Describe the five variable influences inherent to cell culture.Nam.pdf
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Describe the five variable influences inherent to cell culture. Name the four major classes of transmembrane cell adhesion proteins. Which are mainly responsible for cell-cell adhesion? Which are mainly responsible for cell-matrix adhesion? What specifically is responsible for mediating the anchorage of cells in culture to the substrate? Describe six different molecules that compose the extracellular matrix. Explain cell motility. Include lamellipodia, actin, plasma membrane, and c Solution 2). Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) allows the cells to communicate each other by means of adhesion. They guide the cells how to move towards the target site, for example, the movement of a white blood cell (WBC) toward the site of injury. The four classes of transmembrane cell adhesion proteins are, (i). Cadherins (ii). Ig-CAMs (iii). Integrins (iv). Selectins Cadherins are the transmembrane adhesion molecules that are calcium dependent. They recognise the other cells with cadherins and bind to them. Ig-CAMs are structurally similar to immunoglobulins, they are also calcium dependednt. Near the site of action, the CAMs known as “selectins” reduce the turbulence of the white blood cell in the circulation and provide traction. The cell then binds to the carbohydrates on the inner capillary surface. The chemical mediators (chemo-attractants) released by the white blood cells attract the WBC. Now, another CAM known as “integrin” contacts an adhesion receptor proteins and pushes up the capillary cell membrane, grab the white blood cell and direct it between the cells of capillary wall. The WBC finally reach the target and produces inflammation along with the pus. 3). Integrins are mainly responsible for cell-cell adhesion.
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Cell_Junctions.ppt
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals. Although cells are much larger than atoms, they are still very small. The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter (1μm = about 0.000039 inch), with a total mass of 10−14 gram—equal to that of 8,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms. Cells of humans typically have a mass 400,000 times larger than the mass of a single mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about 20 μm across. It would require a sheet of about 10,000 human cells to cover the head of a pin, and each human organism is composed of more than 30,000,000,000,000 cells.
similarities and differences between cells
similarities and differences between cells
Basic similarities between cells and ways cells may vary depending on their function.
See all videos for this article
This article discusses the cell both as an individual unit and as a contributing part of a larger organism. As an individual unit, the cell is capable of metabolizing its own nutrients, synthesizing many types of molecules, providing its own energy, and replicating itself in order to produce succeeding generations. It can be viewed as an enclosed vessel, within which innumerable chemical reactions take place simultaneously. These reactions are under very precise control so that they contribute to the life and procreation of the cell. In a multicellular organism, cells become specialized to perform different functions through the process of differentiation. In order to do this, each cell keeps in constant communication with its neighbours. As it receives nutrients from and expels wastes into its surroundings, it adheres to and cooperates with other cells. Cooperative assemblies of similar cells form tissues, and a cooperation between tissues in turn forms organs, which carry out the functions necessary to sustain the life of an organism.
Cell and cell junctions .pptx
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biopriting and tissue engineering types and techniqueName and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in.pdf
Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and
purpose. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offspring
involving events before during or after meiosis. Using the internet research the topic of mitosis
and meiosis and identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and
cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or
meiosis. Given a diploid chromosome number of 4. Draw below a gametophyte cell in the midst
of 1) Anaphase of mitosis, ; 2) Prometaphase of mitosis Where is the specific location in an
animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Cells divide and multiply in number as
they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and
the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods,
mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. What are the implications for an
organism that can not stop mitosis.
Solution
Answer: Five difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of process and purpose:
Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and
purpose:
2. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings
involving events before during or after meiosis.
There are several ways with which organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified
offsprings: Before meiosis random mutations cause genetic diversity and get passed on to
generations (heritable mutations). During meiosis crossing over between chromatids of
homologous chromosomes causes genetic variation. After meiosis, fertilization process also
contributes to creating genetic diversity. During fertilization each parent randomly contributes a
unique set of genes (and hence traits) to the zygote.
3. Identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell
division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis.
