Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdf
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Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization. Solution The accounting and finance departments structure in an organisation will depend on the size of the organisation, the kind of products or services it provides and requirements of law of the land.The larger the company, the more accounts clerks and accountants for the processing of the various transaction and business entries are required. Like-wise for a smaller firm only three to four accoutants and clerks are required in the finance and accounting department. The other structure of Accounting and finance department are : (a) Account Clerks : The data entry of the transaction and making of the vouchers are done by the account clerks. They also fulfills the responsibilities like filing of documents and getting the authorisation on the vouchers. They also process the bill and their payments. They also take care of the bank transactions and reconciliations. (b) Accountants and Full Charge Bookkeepers : The Accountants are the supervisors of the accounts and finance department who controls and guide the accounts clerks at the operatinal level. They provides services like making of adjusting entries and processing the payroll transactions of the company at the end of the month. c) Department Controllers and Accounts Managers : The managers have the role of supervisors who guides the Accountants and clerks and ensures the control over the departments activities and working according to the requirement at various point of time. They are respoinsible for all the frauds to happen, so the Controllers takes all the steps to prevent any fraud to happen. The internal controls are in their hands. Controllers are also responsible for preparing financial documents like budgets, financial statements and audit reports and rectification reports. (d) Chief Financial Officer : The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is the top-most position of the Accounting and Finance Department of the organization. They are mainly responsible for the hiring of persons in the department and keep a close look at the working and results of the department. They are also responsible for the fulfilment of other departments requirements and paying off the taxes and minimisation of the tax expenses using various options to evade tax. The controlling of the cost accounting of the organisation is also in their hands. Thus, the above points constitutes the Accounting and Finance Departments\' structure of an organisation. ============================================.
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The accuracy of accounting records is enhanced by the integrity of internal controls. Comment
on this statement and provide justification for it. Include illustrations of how this does or does
not apply
Solution
Internal control is the process designed to ensure reliable financial reporting,
effective and efficient operations, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Safeguarding assets against theft and unauthorized use, acquisition, or disposal is also part of
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reliable, so that managers and the board can depend on accurate information to make
programmatic an d other decisions o assets and records of the organization are not stolen,
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regulations are met. Developing an Internal Accounting Control System The first step in
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abuses or errors are likely to occur. Many accountants can provide you with a checklist of areas
and questions to consider when you are planning your system. Price Waterhouse\'s booklet,
Effective Internal Accounting Control for Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide for Directors and
Management, includes the following areas and objectives in developing an effective internal
accounting control system: o Cash receipts To ensure that all cash intended for the organization
is received, promptly deposited, properly recorded, reconciled, and kept under adequate security.
o Cash disbursements To ensure that cash is disbursed only upon proper authorization of
management, for valid business purposes, and that all disbursements are properly recorded. o
Petty cash To ensure that petty cash and other working funds are disbursed only for proper
purposes, are adequately safeguarded, and properly recorded. o Payroll To ensure that payroll
disbursements are made only upon proper authorization to bona fide employees, that payroll
disbursements are properly recorded and that related legal requirements (such as payroll tax
deposits) are complied with. o Grants, gifts, and bequests To ensure that all grants, gifts, and
bequests are received and properly recorded, and that compliance with the terms of any related
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compliance with other government regulations. Achieving these objectives requires your
organizat.
Theoritical Frame work of Financial accounting .pptx
Financial accounting basics,
all the basics topics covered in the accounting, The basics of accounting principles and concepts are there.
Accounting chapter-1
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their accounting NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
What are the 3 types of financial statements.pdf
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Basics of financial accounting updated 2023 intel document 4.docx
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Financial Accounting is the branch of accounting which keeps track of all the financial information of the entity. Management Accounting is that branch of accounting which records and reports both the financial and nonfinancial information of an entity.
