Tunnel T80 across Pir Panjal Mountain Range: The Longest Transportation Tunne...Hitesh Khanna
The Presentation Covers the General Technical Features of Tunnel T 80 across Pir Panjal Mountain Range, for Kashmir Rail Link. This presentation was made at Civil Engineering Society, IIT Kanpur on 30th September 2013.
1) The document discusses continuous welded rail (CWR) structures and the interaction between railway tracks and bridges. CWR reduces impact forces in the rails, increasing lifespan and improving ride quality.
2) Key considerations for CWR include buckling from high temperatures and fracture from low temperatures. Track-bridge interaction is also analyzed under various loads like temperature, traction, braking, and train forces.
3) Design requirements specify allowable stresses and displacements. Models are created to analyze stress and displacement considering load combinations through computational methods like finite element analysis.
Minor Project on design and analysis of flexible pavement with cement treated...PrashannaKumar2
This document describes the different layers of flexible pavement and analyzes strains at critical locations. It includes:
1) A description of typical flexible pavement layers including surface course, binder course, base layer, sub-base layer, and subgrade.
2) An analysis of strains in flexible pavements with different base layers (granular base and cement treated base) under single wheel, dual wheel, and tandem axle loads using KENPAVE software.
3) The maximum tensile strains at the bottom of the surface course and maximum compressive strains at the top of the subgrade were identified as critical locations for fatigue cracking and rutting, respectively.
FIRES AS A CAUSE OF CONCRETE DETERIORATIONMohamed Omer
Presentation outline
Introduction to the subject
What is the causes of fire?
Physical and chemical response to fire
Spalling of concrete
Factors influencing the explosive spalling
How to improve the concrete structures in the fire resistance?
Case study - Concrete structure subjected to a fire in U.A.E
Rehabilitation methods and the repairing plan
Recommendation and conclusions
The document discusses sheet pile structures and their uses in construction. It covers cantilever sheet pile walls and anchored sheet pile walls. Some key points include:
- Sheet piles provide resistance to driving stresses and can be reused on multiple projects. They are lightweight and have a long service life above or below water.
- Cantilever sheet pile walls derive their support from the soil on one side of the wall. Anchored sheet pile walls use anchors to provide additional support from the soil on both sides.
- Failure modes of cantilever sheet piles include elastic deformation and straining actions.
- Design of anchors for sheet piles involves locating the anchor plate in a zone to develop full passive resistance from
This document discusses the basics of dynamic analysis and design of machine foundations. It covers the types of machines and foundations requiring dynamic analysis, including pumps, fans and turbine generators. Dynamic analysis is required when specified by the machine manufacturer based on factors like mass ratio and operating frequency. The approach involves selecting trial foundation dimensions, determining the dynamic response through frequency and forced response analysis, and checking against machine specifications. Key considerations include soil-structure interaction, construction techniques, and ensuring the foundation meets the machine manufacturer's performance criteria.
Sulphate resisting cement is a type of Portland cement that contains less than 5% tricalcium aluminate and less than 25% of (2C3A + C4AF) to reduce the formation of sulphate salts. This makes the concrete more resistant to sulphate attack. Sulphate resisting cement provides high resistance to chloride ions, good performance in aggressive sulphate and acidic environments, and improved later-age concrete strengths. It is used in foundations, piling works, effluent treatment plants, and other applications where sulphate salts may be present in soils or groundwater.
The document is a major project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It investigates the effects of coir fiber on the properties of clayey soil. The report includes an acknowledgment section thanking those who provided guidance and support. It also includes a candidate's declaration, abstract, literature review, objectives, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusions sections. The project aims to identify and quantify how adding different proportions of coir fiber (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by weight) influences the engineering properties of clayey soil specimens, such as compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and CBR values. The results show that adding 1% coir
Tunnel T80 across Pir Panjal Mountain Range: The Longest Transportation Tunne...Hitesh Khanna
The Presentation Covers the General Technical Features of Tunnel T 80 across Pir Panjal Mountain Range, for Kashmir Rail Link. This presentation was made at Civil Engineering Society, IIT Kanpur on 30th September 2013.
