab 2.
Solution
1. Comparision of bacterial and fungal population present at the planktonic and benthic habitat of
the Lake Herrick in different seasons and thwir ohylogenetic analysis.
2. Analysis of BOD from the samples collected from benthic and Planktonic habitat of Lake
Herrick and effect on the environment according to their presence in the different habitat..
Describe the following structuresfunctions or cells Dermal, vascul.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Describe the following structures/functions or cells: Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Root,
stem, leaf - Monocot leaves and eudicot leaves Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-
conducting cells of the xylem, and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem - Sieve-tube element
and companion cell Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance Distinguish between
determinate and indeterminate growth. Explain function of meristem. Describe and compare the
three basic organs of vascular plants. Describe primary growth of stem and root and the
formation of lateral roots. Distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth
Explain the ABC hypothesis of genetic control of flowering. Describe the use of Arabidopsis to
understand plant development.
Solution
1.
2.Apical dominance is the phenomenon in which the main stem of the plant is dominant over the
side lateral stems.The dominance is mainly due to the exclusive control of terminal bud present
at shoot apex over the growth of lateral bud present in the lateral shoots.This allows the plant to
grow only vertically.
3.Determinate growth means the growth continues till a structure is formed and stops after that
while indeterminate growth never terminates and the growth continues.The meristem tissues
undergo indeterminate growth and therefore function in active division of plant parts such as
stem and roots.
4.The three basic organs of vascular plants are roots, shoot and leaves.Root consists of a root cap
and root hairs to increase the surface area of absorption of water and minerals.Stem is the
vertical axis of the plant that consists of nodes and internodes.It consists of three tissues,
dermal,ground and vascular tissues.Leaves consists of upper and lower epidermis with a
mesophyll layer in betwee them.There is an upper palisade layer and a lower spongy layer in the
mesophyll.Presence of green pigment called chlorophyll present in the leaves to carry out
photosynthesis.Roots function to absorb water and dissolve nutrients from the soil and help the
plant to anchor in the soil. Stems provide support to the plant and and transport water and food
throughout the plant. Leaves function in photosynthesis and gaseous exchange.
5.When there is an increase in the length of stem and the root of plant , it is known as primary
growth. It results due to the division of cell present at the apical meristem of stem and
roots.Lateral roots are formed by division of cells present in the pericycle of the xylem radius of
the root.
6.Morphogenesis is the process by which an organism starts to develop its morphology i.e
size,shape and structure while differentiation is the process by which cells or tissues or organs
develop specialised characters the development process while growth is the process by which the
cell increases in size.
7.According to the ABC hypothesis,there are 3 classes of genes known as A,B and C that are
transcription factors required to form different whorls of the flower. A genes form whor.
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization.
Solution
The accounting and finance departments structure in an organisation will depend on the size of
the organisation, the kind of products or services it provides and requirements of law of the
land.The larger the company, the more accounts clerks and accountants for the processing of the
various transaction and business entries are required. Like-wise for a smaller firm only three to
four accoutants and clerks are required in the finance and accounting department. The other
structure of Accounting and finance department are :
(a) Account Clerks : The data entry of the transaction and making of the vouchers are done by
the account clerks. They also fulfills the responsibilities like filing of documents and getting the
authorisation on the vouchers. They also process the bill and their payments. They also take care
of the bank transactions and reconciliations.
(b) Accountants and Full Charge Bookkeepers : The Accountants are the supervisors of the
accounts and finance department who controls and guide the accounts clerks at the operatinal
level. They provides services like making of adjusting entries and processing the payroll
transactions of the company at the end of the month.
c) Department Controllers and Accounts Managers : The managers have the role of supervisors
who guides the Accountants and clerks and ensures the control over the departments activities
and working according to the requirement at various point of time. They are respoinsible for all
the frauds to happen, so the Controllers takes all the steps to prevent any fraud to happen. The
internal controls are in their hands. Controllers are also responsible for preparing financial
documents like budgets, financial statements and audit reports and rectification reports.