IGNOU -MCOM - MCO -7 financial management
IGNOU -MCOM - MCO -7 financial management
Introduction
1.2 Need for Accounting
1.3 Definition of Accounting
1.4 Objectives of Accounting
1.5 Accounting as Part of the Information System
1.6 Branches of Accounting
1.6.1 Financial Accounting
1.6.2 Cost Accounting
1.6.3 Management Accounting
1.7 Role of Management Accountant
1.8 Financial Accounting Process
1.9 Accounting Equation
1.10 Accounting Concepts
1.10.1 Concepts to be Observed at the Recording Stage
1.10.2 Concepts to be Observed at the Reporting Stage
Definition of Cost Accounting 2.2 Objectives of Cost Accounting 2.3 Importance of Cost Accounting 2.4 Advantages of Cost Accounting 2.5 Limitations of Cost Accounting 2.6 Reports Generated by Cost Accounting Department
3. Installation of Cost Accounting System
3.1 Basic Considerations 3.2 Steps in Introduction 3.3 Essentials of a Good Cost Accounting System 3.4 Difficulties in Introduction
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
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area = firstside * secondside;
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MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
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Accounting
Accounting is the recording of financial transactions plus storing, sorting, retrieving, summarizing, and presenting the information in various reports and analyses. Accounting is also a profession consisting of individuals having the formal education to carry out these tasks.
What is the Basics of Accounting
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The accuracy of accounting records is enhanced by the integrity of i.pdf
The accuracy of accounting records is enhanced by the integrity of internal controls. Comment
on this statement and provide justification for it. Include illustrations of how this does or does
not apply
Solution
Internal control is the process designed to ensure reliable financial reporting,
effective and efficient operations, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Safeguarding assets against theft and unauthorized use, acquisition, or disposal is also part of
internal control. Internal accounting control is a series of procedures designed to promote and
protect sound management practices, both general and financial. Following internal accounting
control procedures will significantly increase the likelihood that: o financial information is
reliable, so that managers and the board can depend on accurate information to make
programmatic an d other decisions o assets and records of the organization are not stolen,
misused, or accidentally destroyed o the organization s policies are followed o government
regulations are met. Developing an Internal Accounting Control System The first step in
developing an effective internal accounting control system is to identify those areas where
abuses or errors are likely to occur. Many accountants can provide you with a checklist of areas
and questions to consider when you are planning your system. Price Waterhouse\'s booklet,
Effective Internal Accounting Control for Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide for Directors and
Management, includes the following areas and objectives in developing an effective internal
accounting control system: o Cash receipts To ensure that all cash intended for the organization
is received, promptly deposited, properly recorded, reconciled, and kept under adequate security.
o Cash disbursements To ensure that cash is disbursed only upon proper authorization of
management, for valid business purposes, and that all disbursements are properly recorded. o
Petty cash To ensure that petty cash and other working funds are disbursed only for proper
purposes, are adequately safeguarded, and properly recorded. o Payroll To ensure that payroll
disbursements are made only upon proper authorization to bona fide employees, that payroll
disbursements are properly recorded and that related legal requirements (such as payroll tax
deposits) are complied with. o Grants, gifts, and bequests To ensure that all grants, gifts, and
bequests are received and properly recorded, and that compliance with the terms of any related
restrictions is adequately monitored. o Fixed assets To ensure that fixed assets are acquired and
disposed of only upon proper authorization, are adequately safeguarded, and properly recorded.
Additional internal controls are also required to ensure proper recording of donated materials,
pledges and other revenues, accurate, timely financial reports and information returns, and
compliance with other government regulations. Achieving these objectives requires your
organizat.
Theoritical Frame work of Financial accounting .pptx
Financial accounting basics,
all the basics topics covered in the accounting, The basics of accounting principles and concepts are there.
Accounting chapter-1
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their accounting NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
What are the 3 types of financial statements.pdf
Financial statements demonstrate the value of operations and show that tax laws and other requirements are being complied with. Document and communicate the company's financial position and growth over time. By being compliant and generating regular financial reports, Business Accountant leaders and managers can spot unique opportunities, proactively mitigate risks, and efficiently prioritize projects to achieve larger goals.
Basics of financial accounting updated 2023 intel document 4.docx
Financial Statements: Financial statements are the primary output of financial accounting. They include the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. The balance sheet presents the assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity of a business at a specific point in time. The income statement shows the revenues, expenses, and net income or loss over a given period. The cash flow statement provides information about the cash inflows and outflows of a company during a specific period.
Accounting Principles: Financial accounting is guided by various accounting principles, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) used globally. These principles provide a framework for recording and reporting financial transactions, ensuring consistency, comparability, and reliability of financial information.
Accrual Accounting: Financial accounting is typically based on accrual accounting, which recognizes revenue when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid. Accrual accounting provides a more accurate representation of a company’s financial performance and obligations, as it matches revenues with related expenses in the appropriate accounting period.