In Karyokinesis process a cell\'s nucleus is divided by mitosis or meiosis (separation of
chromosomes), and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in a cell (organelles and
cytoplasmic components).
Plant cell have cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells occur by
phragmoplasts formation instead of cleavage as in animal cells.
Cytokinesis in amoeba cells (binary fission) - In Amoeba the division is irregular whereas in
Euglena it’s longitudinal. Plasmotomy in protozoa is also a unique mechanism.
5. Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant?
Meiosis in animal cells occurs in the nuclei of the germ cells that are related to reproduction. On
the other hand, in plants the Meiosis occur in the anthers and ovary of the angiosperm leading to
the formation of pollen grains and ovules respectively.
6. Based on kn.
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated tha.pdf
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated that cells within the 3 germ
layers had an affinity for each other and thus indicated that they had differentiated enough to be
“biased” toward a specific cell layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Describe an experiment
that demonstrated how the 3 different layers of the gastrula have an affinity for each other.
7.Morphogenesis involves the orchestration of Cell Affinity, Cell Adhesion, and Cell Migration.
How do the adhesive molecules play a role as cells of the embryo change their affinity for one
another?
PLEASE ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS
Solution
1. Taking an advantage of discovery of amphibian tissues become dissociated into single cells
when placed in alkaline solupans,
2. The prepared single-cell suspensions from each of three germ layers of amphibian embryos
soon after the neural tube had formed.
3. Take two or more of these single-cell suspensions could be combined in various ways. When
the pH of the solution was normalized, the cells adhered to one another, forming aggregates on
agar-coated petri dishes.
4. This experiment shows affinity of 3 different layers of the gastrula.
Cell Affinity: a) The inner surface of the ectoderm has a positive affinity for mesodermal cells
and a negative affinity for the endoderm.
b) While the mesoderm has positive affinities for both ectodermal and endodermal cells.
c) Mimicry of normal embryonic structure by cell aggregates is also seen in the recombination of
epidermis and neural plate cells.
Cell Adhesion: a) cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion molecules. They are critical for
establishing
and maintaining intercellular connections, and they appear to be crucial to the spatial
segregation of cell types and to the organization of animal form.
b) The cadherins are anchored inside the cell by a complex of proteins called catenins and the
cadherin-catenin complex forms the classic adherens junctions that help hold epithelial cells
together.
Cell Migration: a) migration involves the adhesion of the cell to its extracellular substrate. The
moving cell needs
something to push on, and attaches to the surrounding matrix.
b) Integrins span the cell membrane, connecting the extracellular matrix outside the cell to the
actin cytoskeleton on the inside of the cell. These connections of actin to integrin form focal
adhesions on the cell membrane where the membrane contacts the extracellular matrix.
c) Myosin and its regulators provide the motive force along these actin microfilaments.they are
linked with the lamellipodial actin at the sites of adhesion.
d) Release of adhesions in the rear, allowing the cell to migrate in the forward direction. It is
probable that stretch-sensitive calcium channels are opened and that the released calcium ions
activate proteases that destroy the focal adhesion sites..
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True False.pdf
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True / False
Solution
Yes, it is true. [answer]
Mutually exclusive events don\'t have anything in common. The complement of an event is
everything that is not in that event. Thus, they have nothing in common.
Hence, TRUE: THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE..
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ioni.pdf
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ionic crystal arises because of the
action of the pauli exclusion principle and that it can be expressed as
Urep = B/ rn where r is the separation between the ions of opposit sign, n is a large number and
B is a constant of the crystal.
Solution
Please define the problem..
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This a brief account of cellular affinities and the role of adhesion molecules in keeping similar cells together.
Cell_Junctions.ppt
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals. Although cells are much larger than atoms, they are still very small. The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter (1μm = about 0.000039 inch), with a total mass of 10−14 gram—equal to that of 8,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms. Cells of humans typically have a mass 400,000 times larger than the mass of a single mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about 20 μm across. It would require a sheet of about 10,000 human cells to cover the head of a pin, and each human organism is composed of more than 30,000,000,000,000 cells.
similarities and differences between cells
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Basic similarities between cells and ways cells may vary depending on their function.