1) The document discusses continuous welded rail (CWR) structures and the interaction between railway tracks and bridges. CWR reduces impact forces in the rails, increasing lifespan and improving ride quality.
2) Key considerations for CWR include buckling from high temperatures and fracture from low temperatures. Track-bridge interaction is also analyzed under various loads like temperature, traction, braking, and train forces.
3) Design requirements specify allowable stresses and displacements. Models are created to analyze stress and displacement considering load combinations through computational methods like finite element analysis.
Minor Project on design and analysis of flexible pavement with cement treated...PrashannaKumar2
This document describes the different layers of flexible pavement and analyzes strains at critical locations. It includes:
1) A description of typical flexible pavement layers including surface course, binder course, base layer, sub-base layer, and subgrade.
2) An analysis of strains in flexible pavements with different base layers (granular base and cement treated base) under single wheel, dual wheel, and tandem axle loads using KENPAVE software.
3) The maximum tensile strains at the bottom of the surface course and maximum compressive strains at the top of the subgrade were identified as critical locations for fatigue cracking and rutting, respectively.
FIRES AS A CAUSE OF CONCRETE DETERIORATIONMohamed Omer
Presentation outline
Introduction to the subject
What is the causes of fire?
Physical and chemical response to fire
Spalling of concrete
Factors influencing the explosive spalling
How to improve the concrete structures in the fire resistance?
Case study - Concrete structure subjected to a fire in U.A.E
Rehabilitation methods and the repairing plan
Recommendation and conclusions
The document discusses sheet pile structures and their uses in construction. It covers cantilever sheet pile walls and anchored sheet pile walls. Some key points include:
- Sheet piles provide resistance to driving stresses and can be reused on multiple projects. They are lightweight and have a long service life above or below water.
- Cantilever sheet pile walls derive their support from the soil on one side of the wall. Anchored sheet pile walls use anchors to provide additional support from the soil on both sides.
- Failure modes of cantilever sheet piles include elastic deformation and straining actions.
- Design of anchors for sheet piles involves locating the anchor plate in a zone to develop full passive resistance from
This document discusses the basics of dynamic analysis and design of machine foundations. It covers the types of machines and foundations requiring dynamic analysis, including pumps, fans and turbine generators. Dynamic analysis is required when specified by the machine manufacturer based on factors like mass ratio and operating frequency. The approach involves selecting trial foundation dimensions, determining the dynamic response through frequency and forced response analysis, and checking against machine specifications. Key considerations include soil-structure interaction, construction techniques, and ensuring the foundation meets the machine manufacturer's performance criteria.
Sulphate resisting cement is a type of Portland cement that contains less than 5% tricalcium aluminate and less than 25% of (2C3A + C4AF) to reduce the formation of sulphate salts. This makes the concrete more resistant to sulphate attack. Sulphate resisting cement provides high resistance to chloride ions, good performance in aggressive sulphate and acidic environments, and improved later-age concrete strengths. It is used in foundations, piling works, effluent treatment plants, and other applications where sulphate salts may be present in soils or groundwater.
The document is a major project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It investigates the effects of coir fiber on the properties of clayey soil. The report includes an acknowledgment section thanking those who provided guidance and support. It also includes a candidate's declaration, abstract, literature review, objectives, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusions sections. The project aims to identify and quantify how adding different proportions of coir fiber (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by weight) influences the engineering properties of clayey soil specimens, such as compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and CBR values. The results show that adding 1% coir
This document discusses different types of structural response spectra used to analyze how structures respond to dynamic loads like earthquakes. It defines static load response, dynamic load response, and equations of motion. It explains D'Alembert's principle of dynamic equilibrium and how response depends on natural frequency and damping ratio. It then describes response time histories obtained from accelerographs and how response spectra are developed based on maximum deformation of single-degree-of-freedom systems subjected to ground motions. Finally, it defines pseudo-velocity, pseudo-acceleration response spectra and how each spectrum provides a meaningful physical quantity - deformation, strain energy, or equivalent static force.