Double-Entry Accounting: Double-entry accounting is the foundation of financial accounting. It follows the principle that every financial transaction has two equal and opposite effects. Each transaction is recorded with a debit entry and a corresponding credit entry in the accounting system, maintaining the balance between assets, liabilities, and equity.
Financial and management accounting
Financial Accounting and Management accounting are the two branches of accounting.
Financial accounting stresses on giving true and a fair view of the financial position of the company to various parties.
On the contrary, management accounting aims at providing both qualitative and quantitative information to the managers, so as to assist them in decision making and thus maximizing the profit.
Financial Accounting is the branch of accounting which keeps track of all the financial information of the entity. Management Accounting is that branch of accounting which records and reports both the financial and nonfinancial information of an entity.
IGNOU -MCOM - MCO -7 financial management
IGNOU -MCOM - MCO -7 financial management
Introduction
1.2 Need for Accounting
1.3 Definition of Accounting
1.4 Objectives of Accounting
1.5 Accounting as Part of the Information System
1.6 Branches of Accounting
1.6.1 Financial Accounting
1.6.2 Cost Accounting
1.6.3 Management Accounting
1.7 Role of Management Accountant
1.8 Financial Accounting Process
1.9 Accounting Equation
1.10 Accounting Concepts
1.10.1 Concepts to be Observed at the Recording Stage
1.10.2 Concepts to be Observed at the Reporting Stage
Definition of Cost Accounting 2.2 Objectives of Cost Accounting 2.3 Importance of Cost Accounting 2.4 Advantages of Cost Accounting 2.5 Limitations of Cost Accounting 2.6 Reports Generated by Cost Accounting Department
3. Installation of Cost Accounting System
3.1 Basic Considerations 3.2 Steps in Introduction 3.3 Essentials of a Good Cost Accounting System 3.4 Difficulties in Introduction
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Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdf
Match the directional term with it\'s Correct ipsilateral media inferior superficial proximal
posterior distal anterior lateral contralateral deep superior above below front back center
side same side other side closer to the trunk farther from the trunk surface internal
Solution
Ipsilateral-same side Medial- center Inferior-below Superficial-surface Proximal-closer to the
trunk Posterior-back Distal-farther from the trunk Anterior-front Lateral-side Contralateral-other
side Deep-internal superior-above.
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdf
Lithium:
A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
B. completely crosses into the brain.
C. crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly.
D. is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites.
Solution
Answer: A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
Lithium is potent mood stabilizer but has very narrow therapeutic range because therapeutic dose
is very nearer to toxic dose. Therefore, close monitoring is essential when a patient is prescribed
with this drug. Lithium cannot cross blood-brain barrier easily.
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdf
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. Explain why the subset {n
belongs to Z: n greaterthanorequalto 0} is not a subgroup of Z.
Solution
Identity element of given group is 0..
and the inverse of an element \'a\' is \'-a\'..
means the negative counterparts of postive numbers..which are missing in the group..
since we have only number which are greater than or equal to 0..
hence inverses are missing..therefore it is not a group itself...
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdf
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity is
produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or natural
gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants.
Using the Internet, determine
environmental considerations associated with it and how such
environmental aspects affect the respective plant design,
operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three references.
Solution
What is Fossil Fuel Power Station??
A fossil-fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum to produce electricity.
Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which
according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor toglobal warming.
In 2011, utility coal plants in the United States emitted a total of 1.7 billion tons of CO2
Other harmful pollutants emitted annually from a typical, uncontrolled coal plant include
approximately:
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1) AIR
Operating Power Plants will produce Air pollutents like SO2,CO2 into atmosphere which
requiring pollution control equipements to reduce emissions
When Air Pollution levels increases in a particular area which may lead to health problems in
people
2) Water Quantity:
Many power plants use water from lakes,rivers or ground water acquifers. Surface water is often
used for plant cooling and plant water is often for plant processes.
So if water is often drawn from Acquifers,pumping of underground waters in a large quantities
will creats cone depression around the well,lowering water levels around some region to the
place where we will utilised ground water
3) Water Quality
Power plants must discharge purified and cleaned water they should carry a little heat or newly
dissolved materials as possible
4)Vegetation
Vegetation impacts can be of two basic kinds:
• Direct impacts of vegetation removal or damage during construction.