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For medical, nursing, and physiotherapy undergraduates, and postgraduates
Cellular Communication and regulation of communication mechanisms to sing the...
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This presentation intends to explore the communication of the cell within and others for sustainability along the regulation mechanisms by the cellular neural networks and others to sing the song of the life.Bio-engineering, Stem cells and bio printing
Bio-engineering, Stem cells and bio printingRomissaa ali Esmail/ faculty of dentistry/Al-Azhar university
biopriting and tissue engineering types and techniqueName and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in.pdf
Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and
purpose. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offspring
involving events before during or after meiosis. Using the internet research the topic of mitosis
and meiosis and identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and
cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or
meiosis. Given a diploid chromosome number of 4. Draw below a gametophyte cell in the midst
of 1) Anaphase of mitosis, ; 2) Prometaphase of mitosis Where is the specific location in an
animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Cells divide and multiply in number as
they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and
the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods,
mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. What are the implications for an
organism that can not stop mitosis.
Solution
Answer: Five difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of process and purpose:
Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and
purpose:
2. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings
involving events before during or after meiosis.
There are several ways with which organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified
offsprings: Before meiosis random mutations cause genetic diversity and get passed on to
generations (heritable mutations). During meiosis crossing over between chromatids of
homologous chromosomes causes genetic variation. After meiosis, fertilization process also
contributes to creating genetic diversity. During fertilization each parent randomly contributes a
unique set of genes (and hence traits) to the zygote.
3. Identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell
division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis.
In Karyokinesis process a cell\'s nucleus is divided by mitosis or meiosis (separation of
chromosomes), and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in a cell (organelles and
cytoplasmic components).
Plant cell have cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells occur by
phragmoplasts formation instead of cleavage as in animal cells.
Cytokinesis in amoeba cells (binary fission) - In Amoeba the division is irregular whereas in
Euglena it’s longitudinal. Plasmotomy in protozoa is also a unique mechanism.
5. Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant?
Meiosis in animal cells occurs in the nuclei of the germ cells that are related to reproduction. On
the other hand, in plants the Meiosis occur in the anthers and ovary of the angiosperm leading to
the formation of pollen grains and ovules respectively.
6. Based on kn.
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated tha.pdf
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated that cells within the 3 germ
layers had an affinity for each other and thus indicated that they had differentiated enough to be
“biased” toward a specific cell layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Describe an experiment
that demonstrated how the 3 different layers of the gastrula have an affinity for each other.
7.Morphogenesis involves the orchestration of Cell Affinity, Cell Adhesion, and Cell Migration.
How do the adhesive molecules play a role as cells of the embryo change their affinity for one
another?
PLEASE ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS
Solution
1. Taking an advantage of discovery of amphibian tissues become dissociated into single cells
when placed in alkaline solupans,
2. The prepared single-cell suspensions from each of three germ layers of amphibian embryos
soon after the neural tube had formed.
3. Take two or more of these single-cell suspensions could be combined in various ways. When
the pH of the solution was normalized, the cells adhered to one another, forming aggregates on
agar-coated petri dishes.
4. This experiment shows affinity of 3 different layers of the gastrula.
Cell Affinity: a) The inner surface of the ectoderm has a positive affinity for mesodermal cells
and a negative affinity for the endoderm.
b) While the mesoderm has positive affinities for both ectodermal and endodermal cells.
c) Mimicry of normal embryonic structure by cell aggregates is also seen in the recombination of
epidermis and neural plate cells.
Cell Adhesion: a) cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion molecules. They are critical for
establishing
and maintaining intercellular connections, and they appear to be crucial to the spatial
segregation of cell types and to the organization of animal form.
b) The cadherins are anchored inside the cell by a complex of proteins called catenins and the
cadherin-catenin complex forms the classic adherens junctions that help hold epithelial cells
together.