The document is a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in civil engineering. It examines finite element modeling of skew slab-girder bridges. The thesis acknowledges contributions from the author's committee members and colleagues. It contains 11 chapters that describe different finite element models created to analyze a case study bridge. The models range from simple orthotropic plate models to more complex 3D models using solid elements. Results are compared to determine the best modeling technique for capturing the behavior of skew slab-girder bridges.
Determining equivalent single wheel load.(ESWL) Imran Nawaz
This document discusses methods for determining equivalent single wheel loads (ESWL) and equivalent single axle loads (ESAL) for pavement design. ESWL is defined as the load from a single tire that causes the same stresses/strains as a multi-wheel load. Methods include equal stress, LCN, and FAA approaches. ESAL quantifies the effect of varying axle loads as a number of standard single axle loads. Factors like thickness and subgrade reaction are considered. Cars have minimal impact compared to trucks and buses.
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for Bridgesijtsrd
Today bridge building has gained worldwide importance. Bridges are the key elements in every road network and the use of pre stressed girder bridges is becoming more and more popular in bridge construction due to their better stability, service friendliness, economy and durability, aesthetic and structural appearance. Typically reinforced concrete construction, steel construction or steel composite construction is used. In the case of high spans, reinforced concrete construction is uneconomical due to the larger span. , the cross section is used more efficiently than the reinforced concrete cross section. Pre stressed concrete is used for long span bridges with a span of more than 10 m. Conventionally, when calculating bridges, the superstructure and substructure are analyzed separately. The superstructure is usually a grid made up of main girders, transverse membranes and a deck slab. a grid of linear elements The columns of the main girders are anchored. The superstructure is examined according to IRC 62014 and according to IRC 182000 for unconsidered gravitational loads and moving vehicle loads. Reduction of the stress level and also of the deflection compared to the straight tendon profile. Avinash Kumar Vidyarthi | Dr. P. K. Singhai | Rohit Sahu "Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for Bridges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46362.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46362/analysis-of-prestressed-concrete-girder-for-bridges/avinash-kumar-vidyarthi
This document provides an overview of member behavior for beams and columns in seismic design. It discusses the types of moment resisting frames and the principles for designing special moment resisting frames, including strong-column/weak-beam design, avoiding shear failure, and providing ductile details. Beam and column design considerations are covered, such as dimensions, reinforcement, and shear capacity. Beam-column joint design is also summarized, including dimensions, shear determination, and strength.
The document provides an overview of the design procedure and requirements for analyzing the dynamic response of a tabletop foundation that supports large turbine equipment. It outlines the steps, which include preliminary sizing, determining design loads, performing a modal analysis to identify natural frequencies, and conducting a dynamic analysis using time-history or response spectrum methods. Design criteria are specified, such as limiting vibration velocities, operating within 0.8-1.2 times the foundation's natural frequency, and not exceeding 75% of allowable bearing capacity under static and dynamic load combinations. The document describes the loads considered, including static, seismic, and dynamic loads from unbalanced rotating masses, and how they are modeled in the structural analysis.
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
This document discusses crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB), which is a modified bitumen produced by mixing crumb rubber from shredded waste tires with conventional bitumen. The summary is as follows:
(1) CRMB was developed in the 1960s as a way to improve the performance of bituminous pavements and address issues like susceptibility to heat and water damage. (2) Crumb rubber is obtained from shredded truck and automobile tires and is mixed with bitumen using either a dry or wet process. (3) Compared to conventional bitumens, CRMB has benefits like lower temperature susceptibility, higher resistance to deformation, better adhesion between aggregates and binder, and improved performance under heavy traffic. However,
This document outlines various load types that must be considered in bridge design, including:
1. Dead loads from structural components like deck slabs, girders, and railings.
2. Live loads according to Indian Road Congress (IRC) standards, including Class A and 70R loadings.
3. Impact allowance as a percentage of live load to account for dynamic effects, ranging from 10-25% depending on span length and vehicle type.
4. Other loads such as wind loads, which are dependent on average height and wind velocity, and seismic forces. A table provides wind pressure and velocity values.