• Indirect impacts on vegetation from air pollution or surface water impacts caused by the power
plant
COMMUNITY RESOURCES IMPACT
1) Agriculturals
Farm fields outside the proposed power plant property could also be affected, at least
temporarily, by construction of ancillary facilities like natural gas or water pipelines or electric
transmission lines.
2)Air Space
Tall power plant structures such as transmission towers, exhaust stacks, or wind turbines can be
potential hazards to aircraft attempting to land or take off. Whether the airport is a public facility
or a private landing strip, the safety of the people in the aircraft must be considered.
The level of safety can be maintained by building tall power plant structures in locations clear of
runway alignments and aircraft approach paths, where planes reduce altitude and turn to
approach the runway at a safe height and speed
3)Fog and Ice
Fossil-fueled power plants that use steam to turn the turbines must condense the steam afterward
and re-circulate the water back into the system
4)Noise
Noise .
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can.pdf
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can only support a symbol rate of
1200 baud, how many symbol states must be used for this implementation?
Solution
Ans)
As we need speed of 4800 bps but radio link supports 1200 baud,
then number of bits represented by each symbol is 4800/1200=4 bits/symbol
then number of symbol states =2(number of bits/symbol)=24=16
so answer is required symbol states =16.
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a pro.pdf
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a problem with the nodes, as it is
posting errors with the nodes.
please help me with this problem. thank you.
public class LinkLists {
/* only need to store a single pointer to the node at the head
* of the list.
* The pointer is null if the list is empty.
* Also record the size of the list.
*/
protected Node head;
/* invariant: size is the number of nodes in the list pointed to by head */
protected int size;
/* no-arguments default constructor creates an empty list */
public LinkLists() {
head = null; // start with an empty list
size = 0;
}
/* accessor method */
public int size() {
return size;
}
/* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add(T value) {
head = addAtEnd(head, value);
size++;
}
/* node of the list to which the value should be added
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
private Node addAtEnd(Node node, T value) {
if (node == null) { // special case
return new Node(value, null);
} else if (node.getNext() == null) { // other special case
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
} else {
addAtEnd(node.getNext(), value);
}
return node;
}
/* iterative implementation of the same method
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add2(T value) {
if (head == null) {
head = new Node(value, null);
} else {
Node node = head; // guaranteed not to be null initially
while (node.getNext() != null) {
node = node.getNext(); // guaranteed not to be null here
}
// now, node.getNext() is guaranteed to be null
// similar to the second special case in addAtEnd
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
}
size++;
}
public void remove(int position) throws BadItemCountException {
if ((position < 1) || (position > size)) {
throw new
BadItemCountException(\"invalid position \" + position +
\", only 1..\" + size + \" available\");
}
if (position == 1) {
head = head.getNext();
} else {
Node node = head;
for (int i = 2; i < position; i++) {
node = node.getNext();
}
node.setNext(node.getNext().getNext());
}
size--; // one less item
}
public String toString() {
return toString(head);
}
private String toString(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return \"\";
} else {
return node.getValue() + \"\ \" + toString(node.getNext());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* create two empty lists, make sure they print out correctly */
LinkLists list1 = new LinkLists();
LinkLists list2 = new LinkLists();
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* insert some items, keep checking */
list1.add(\"hello\");
list1.add(\"world\");
list2.add(\"foo\");
list2.add(\"bar\");
list2.add(\"baz\");
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* remove an item at an invalid position */
boolean caught = false;
try {
list2.remove(4);
} catch .
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the .pdf
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the nervous system. In fact, their
name is derived from the Greek word for glue. However, recent findings have demonstrated a
number of functions for these cells. Discuss these functions and their importance in allowing
neurons to function.
Solution
Glial cells are indeed very important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Their
importance becomes apparent from the fact that the central nervous system has more glial cells
than neurons.
Glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS):
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), only one Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath of only
one neuron. Satellite cells are glial cells of the PNS responsible for providing nutrients and
structural support to neurons..
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct.pdf
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct sequence of the fungal
reproductive cycle.
Solution
these re the steps of fungal reproductive cycle
1. Nuclear fusion and the production of haploid spore.
2. Gamete fuse producing dikaryotic hypae.
3.Hypae grow through the substrate.