Cell Migration: a) migration involves the adhesion of the cell to its extracellular substrate. The
moving cell needs
something to push on, and attaches to the surrounding matrix.
b) Integrins span the cell membrane, connecting the extracellular matrix outside the cell to the
actin cytoskeleton on the inside of the cell. These connections of actin to integrin form focal
adhesions on the cell membrane where the membrane contacts the extracellular matrix.
c) Myosin and its regulators provide the motive force along these actin microfilaments.they are
linked with the lamellipodial actin at the sites of adhesion.
d) Release of adhesions in the rear, allowing the cell to migrate in the forward direction. It is
probable that stretch-sensitive calcium channels are opened and that the released calcium ions
activate proteases that destroy the focal adhesion sites..
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Differential Cell Affinity & Cell Adhesion Molecules
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Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in.pdf
Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in.pdf
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated tha.pdf
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated tha.pdf
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An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True False.pdf
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True / False
Solution
Yes, it is true. [answer]
Mutually exclusive events don\'t have anything in common. The complement of an event is
everything that is not in that event. Thus, they have nothing in common.
Hence, TRUE: THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE..
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ioni.pdf
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ionic crystal arises because of the
action of the pauli exclusion principle and that it can be expressed as
Urep = B/ rn where r is the separation between the ions of opposit sign, n is a large number and
B is a constant of the crystal.
Solution
Please define the problem..
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globaliz.pdf
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globalization is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural boundaries of nation states. Discuss this process. Do you
think that globalization is a win-win situation for all countries? You may argue in favor of or
against this view.
Solution
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
Globalization is defined as a process which integrates the world economy. It is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural bindings.
Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It is the process of
internationalintegration as a product of exchange of world views, products, ideas and other
aspects of culture in which worldwide exchange of national and cultural resources occurs in the
process.Many factors contributed for the growth of globalization major being advancement
intransportation and communication. The current wave of globalization is nothing but the
resultof Schumpeterian evolution in technology along with interaction of many actors at
differentlevels of the economy. Globalization means different for different people. For some it
createspositive political, economic and technological progress. For few globalization is
hegemonic andantagonist to local and national economies. Globalization has changed situations
in such amanner that power of state is determined by power of firm. If the goal of globalization
wasmore liberal exchange of goods, services, labor, thoughts etc which in later stages would
makeworld uniform, then there is no space for identity.
There are positive aspects for cultural globalization that will foster diversity when there is
aninteraction between boundaries leads to mixing of culture which results in pluralization.
Thereis condensation and differentiation on ideas which brought many unique aspects of
certainculture into lime light. The concept of glocalization has gained popularity which would
help inimproving standards of life, without hampering the local tradition. Diversity itself has
become aglobal value now which is been promoted by international organizations and
movements.
Globalization is not a debate aboutdivergence or convergence, but it is a dialectical process
which can both integrate and fragmentalong with creating both winners and losers.
I do not think that globalization is a win win situation for all countries and even if it is at least
winning amount is different for each country. not all countries are gaining equally from
globalization and some countries especially labour abundant countires like India are at loss as
there is no freedom of human capital transfer in globalization process.
Globalization is thus an ongoing syndrome. Globalization is not only about interplays
betweenlocal, regional, national and global scales, but also about the interconnectedn.
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E Solution BJT in active mode means EB Junc.pdf
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E
Solution
BJT in active mode means EB Junction is forward biased and CB juction is reverse biased.
Since EBJ is forward biased, the depletion width is smaller thean CBJ depletion width (which is
reverse biased). Let us consider the electrons injected from the emitter into the base. These
electrons will be minority carrier in the p-type base regrion. Because the base is usually very
thin, in the steady state the excess minority carrier concentration in the base will have an almost
straight-line profile. This tapered minority-carrier concentration profile causes the electrons
injected into the base to diffuse though the base region toward the collector. The Collector-Base
juction is reverse biased so the minority carrier concentration profile can be constant in collector..