SEISMIC ANALYASIS AND DESIGN OF PROPOSED ELEVATED INTZ TYPE WATER TANK AT SBP...ijiert bestjournal
Elevated water tanks are one of the most important lifeline structures in earthquake prone regions. The major cities a nd also in rural areas . The elevated water tank is an integral part of water supply scheme,these structure has large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures are especially vulnerable to horizontal forces due to earthquake. All over t he world,the elevated water tanks were collapsed or heavily damaged during the earthquake because of unsuitable design of supporting system or wrong selection of supporting system underestimated demand or strength. So it is very important to select proper supporting system and also need to study the response of elevated Intz water tank to dynamic forces by both equivalent static or dynamic method and to find out the design parameters for seismic analysis. It is also necessary to consider the sloshing effec t on container roof slab. This sloshing of water considerably different the parametric value used in design and economical in construction. This paper present the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tank for various seismic zones of India fo r various heights and capacity of elevated water tanks for different soil condition on earthquake forces.
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
This document provides an overview of steel slag utilization in India. It discusses that India currently produces around 12 million tonnes of steel slag per year, but utilization is limited. Most steel slag is dumped, occupying agricultural land and polluting the environment. The document reviews the chemical composition and properties of steel slag. It examines various potential uses for steel slag as a recycled material in construction applications like road aggregate and cement production. The goal is to evaluate steel slag as a natural resource alternative and identify valuable uses to improve utilization in India.
This ppt presentation may be very useful who wants to present himself on the topic such as steel bridge girders and prestressed concreting and the psc slabs
Geometric design of tracks aims to provide smooth and safe running of trains at maximum speed while carrying heavy loads. This involves proper design of gradients, curvature, and super elevation (cant).
There are different types of gradients - ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient permitted, momentum gradient which is steeper and uses train momentum, and pusher gradient requiring extra locomotives. Gradients are designed considering train performance and load. Curvature introduces greater resistance requiring grade compensation of ruling gradients.
Super elevation (cant) involves raising the outer rail on curves to counteract centrifugal forces. Equilibrium cant provides equal wheel load distribution. Higher speeds result in cant deficiency which must be limited for passenger safety. Contrary flexures like
This chapter discusses the response spectrum method of seismic analysis. Response spectra are curves that show the maximum response of single-degree-of-freedom oscillators with different periods when subjected to earthquake ground motion. The chapter defines different types of response spectra (displacement, velocity, acceleration) and their relationships. It also discusses factors that influence response spectra and sources of error in evaluating response spectra. Finally, it provides the response spectra for the 1940 El Centro earthquake and an example problem to calculate maximum response using the response spectra.
This document discusses the need for raft foundations. Raft foundations are recommended when:
1) Building loads are heavy or soil capacity is low, so individual footings would cover too much area.
2) Soil contains weak lenses or cavities, making differential settlement hard to predict.
3) Structures are sensitive to differential settlement.
4) Structures like silos naturally suit raft foundations.
5) Floating foundations are needed over very weak soil.
6) Buildings require basements or underground pits.
7) Individual footings would experience large bending stresses.
Raft foundations increase capacity, decrease settlement, and equalize differential settlement compared to individual footings. However,
This document studied the effect of adding waste rubber to concrete. It conducted tests with concrete mixtures replacing the coarse aggregates with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50% and 100% rubber by volume. The results showed that as the percentage of rubber replacement increased, the compressive strength, slump, and density of the concrete decreased. However, adding rubber improves the concrete's elasticity and deformation properties while providing an environmentally friendly way to dispose of waste tires. The study concluded that rubberized concrete is most suitable for applications not requiring high strength, such as concrete pavements.
Stone columns are a versatile ground improvement technique used since the 1950s. They involve compacting coarse aggregate in columns in the ground to reinforce, densify and drain weak soils. Stone columns can improve bearing capacity, stability, reduce settlements and mitigate liquefaction. They work by transferring loads around them to stiffer columns, accelerating consolidation. Installation methods include ramming and vibro-replacement. Case studies show stone column embankments experience less settlement than untreated ground. In summary, stone columns are an effective ground improvement technique to strengthen weak soils.