(d) Chief Financial Officer : The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is the top-most position of the
Accounting and Finance Department of the organization. They are mainly responsible for the
hiring of persons in the department and keep a close look at the working and results of the
department. They are also responsible for the fulfilment of other departments requirements and
paying off the taxes and minimisation of the tax expenses using various options to evade tax. The
controlling of the cost accounting of the organisation is also in their hands.
Thus, the above points constitutes the Accounting and Finance Departments\' structure of an
organisation.
============================================.
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling,.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling, and drinking, while a
smaller group in the center of the assembly area fights over the remains of a dead pig. Why
might this be seen as significant in anthropological terms if it were part of the research described
in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture?
a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
b. It affords a window into the nature of spectacle.
c. It illustrates mass ritual effectively.
d. It is a powerful example of participant observation.
Solution
If it were a part of the research described in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture
this might be seen as significant in anthropological terms because It helps to understand how to
avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
(a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.).
Concrete and cementI) Give an example of non-calcium silicate cem.pdfarchgeetsenterprises
Concrete and cement:
I) Give an example of non-calcium silicate cement
II) Can Portland cement hydrate without exposure to air?
Solution
(i)Answer:- Example for non calcium silicate cement is High alumina cement or cement fondu.
The principal compound of cement fondu is mono calcium aluminate.
(ii)Answer:- Yes cement can hydrate without exposure to air.
2Ca3SiO5 + 7 H2O = 3 CaO.2SiO2.4H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdf
1. Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real "proof of
concept" and "explainable thru display on the monitor screen" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don't understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.
2. · Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company's standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any group of people and those who are considered so-called experts having no real idea what is
really involved under the hood of the reports/applications they use and no proof presented in
emails written when self declared claims of their expertise is made or blame is to be put on
another.
Security Controls
Security Controls can be classified into three categories
Administrative Controls which include
· Developing and publishing of policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines.
· Screening of personnel.
· Conducting security-awareness training and
· Implementing change control procedures.
Technical or Logical Controls which include
· Implementing and maintaining access control mechanisms.
· Password and resource management.
· Identification and authentication methods
· Security devices and
· Configuration of the infrastructure.
Physical Controls which include
· Controlling individual access into the facility and different departments
· Locking systems and removing unnecessary floppy or CD-ROM drives
· Protecting the perimeter of the facility
· Monitoring for intrusion and
3. · Environmental controls.
Security Note: It is the responsibility of the information owner (usually a Sr. executive within
the management group or head of a specific dept) to protect the data and is the due care
(liable by the court of law) for any kind of negligence
The Elements of Security
Vulnerability
· It is a software, hardware, or procedural weakness that may provide an attacker the open
door he is looking for to enter a computer or network and have unauthorized access to resources
within the environment.
· Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be
exploited.
· E.g.: a service running on a server, unpatched applications or operating system software,
unrestricted modem dial-in access, an open port on a firewall, lack of physical security etc.
Threat
· Any potential danger to information or systems.
· A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the
vulnerability.
· The entity that takes advantage of vulnerability is referred to as a threat agent. E.g.: A
threat agent could be an intruder accessing the network through a port on the firewall
Risk
· Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the
corresponding business impact.
· Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk.
· E.g.: If a firewall has several ports open, there is a higher likelihood that an intruder will
use one to access the network in an unauthorized method.
Exposure
· An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent.
· Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages.
· E.g.:If password management is weak and password rules are not enforced, the company
is exposed to the possibility of having users' passwords captured and used in an unauthorized
manner.
Countermeasure or Safeguard
· It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk.
· E.g.: strong password management, a security guard, access control mechanisms within an
operating system, the implementation of basic input/output system (BIOS) passwords, and
security-awareness training.
4. The Relation Between the Security Elements
· Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-
to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks.
· The threat is that a virus will show up in the environment and disrupt productivity.
· The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk.