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of el.pdf
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of electrons? Which one of the
following experiments demonstrates the wave nature of electrons? a) Small flashes of light can
be observed when electrons strike a special screen. b) Electrons directed through a double slit
can produce an interference pattern. c) The Michelson-Morley experiment confirmed the
existence of electrons and their nature. d) In the photoelectric effect, electrons are observed to
interfere with electrons in metals. e) Electrons are observed to interact with photons (light
particles).
Solution
part B.
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes .pdf
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
b.) Which of the following enzymes are known to be involved in the replication of DNA in
bacteria?
Check all that apply.
DNA Polymerase I
RNA Polymerase II
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Solution
Thanks for the question
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cell cytoplasm and, in prokaryotes, both transcription and
translation happen simultaneously. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the cell nucleus and, in
eukaryotes, transcription and translation differ in space and time. RNA polymerases are an
essential requirement for transcription.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than bacteria in many ways, including in terms of
transcription. Specifically, in eukaryotes, transcription is achieved by three different types of
RNA polymerase (RNA pol I-III).
These polymerases differ in the number and type of subunits they contain, as well as the class of
RNAs they transcribe
RNA pol I transcribes ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs),
RNA pol II transcribes RNAs that will become messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and also small
regulatory RNAs
RNA pol III transcribes small RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
Replication of DNA in bacteria requires
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Regards.
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been.pdf
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been dramatically increasing.
In fact, a recent bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa, known for its secretion of the hepatotoxin
microcystin, has threatened the water supply of Lake Erie cities such as Toledo and Cleveland.
An EPA friend wishes to study this species in order to prevent such blooms, and in so doing,
finds significant heterogeneity in gene expression in clonal algal cells (same species, identical
DNA) in the same environment! There is one order of magnitude of variation in certain
transcription factors and two orders of magnitude of variation in lipid content. Recognizing your
expertise your friend asks you for advice: Is this result reasonable or was this likely due to
experimental error? How would one go about testing and explaining the results? Provide an
answer to your colleague.
Solution
To study gene expression , since a long time, Microarray technology is being used in order to
study more number of genes in a single experiment. This is then interpreted using significance
analysis of transcriptomic data, but the disadvantage here lies that it would ignore gene
dependence structure. Therefore , along with microarray technology for studying heterogeneity,
FAMT would allow to capture gene dependence as a factor of computation of results.
FAMT: Factor Analysis for Multiple Testing (FAMT) : is defined as simultaneous tests under
dependence in high-dimensional data. It takes into account various factors to give high
throughput data and accurate results. In FAMT, effects of the experimental conditions and the
nuisance variability on gene expression, due to technical errors and other known or unknown
effects, can be easily separated. The factors can be distinguished and interpreted using graphics.
I am not aware of what protocol was followed by my colleague. Neither am I aware if the
interfering signals were cancelled by the protocol followed. So rather, I would suggest to
perform microarray for testing gene heterogeneity and interpreting the results using FAMT, so as
to eliminate all sorts of interfering signals/ factors and also handling errors , if some. Results can
be interpreted later after elimination of any error possibilities..
What is the difference between a short and long branchSolution.pdf
What is the difference between a short and long branch?
Solution
long branch is a form of systematic error whereby distantly related lineages are incorrectly
inferred to be closely related. LBA arises when the amount of molecular or morphological
change accumulated within a lineage is sufficient to cause that lineage to appear similar (thus
closely related) to another long-branched lineage, solely because they have both undergone a
large amount of change, rather than because they are related by descent. Such bias is more
common when the overall divergence of some taxa results in long branches within a phylogeny.
Long-branches are often attracted to the base of a phylogenetic tree, because the lineage included
to represent an outgroup is often also long-branched. The frequency of true LBA is unclear and
often debated. Although often viewed as a failing of parsimony-based methodology, LBA can
result from a variety of scenarios
Long branch effects distort maximum.
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which German.pdf
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which Germany youth, including
Heck, are socialized and indoctrinated under National Socialism?