Deprem Risk Analizi nedir ve hangi standartlar gözetilerek yapılması gerekir konuları tartışılmıştır. Bu tür raporların yazılması uzman jeofizikçi ve mühendisler tarafından yapılabilir. Rapor denetçisinin görevi çok önemlidir, ve sunum boyunca gösterilen standartları gözetmesi, rapor kalitesi düşükse ve yetersizse geri çevirmesi gerekir. Uzman Jeofizikçi yetiştirme programları açılması sumum sonunda önerilmiştir.
This document discusses different types of structural response spectra used to analyze how structures respond to dynamic loads like earthquakes. It defines static load response, dynamic load response, and equations of motion. It explains D'Alembert's principle of dynamic equilibrium and how response depends on natural frequency and damping ratio. It then describes response time histories obtained from accelerographs and how response spectra are developed based on maximum deformation of single-degree-of-freedom systems subjected to ground motions. Finally, it defines pseudo-velocity, pseudo-acceleration response spectra and how each spectrum provides a meaningful physical quantity - deformation, strain energy, or equivalent static force.
The document is a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in civil engineering. It examines finite element modeling of skew slab-girder bridges. The thesis acknowledges contributions from the author's committee members and colleagues. It contains 11 chapters that describe different finite element models created to analyze a case study bridge. The models range from simple orthotropic plate models to more complex 3D models using solid elements. Results are compared to determine the best modeling technique for capturing the behavior of skew slab-girder bridges.
Determining equivalent single wheel load.(ESWL) Imran Nawaz
This document discusses methods for determining equivalent single wheel loads (ESWL) and equivalent single axle loads (ESAL) for pavement design. ESWL is defined as the load from a single tire that causes the same stresses/strains as a multi-wheel load. Methods include equal stress, LCN, and FAA approaches. ESAL quantifies the effect of varying axle loads as a number of standard single axle loads. Factors like thickness and subgrade reaction are considered. Cars have minimal impact compared to trucks and buses.
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for Bridgesijtsrd
Today bridge building has gained worldwide importance. Bridges are the key elements in every road network and the use of pre stressed girder bridges is becoming more and more popular in bridge construction due to their better stability, service friendliness, economy and durability, aesthetic and structural appearance. Typically reinforced concrete construction, steel construction or steel composite construction is used. In the case of high spans, reinforced concrete construction is uneconomical due to the larger span. , the cross section is used more efficiently than the reinforced concrete cross section. Pre stressed concrete is used for long span bridges with a span of more than 10 m. Conventionally, when calculating bridges, the superstructure and substructure are analyzed separately. The superstructure is usually a grid made up of main girders, transverse membranes and a deck slab. a grid of linear elements The columns of the main girders are anchored. The superstructure is examined according to IRC 62014 and according to IRC 182000 for unconsidered gravitational loads and moving vehicle loads. Reduction of the stress level and also of the deflection compared to the straight tendon profile. Avinash Kumar Vidyarthi | Dr. P. K. Singhai | Rohit Sahu "Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for Bridges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46362.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46362/analysis-of-prestressed-concrete-girder-for-bridges/avinash-kumar-vidyarthi
This document provides an overview of member behavior for beams and columns in seismic design. It discusses the types of moment resisting frames and the principles for designing special moment resisting frames, including strong-column/weak-beam design, avoiding shear failure, and providing ductile details. Beam and column design considerations are covered, such as dimensions, reinforcement, and shear capacity. Beam-column joint design is also summarized, including dimensions, shear determination, and strength.
The document provides an overview of the design procedure and requirements for analyzing the dynamic response of a tabletop foundation that supports large turbine equipment. It outlines the steps, which include preliminary sizing, determining design loads, performing a modal analysis to identify natural frequencies, and conducting a dynamic analysis using time-history or response spectrum methods. Design criteria are specified, such as limiting vibration velocities, operating within 0.8-1.2 times the foundation's natural frequency, and not exceeding 75% of allowable bearing capacity under static and dynamic load combinations. The document describes the loads considered, including static, seismic, and dynamic loads from unbalanced rotating masses, and how they are modeled in the structural analysis.