· If a virus infiltrates the company's environment, then vulnerability has been exploited and
the company is exposed to loss.
· The countermeasures in this situation are to update the signatures and install the antivirus
software on all computers
Threat Agent gives rise to Threat exploits Vulnerability leads to Risk
can damage Assets and causes an Exposure can be counter measured by Safeguard
directly effects Threat Agent
Alternative Description:
A threat agent causes the realisation of a threat by exploiting a vulnerability. The measurement
of the extent that this exploitation causes damage is the exposure. The organisational loss created
within the exposure is the impact. Risk is the probability that a threat event will generate loss and
be realised within the organisation.
Example:
· Target: A bank contains money.
· Threat: There are individuals who want, or need, additional money.
· Vulnerability: The bank uses software that has a security flaw.
· Exposure: 20% of the bank's assets are affected by this flaw.
· Exploit: By running a small snippet of code (malware), the software can be accessed
illegally.
· Threat Agent: There are hackers who have learned how to use this malware to control the
bank's software.
· Exploitation: The hackers access the software using the malware and steal money.
· Impact: The bank loses monetary assets, reputation, and future business.
· Risk: The likelihood that a hacker will exploit the bank's software vulnerability and
impact the bank's reputation and monetary resources.
Core Information Security Principles
The three fundamental principles of security are availability, integrity, and confidentiality and
are commonly referred to as CIA or AIC triad which also form the main objective of any security
program.
The level of security required to accomplish these principles differs per company, because each
has its own unique combination of business and security goals and requirements.
5. All security controls, mechanisms, and safeguards are implemented to provide one or more of
these principles.
All risks, threats, and vulnerabilities are measured for their potential capability to compromise
one or all of the AIC principles
Confidentiality
· Ensures that the necessary level of secrecy is enforced at each junction of data processing
and prevents unauthorized disclosure. This level of confidentiality should prevail while data
resides on systems and devices within the network, as it is transmitted and once it reaches its
destination.
· Threat sources
· Network Monitoring
· Shoulder Surfing- monitoring key strokes or screen
· Stealing password files
· Social Engineering- one person posing as the actual
· Countermeasures
· Encrypting data as it is stored and transmitted.
· By using network padding
· Implementing strict access control mechanisms and data classification
· Training personnel on proper procedures.
Integrity
· Integrity of data is protected when the assurance of accuracy and reliability of information
and system is provided, and unauthorized modification is prevented.
· Threat sources
· Viruses
· Logic Bombs
· Backdoors
· Countermeasures
· Strict Access Control
· Intrusion Detection
· Hashing
Availability
· Availability ensures reliability and timely access to data and resources to authorized
individuals.
· Threat sources
· Device or software failure.
· Environmental issues like heat, cold, humidity, static electricity, and contaminants can
6. also affect system availability.
· Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks
· Countermeasures
· Maintaining backups to replace the failed system
· IDS to monitor the network traffic and host system activities
· Use of certain firewall and router configurations
Information Security Management Governance
Security Governance
Governance is the set of responsibilities and practices exercised by the board and executive
management with the goal of providing strategic direction, ensuring that objectives are achieved,
ascertaining that risks are managed appropriately and verifying that the enterprise's resources
are used responsibly.
Information Security Governance or ISG, is a subset discipline of Corporate Governance focused
on information Security systems and their performance and risk management.
Security Policies, Procedures, Standards, Guidelines, and Baselines
Policies
A security policy is an overall general statement produced by senior management (or a selected
policy board or committee) that dictates what role security plays within the organization.
A well designed policy addresses:
1. . What is being secured? - Typically an asset.
2. . Who is expected to comply with the policy? - Typically employees.
3. . Where is the vulnerability, threat or risk? - Typically an issue of integrity or responsibility.
Types of Policies
· Regulatory: This type of policy ensures that the organization is following standards set by
specific industry regulations. This policy type is very detailed and specific to a type of industry.
