Depression is a chronic mental disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors like stress or medical illness. It affects areas of the brain involved in mood regulation. Cytokines are proteins that mediate cell signaling and inflammation, and certain cytokines have been linked to depression through their effects on the brain. Antidepressants from several classes are used to treat depression, including SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs, which work by modulating neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

1. PRESENTED BY
ANKUSH BISWAS
M.PHARM(PHARMACOLOGY), 1ST YEAR, 1STSEM

2.  Depression
 Cause of depression & Major area of depression
 Cytokines
 Types of cytokines
 Mechanism of DEPRESSION
 Antidepressant drugs
 References

3. DEPRESSION
 DEFINITION :
Depression is a chronic mental disorder of multi-
factorial origin, including genetic and environmental
factors.

4.  CAUSE OF DEPRESSION:
a) Genetic characteristics,
b) Changes in hormone levels,
c) certain medical illnesses,
d) stress, grief, or substance abuse,
e) Death or loss
 MAJOR AREA OF DEPRESSION:
i. Amygdala
ii. Hippocampus
iii. Prefrontal cortex
iv. Anterior cingulate cortex
v. Nucleus accumbens

5. CYTOKINES
 Definition:
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small
proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell
signaling.

9. Antidepressant drugs:
 NMDA antagonist – Ketamine, memantine, AZD6765, traxoprodil, MK-0657,
GLYX-13, NRX-1047, D-cycloserine, sarcosine
 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Citalopram (Celexa),
Escitalopram (Lexapro),Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva),
Sertraline (Zoloft), Vilazodone (Viibryd)
 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors –
Phenelzine (Nardil), Tranylcypromine (Parnate), Selegiline (Eldepryl)
 Tricyclic antidepressants –
I. NA + 5-HT reuptake inhibitors – Imipramine, Amitriptyline, Doxipin,
Trimipramine
II. Predominantly NA reuptake inhibitors – Desipramine, Amoxapine,
Reboxetine

10. REFERENCES:
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681811/
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5244798/
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3741070/
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799810/
 Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, 12th Edition (PAGE -398-414)
 Necrosis Methods Protocols 2013