4. New myecelium forms.
5. Fruiting body formation..
Explain the concept of distributive justiceSolutiondistributiv.pdf
Explain the concept of distributive justice
Solution
distributive justice speaks about the distribution of goods and services among the people
irrespecitve of their income levels and other social factors like wealth, fame and name in the
society. the main moto is treat all the people same and treat them equally while offering a benefit
to them.
do not discriminate people based on their income, wealth, profession or anything. treat in an
equal manner and fair manner only. and it is our responsibility to practice and implement this
system to eliminate the inequalities among the people..
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmissi.pdf
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmission bodily fluid transmission
airborne transmission foodborne transmission
Solution
food borne transmission
Parasitic infections,which have direct life cycle and do not need an intermediate host to infect a
new host and are spread via faecal contamination of food and drinks are often referred to as
faecal orally transmitted parasites.Infections acquired through direct ingestion of infective eggs
or cyst is intimately linked with the level of personal hygiene and sanitation in the Community..
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status .pdf
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on depression. Half
of her participants were raised in low SES homes; the other half was raised in high SES homes.
Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, an interval scale. Which of the
following statements is true?
a. The DV was a manipulated variable
b. The IV was a manipulated variable
c. The IV was a subject variable
d. The study used a within-subjects design
e. None of the above are true
Solution
a. The DV was a manipulated variable.
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their.pdf
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their genome into the host\'s
genome to be translated and transcribed likely have a slower rates of mutation than RNA viruses
never cause diseases are more common than RNA viruses are responsible for 45% of the
human genome because of their insertions
Solution
The double-stranded DNA viruses are unique pathogens which require a DNA intermediate for
replication of new viral particles using reverse transcriptase enzyme. These viruses are
particularly shown to be highly active pathogens for human and higher vertebrate infections from
primitive times. They are less common than RNA viruses. However, like other RNA/DNA
viruses, they too possess high mutation rates owing to faulty replication and lack of proof-
reading by polymeraes. Importantly, as a mode of infection, all of these viruses do insert their
genome or a part of it in the host cell\'s genome to promotes its transcription and translation. This
is why double-stranded DNA viruses are difficult to eradicate from human/vertebrate hosts
because they very easily modulate their molecular functions according to the host machinery.
Some examples of diseases caused by such viruses are small pox, herpes infection etc.
Thus, the above explanations states that choice 1 is most correct..
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be h.pdf
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred and
the significance of this in terms of clinical antibiotic resistance.
Solution
The mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred are:
Transformation :Process by which bacteria take up DNA from outside environment.
Conjugation : Process by which bacteria transfers gene to other cell directly through a plasmid
via cell to cell contact.
Transduction :Process by which gene is transferred from one bacteria to other via bacteriophage.
The significance of this is that pathogenic bacteria continue to evolve thus resulting in bacteria
that become more resistant to bacteria.This in turn poses difficulties to identify new strains
produced and design drugs for them..
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparin.pdf
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparing the plank tonic habitat
to the benthic habitat (or to the flocculent material habitat in deep water) at Lake Herrick (you
will be sampling from a pier or a bridge). Each question should address at least one of the
following bulleted points. both biotic and abiotic components of both benthic and planktonic
habitats. organism abundance. bacteria and/or fungi. be answerable using equipment available
at the lake (Section Two, Lab equipment available in Section Two, Lab 2 (look ahead to these
labs for equipment choices). have an answer that can be obtained from data and samples
collected at the lake and analyzed in more detail in Section Two, Lab 2.
Solution
1. Comparision of bacterial and fungal population present at the planktonic and benthic habitat of
the Lake Herrick in different seasons and thwir ohylogenetic analysis.
2. Analysis of BOD from the samples collected from benthic and Planktonic habitat of Lake
Herrick and effect on the environment according to their presence in the different habitat..
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdf
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of
concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.
· Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any gr.
Describe the following structuresfunctions or cells Dermal, vascul.pdf
Describe the following structures/functions or cells: Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Root,
stem, leaf - Monocot leaves and eudicot leaves Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-
conducting cells of the xylem, and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem - Sieve-tube element
and companion cell Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance Distinguish between
determinate and indeterminate growth. Explain function of meristem. Describe and compare the
three basic organs of vascular plants. Describe primary growth of stem and root and the
formation of lateral roots. Distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth
Explain the ABC hypothesis of genetic control of flowering. Describe the use of Arabidopsis to
understand plant development.
Solution
1.