This is used in financial institutions, health care facilities, public utilities, and other government-
regulated industries. E.g.: TRAI.
· Advisory: This type of policy strongly advises employees regarding which types of
behaviors and activities should and should not take place within the organization. It also outlines
possible ramifications if employees do not comply with the established behaviors and activities.
This policy type can be used, for example, to describe how to handle medical information,
handle financial transactions, or process confidential information.
· Informative: This type of policy informs employees of certain topics. It is not an
enforceable policy, but rather one to teach individuals about specific issues relevant to the
company. It could explain how the company interacts with partners, the company's goals and
mission, and a general reporting structure in different situations.
7. Types of Security Policies
· Organizational
· Management establishes how a security program will be set up, lays out the program's
goals, assigns responsibilities, shows the strategic and tactical value of security, and outlines how
enforcement should be carried out.
· Provides scope and direction for all future security activities within the organization.
· This policy must address relative laws, regulations, and liability issues and how they are
to be satisfied.
· It also describes the amount of risk senior management is willing to accept.
· Characteristics
· Business objectives should drive the policy's creation, implementation, and enforcement.
The policy should not dictate business objectives.
· It should be an easily understood document that is used as a reference point for all
employees and management.
· It should be developed and used to integrate security into all business functions and
processes.
· It should be derived from and support all legislation and regulation applicable to the
company.
· It should be reviewed and modified as a company changes, such as through adoption of a
new business model, merger with another company, or change of ownership.
· Each iteration of the policy should be dated and under version control.
· The units and individuals who are governed by the policy must have access to the
applicable portions and not be expected to have to read all policy material to find direction and
answers
· Issue-specific
· Addresses specific security issues that management feels need more detailed explanation
and attention to make sure a comprehensive structure is built and all employees understand how
they are to comply with these security issues
· E.g.: An e-mail policy might state that management can read any employee's e-mail
messages that reside on the mail server, but not when they reside on the user's workstation
· System-specific
· Presents the management's decisions that are specific to the actual computers, networks,
applications, and data.
· This type of policy may provide an approved software list, which contains a list of
applications that may be installed on individual workstations.
· E.g.: This policy may describe how databases are to be used and protected, how
8. computers are to be locked down, and how firewalls, IDSs, and scanners are to be employed.
Standards
· Standards refer to mandatory activities, actions, rules, or regulations.
· Standards can give a policy its support and reinforcement in direction.
· Standards could be internal, or externally mandated (government laws and regulations).
Procedures
· Procedures are detailed step-by-step tasks that should be performed to achieve a certain
goal.
· E.g.: we can write procedures on how to install operating systems, configure security
mechanisms, implement access control lists, set up new user accounts, assign computer
privileges, audit activities, destroy material, report incidents, and much more.
· Procedures are considered the lowest level in the policy chain because they are closest to
the computers and users (compared to policies) and provide detailed steps for configuration and
installation issues.
· Procedures spell out how the policy, standards, and guidelines will actually be
implemented in an operating environment.
· If a policy states that all individuals who access confidential information must be properly
authenticated, the supporting procedures will explain the steps for this to happen by defining the
access criteria for authorization, how access control mechanisms are implemented and
configured, and how access activities are audited
Baselines
· A baseline can refer to a point in time that is used as a comparison for future changes.
Once risks have been mitigated, and security put in place, a baseline is formally reviewed and
agreed upon, after which all further comparisons and development are measured against it.
· A baseline results in a consistent reference point.
· Baselines are also used to define the minimum level of protection that is required.
· In security, specific baselines can be defined per system type, which indicates the
necessary settings and the level of protection that is being provided. For example, a company
may stipulate that all accounting systems must meet an Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 4
baseline.
Security Note : Baselines that are not technology-oriented should be created and enforced within
organizations
as well. For example, a company can mandate that all employees must have a badge with a
picture ID in view while in the
facility at all times. It can also state that visitors must sign in at a front desk and be escorted
while in the facility.