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
This document discusses crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB), which is a modified bitumen produced by mixing crumb rubber from shredded waste tires with conventional bitumen. The summary is as follows:
(1) CRMB was developed in the 1960s as a way to improve the performance of bituminous pavements and address issues like susceptibility to heat and water damage. (2) Crumb rubber is obtained from shredded truck and automobile tires and is mixed with bitumen using either a dry or wet process. (3) Compared to conventional bitumens, CRMB has benefits like lower temperature susceptibility, higher resistance to deformation, better adhesion between aggregates and binder, and improved performance under heavy traffic. However,
This document outlines various load types that must be considered in bridge design, including:
1. Dead loads from structural components like deck slabs, girders, and railings.
2. Live loads according to Indian Road Congress (IRC) standards, including Class A and 70R loadings.
3. Impact allowance as a percentage of live load to account for dynamic effects, ranging from 10-25% depending on span length and vehicle type.
4. Other loads such as wind loads, which are dependent on average height and wind velocity, and seismic forces. A table provides wind pressure and velocity values.
SEISMIC ANALYASIS AND DESIGN OF PROPOSED ELEVATED INTZ TYPE WATER TANK AT SBP...ijiert bestjournal
Elevated water tanks are one of the most important lifeline structures in earthquake prone regions. The major cities a nd also in rural areas . The elevated water tank is an integral part of water supply scheme,these structure has large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures are especially vulnerable to horizontal forces due to earthquake. All over t he world,the elevated water tanks were collapsed or heavily damaged during the earthquake because of unsuitable design of supporting system or wrong selection of supporting system underestimated demand or strength. So it is very important to select proper supporting system and also need to study the response of elevated Intz water tank to dynamic forces by both equivalent static or dynamic method and to find out the design parameters for seismic analysis. It is also necessary to consider the sloshing effec t on container roof slab. This sloshing of water considerably different the parametric value used in design and economical in construction. This paper present the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tank for various seismic zones of India fo r various heights and capacity of elevated water tanks for different soil condition on earthquake forces.
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
This document provides an overview of steel slag utilization in India. It discusses that India currently produces around 12 million tonnes of steel slag per year, but utilization is limited. Most steel slag is dumped, occupying agricultural land and polluting the environment. The document reviews the chemical composition and properties of steel slag. It examines various potential uses for steel slag as a recycled material in construction applications like road aggregate and cement production. The goal is to evaluate steel slag as a natural resource alternative and identify valuable uses to improve utilization in India.
This ppt presentation may be very useful who wants to present himself on the topic such as steel bridge girders and prestressed concreting and the psc slabs
Geometric design of tracks aims to provide smooth and safe running of trains at maximum speed while carrying heavy loads. This involves proper design of gradients, curvature, and super elevation (cant).
There are different types of gradients - ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient permitted, momentum gradient which is steeper and uses train momentum, and pusher gradient requiring extra locomotives. Gradients are designed considering train performance and load. Curvature introduces greater resistance requiring grade compensation of ruling gradients.
Super elevation (cant) involves raising the outer rail on curves to counteract centrifugal forces. Equilibrium cant provides equal wheel load distribution. Higher speeds result in cant deficiency which must be limited for passenger safety. Contrary flexures like
This chapter discusses the response spectrum method of seismic analysis. Response spectra are curves that show the maximum response of single-degree-of-freedom oscillators with different periods when subjected to earthquake ground motion. The chapter defines different types of response spectra (displacement, velocity, acceleration) and their relationships. It also discusses factors that influence response spectra and sources of error in evaluating response spectra. Finally, it provides the response spectra for the 1940 El Centro earthquake and an example problem to calculate maximum response using the response spectra.
This document discusses the need for raft foundations. Raft foundations are recommended when:
1) Building loads are heavy or soil capacity is low, so individual footings would cover too much area.
2) Soil contains weak lenses or cavities, making differential settlement hard to predict.
3) Structures are sensitive to differential settlement.
4) Structures like silos naturally suit raft foundations.
5) Floating foundations are needed over very weak soil.
6) Buildings require basements or underground pits.