2.Apical dominance is the phenomenon in which the main stem of the plant is dominant over the
side lateral stems.The dominance is mainly due to the exclusive control of terminal bud present
at shoot apex over the growth of lateral bud present in the lateral shoots.This allows the plant to
grow only vertically.
3.Determinate growth means the growth continues till a structure is formed and stops after that
while indeterminate growth never terminates and the growth continues.The meristem tissues
undergo indeterminate growth and therefore function in active division of plant parts such as
stem and roots.
4.The three basic organs of vascular plants are roots, shoot and leaves.Root consists of a root cap
and root hairs to increase the surface area of absorption of water and minerals.Stem is the
vertical axis of the plant that consists of nodes and internodes.It consists of three tissues,
dermal,ground and vascular tissues.Leaves consists of upper and lower epidermis with a
mesophyll layer in betwee them.There is an upper palisade layer and a lower spongy layer in the
mesophyll.Presence of green pigment called chlorophyll present in the leaves to carry out
photosynthesis.Roots function to absorb water and dissolve nutrients from the soil and help the
plant to anchor in the soil. Stems provide support to the plant and and transport water and food
throughout the plant. Leaves function in photosynthesis and gaseous exchange.
5.When there is an increase in the length of stem and the root of plant , it is known as primary
growth. It results due to the division of cell present at the apical meristem of stem and
roots.Lateral roots are formed by division of cells present in the pericycle of the xylem radius of
the root.
6.Morphogenesis is the process by which an organism starts to develop its morphology i.e
size,shape and structure while differentiation is the process by which cells or tissues or organs
develop specialised characters the development process while growth is the process by which the
cell increases in size.
7.According to the ABC hypothesis,there are 3 classes of genes known as A,B and C that are
transcription factors required to form different whorls of the flower. A genes form whor.
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling,.pdf
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling, and drinking, while a
smaller group in the center of the assembly area fights over the remains of a dead pig. Why
might this be seen as significant in anthropological terms if it were part of the research described
in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture?
a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
b. It affords a window into the nature of spectacle.
c. It illustrates mass ritual effectively.
d. It is a powerful example of participant observation.
Solution
If it were a part of the research described in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture
this might be seen as significant in anthropological terms because It helps to understand how to
avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
(a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.).
Concrete and cementI) Give an example of non-calcium silicate cem.pdf
Concrete and cement:
I) Give an example of non-calcium silicate cement
II) Can Portland cement hydrate without exposure to air?
Solution
(i)Answer:- Example for non calcium silicate cement is High alumina cement or cement fondu.
The principal compound of cement fondu is mono calcium aluminate.
(ii)Answer:- Yes cement can hydrate without exposure to air.
2Ca3SiO5 + 7 H2O = 3 CaO.2SiO2.4H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2.
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Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdf
- 1. Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization. Solution The accounting and finance departments structure in an organisation will depend on the size of the organisation, the kind of products or services it provides and requirements of law of the land.The larger the company, the more accounts clerks and accountants for the processing of the various transaction and business entries are required. Like-wise for a smaller firm only three to four accoutants and clerks are required in the finance and accounting department. The other structure of Accounting and finance department are : (a) Account Clerks : The data entry of the transaction and making of the vouchers are done by the account clerks. They also fulfills the responsibilities like filing of documents and getting the authorisation on the vouchers. They also process the bill and their payments. They also take care of the bank transactions and reconciliations. (b) Accountants and Full Charge Bookkeepers : The Accountants are the supervisors of the accounts and finance department who controls and guide the accounts clerks at the operatinal level. They provides services like making of adjusting entries and processing the payroll transactions of the company at the end of the month. c) Department Controllers and Accounts Managers : The managers have the role of supervisors who guides the Accountants and clerks and ensures the control over the departments activities and working according to the requirement at various point of time. They are respoinsible for all the frauds to happen, so the Controllers takes all the steps to prevent any fraud to happen. The internal controls are in their hands. Controllers are also responsible for preparing financial documents like budgets, financial statements and audit reports and rectification reports. (d) Chief Financial Officer : The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is the top-most position of the Accounting and Finance Department of the organization. They are mainly responsible for the hiring of persons in the department and keep a close look at the working and results of the department. They are also responsible for the fulfilment of other departments requirements and paying off the taxes and minimisation of the tax expenses using various options to evade tax. The controlling of the cost accounting of the organisation is also in their hands. Thus, the above points constitutes the Accounting and Finance Departments' structure of an organisation. ============================================