Solution
German peopel resepects their nation much and they believe in their system. they are basically
true lovers of their nation and they works together to achieve national goals. they always give
first priority to national goals and later personal benefits. they thinks that all are equal in the
nation and every one should get the same facilities and same treatment from society or
government also.
there are different types of media where the young people use to promote the national previlage
and priorities. they used social media sites like twitter, facebook and also they use the support of
print media.
the other media is telecast and broad cast media, by using all these types of media German youth
are implementing their national socilism..
VHDL programming assignmentwrite functions for each of the follow.pdf
VHDL programming assignment:
write functions for each of the following purpose:
a function that takes in an array of integers and returns the average of the numbers in that array.
this array has a dynamic size.inside this function u cannot declare any variables or signals and
you are only permitted to use the inputs and the outputs. the function must hold the following
form:
Solution
for ( i=1;i=1to 10;i++)
i = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AVG= (I=1 to 10)
AVG(int i=1.
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdf
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response T.pdf
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response Th17 type response none of
the above Type III hypersensitivities involve large number of antibody-antigen complexes that
the body is having difficulty clearing up. Which organ is frequently overwhelmed by these
antibody/antigen complexes? liver lymph nodes kidney none the above Mosquito bites can
often result in a swollen skin area around the bite which is red and sore. This reaction is caused
by a saliva protein secreted by the mosquito to avoid clotting of the blood. Which type of
hypersensitivity do mosquitoe bites usually cause? type I type II type III type IV
Solution
13. Answer is Th-2. Type-1 hypersensitivity is a Th-2 response. In this B-lymphocytes are
stimulated by CD4+ or Th-2 cell in response to allergin and produce Ig-E antibodies which bind
to mast cells and execute Type-1 Hypersensitivity
14. Answe is Kidney or Glomarulus. The immune complexs frequently accumulate in Blood
vessels, Joints and kidneys
15. Type-1.
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed toQu.pdf
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to:
Question 8 options:
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
Solution
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to : mutations in genes that regulate
the development of limbs ,mouthparts etc..
The sample median is astatisticp-valueresidualparameterA.s.pdf
The sample median is a
statistic
p-value
residual
parameterA.
statisticB.
p-valueC.
residualD.
parameter
Solution
Any number describing a sample in general is
OPTION A: statistic [ANSWER]
****************
A parameter is the second closest answer, but it is for a POPULATION, but we have a sample
here.
P value and residual are far off from the point here. Thanks!.
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The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in the U.S. is: A) Limited
Liability B) Separation of ownership and managment C) Double taxation D) The relatively low
costs of incorporation versus the other forms of business E) Tax exemption
Solution
Ans option A
Limited liability is the main advantage of organizing a business as a corporation in US
It reduces the risk in case of default.
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Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weighted, connected graph made
of balls (representing the vertices) connected by strings (that represent the edges) with lengths
that represent the weighting of that edge. Describe how you can solve the single-source shortest-
path problem with this model.
Solution
-->Hold the ball representing the source in one hand and let the rest of the model hang down.
-->The force of gravity will make the shortest path to each of the other balls be on a straight line
down..
Question 2 Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Se.pdf
Question 2: Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Search by image
The following statistics comprises 142 years of data. However snowfall data started in 1885 so it
comprises 130 years. Data collection began at the University of Chicago, then at Midway, and
currently at O\'Hare which is now the official station for Chicago. Explain each of the following
4 charts (High, Low, Precipitation, Snowfall). Include rules, formulas, calculations, results and
interpretations of results. Include additional climate data table in your answer. Demonstrate all
quantitative or qualitative results for each chart (i.e, mean, median, mode, probability, deviation,
range, intervals, width, coefficient variation, boundary points, ROC, measure of location,
measure of spread, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, quantiles, etc.)
Easter Day Data:
A. High Temperatures Data: On Easter day: for 4 years it was <30, for 15 years it was 30-39, for
37 years it was 40-49, for 37 years it was 50-59, for 29 years it was 60-69, 13 years it was 70-79,
7 years it was 80>. The total years measured = 142 years.