9. If these are followed, then this creates a baseline of protection.
Guidelines
· Guidelines are recommended actions and operational guides to users, IT staff, operations
staff, and others when a specific standard does not apply.
· Guidelines can deal with the methodologies of technology, personnel, or physical
security.
Putting It All Together
· A policy might state that access to confidential data must be audited. A supporting
guideline could further explain that audits should contain sufficient information to allow for
reconciliation with prior reviews. Supporting procedures would outline the necessary steps to
configure, implement, and maintain this type of auditing.
· policies are strategical(long term) while standards, guidelines and procedures are
tactical(medium term).
Organizational Security Models
Some of the best practices that facilitate the implementation of security controls include Control
Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT), ISO/IEC 17799/BS 7799,
Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), and Operationally Critical Threat, Asset
and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE).
COSO
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), is a U.S.
private-sector initiative, formed in 1985. Its major objective is to identify the factors that cause
fraudulent financial reporting and to make recommendations to reduce its incidence. COSO has
established a common definition of internal controls, standards, and criteria against which
companies and organizations can assess their control systems.
Key concepts of the COSO framework
· Internal control is a process. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself.
· Internal control is affected by people. It’s not merely policy manuals and forms, but
people at every level of an organization.
· Internal control can be expected to provide only reasonable assurance, not absolute
assurance, to an entity's management and board.
· Internal control is geared to the achievement of objectives in one or more separate but
overlapping categories.
The COSO framework defines internal control as a process, effected by an entity's board of
directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding
the achievement of objectives in the following categories:
· Effectiveness and efficiency of operations
10. · Reliability of financial reporting
· Compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
COSO Internal Control Framework: the five components
According to the COSO framework, internal control consists of five interrelated components.
These components provide an effective framework for describing and analyzing the internal
control system implemented in an organization. The five components are the following:
· Control Environment: The control environment sets the tone of an organization,
influencing the control consciousness of its people. It is the foundation for all other components
of internal control, providing discipline and structure. Control environment factors include the
integrity, ethical values, management's operating style, delegation of authority systems, as well
as the processes for managing and developing people in the organization.
· Risk assessment: Every entity faces a variety of risks from external and internal sources
that must be assessed. A precondition to risk assessment is establishment of objectives and thus
risk assessment is the identification and analysis of relevant risks to achievement of assigned
objectives. Risk assessment is a prerequisite for determining how the risks should be managed.
· Control activities: Control activities are the policies and procedures that help ensure
management directives are carried out. They help ensure that necessary actions are taken to
address risks to achievement of the entity's objectives. Control activities occur throughout the
organization, at all levels and in all functions. They include a range of activities as diverse as
approvals, authorizations, verifications, reconciliations, reviews of operating performance,
security of assets and Separation of duties/segregation of duties.
· Information and communication: Information systems play a key role in internal control
systems as they produce reports, including operational, financial and compliance-related
information, that make it possible to run and control the business. In a broader sense, effective
communication must ensure information flows down, across and up the organization. Effective
communication should also be ensured with external parties, such as customers, suppliers,
regulators and shareholders.
· Monitoring: Internal control systems need to be monitored--a process that assesses the
quality of the system's performance over time. This is accomplished through ongoing
monitoring activities or separate evaluations. Internal control deficiencies detected through these
monitoring activities should be reported upstream and corrective actions should be taken to
ensure continuous improvement of the system.
ITIL
The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a set of concepts and techniques for
managing information technology (IT) infrastructure, development, and operations.
ITIL is published in a series of books, each of which cover an IT management topic
11. Overview and Benefits
ITIL provides a systematic and professional approach to the management of IT service provision.
Adopting its guidance offers users a huge range of benefits that include:
· reduced costs;
· improved IT services through the use of proven best practice processes;
· improved customer satisfaction through a more professional approach to service delivery;
· standards and guidance;
· improved productivity;
· improved use of skills and experience; and
· improved delivery of third party services through the specification of IT