B. Low Temperature Data: On Easter day: for 0 years it was <10, for 4 years it was 10-19, for 22
years it was 20-29, for 63 years it was 30-39, for 38 years it was 40-49, for 12 years it was 50-59,
for 3 years it was 60>. The total years measured = 142 years.
C. Precipitation Data: On Easter day: 61 years there was 0.00, 22 years there was trace, 7 years
there was 0.01, 32 years there was 0.02 - 0.25, 8 years there was 0.26 - 0.50, 4 years there was
0.51 - 0.75, 4 years there was 0.76 - 1.00, 2 years there was 1.01 - 1.25, 3 years there was 1.26.
Total years measured is 142 years.
D. Snowfall Data: On Easter day: 108 there was 0.0, 11 years there was trace, 8 years there was
0.1 - 0.9, 1 year there was 1.0 - 1.9, 0 years there was 2.0 - 2.9, 0 years there was 3.0 - 3.9, 0
years there was 4.0 - 4.9, 2 years there was 5.0>. Total years measured is 130.
ADDITIONAL EASTER DAY CLIMATE DATA ( * MEANS LAST OCCURRENCE)
MAX TEMP
WARMEST
MIN TEMP
WARMEST
PCPN
WETTEST
SNOW
MOST
85
April 10, 1977
62
April 13, 1941
3.12
March 31, 1929
7.1
March 29, 1964
83
April 11, 1971
61
April 19, 1992
1.49
April 9, 1882
6.4
April 4, 1920
82
April 18,1976 *
60
April 18, 1976
1.43
April 22, 1984
1.5
March 30, 1902
81
April 10, 1955 *
58
April 17, 1927
1.16
March 23, 1913
79
April 20, 2014 *
56
April 17, 1938 *
1.01
March 30, 1902
78
April 19, 1987
55
April 12, 1998
0.91
April 14, 1974
76
March 26, 1989
53
April 22, 1962
0.88
April 16, 2006
74
April 22, 1962
52
April 10, 1887
0.80
April 4, 2010 *
73
April 12, 1998 *
51
March 30, 1986
0.61
April 20, 1930
72
March 31, 1918
50
April 20, 2003
0.60
March 31, 1872
MAX TEMP
COLDEST
MIN TEMP
COLDEST
PCPN
DRIEST
SNOW
LEAST
19
March 25, 1894
11
March 24, 1940
0.00
April 20, 2014 *
0.0
April 20, 2014 *
23
March 24, 1940
13
March 25, 1894
T
March 31, 2013 *
T
April 8, 2007 *
28
March 30, 1975
18
March 29, 1964 *
0.01
March 31, 2002 *
0.1
March 26, 1978 *.
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron.pdf
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron microscope, using the
method of fixation by immersion (human tissue)
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron microscope, using the
method of fixation by immersion (human tissue)
Solution
The prOtocol steps are as below:.
Michelle gets a cup of coffee and a muffin every day. She picks a co.pdf
Michelle gets a cup of coffee and a muffin every day. She picks a coffee shop at random and
independently of her choices on other days. The average price for a cup of coffee is $1.45 with a
standard deviation of $.30 and the average price of a muffin is $2.65 with a standard deviation of
$.10 and the two prices are independent of each other at each coffee shop.
What is the standard deviation of the amount she spends on breakfast weekly (7 days)?
Solution.
7. Which of the following statements is truea. Hormone binding to.pdf
7. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Hormone binding to nuclear receptors induces their movement from the nucleus to the
nucleolus in order to promote rDNA transcription.
b. Activation domains across eukaryotic species are often rich in basic amino acid residues.
c. The sequence and structure of the linkages between activator and DNA-binding domains in
transcriptional activator proteins are keys for their function.
d. Multiple types of activation domains are activated by the binding of other molecules such as
co-activators and ligands.
Solution
The sequence and structure of the linkages between activator and DNA-binding domains in
transcriptional activator proteins are keys for their function.
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