7) Individual footings would experience large bending stresses.
Raft foundations increase capacity, decrease settlement, and equalize differential settlement compared to individual footings. However,
This document studied the effect of adding waste rubber to concrete. It conducted tests with concrete mixtures replacing the coarse aggregates with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50% and 100% rubber by volume. The results showed that as the percentage of rubber replacement increased, the compressive strength, slump, and density of the concrete decreased. However, adding rubber improves the concrete's elasticity and deformation properties while providing an environmentally friendly way to dispose of waste tires. The study concluded that rubberized concrete is most suitable for applications not requiring high strength, such as concrete pavements.
Stone columns are a versatile ground improvement technique used since the 1950s. They involve compacting coarse aggregate in columns in the ground to reinforce, densify and drain weak soils. Stone columns can improve bearing capacity, stability, reduce settlements and mitigate liquefaction. They work by transferring loads around them to stiffer columns, accelerating consolidation. Installation methods include ramming and vibro-replacement. Case studies show stone column embankments experience less settlement than untreated ground. In summary, stone columns are an effective ground improvement technique to strengthen weak soils.
Deprem Risk Analizi nedir ve hangi standartlar gözetilerek yapılması gerekir konuları tartışılmıştır. Bu tür raporların yazılması uzman jeofizikçi ve mühendisler tarafından yapılabilir. Rapor denetçisinin görevi çok önemlidir, ve sunum boyunca gösterilen standartları gözetmesi, rapor kalitesi düşükse ve yetersizse geri çevirmesi gerekir. Uzman Jeofizikçi yetiştirme programları açılması sumum sonunda önerilmiştir.
2013 Dünya Çevre Günü Konuşması ve 2013 Çevre Ödülleri Dağıtımı. 2013 Çevre Ödülü için şahsımı layık göre İstanbul Çevre Konseyi Federasyonuna teşekkür ediyorum.
9 Mayıs 2015 Tarihinde Yapılan Yerel Yönetimler İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Sempozyumunda Sunulmuştur.http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/SaglikVeSosyalHizmetler/ISSAGLIKGUVENLIK/Pages/AnaSayfa.aspx
Gravimetri Dersi için aşağıda ki videoları izleyebilirsiniz.
Link 01: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTyjVaVGx0k
Link 02: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUkfgI8XaOE
The document discusses gravity anomalies and density variations in different regions based on gravity data. It shows how gravity maps reveal details about crustal thickness, tectonic features like faults and volcanic zones, and plate boundaries. Specific examples discussed include the Tibetan Plateau, Central America subduction zone, an area in Chugoku, Japan, and the state of Florida in the US. Regional gravity data can be used to model density changes associated with plate tectonics, crustal evolution, and volcanic and tectonic activity.
The USF team reviewed a geophysical investigation of the Kar Kar region conducted by WesternGeco in 2011. They found that WesternGeco's magnetotelluric (MT) data and models were of high quality. Both the WesternGeco and USF MT models identified a low resistivity zone at 300m depth that correlates with a water-bearing zone found in Borehole 4. USF performed gravity modeling which identified a north-south trending basin reaching 1500m depth, consistent with mapped faults. A preliminary hydrothermal model suggested observed temperatures could result from deep circulation of meteoric waters in the basin without needing a localized heat source. Additional geophysical data is recommended around the Jermaghbyur hot springs to
This document summarizes a study that used gravity data to delineate underground structure in the Beppu geothermal field in Japan. Analysis of Bouguer anomaly maps revealed high anomalies in the southern and northern parts of the study area that correspond to known geological formations. Edge detection filtering of the gravity data helped identify subsurface faults, including the northern edge of the high southern anomaly corresponding to the Asamigawa Fault. Depth modeling of the gravity basement showed differences between the southern and northern hot spring areas, with steep basement slopes along faults in the south and uplifted basement in the north.
This document summarizes the development of a new ultra-high resolution model of Earth's gravity field called GGMplus. Key points:
- GGMplus combines satellite gravity data from GOCE and GRACE with terrestrial gravity data and topography to achieve unprecedented 200m spatial resolution globally.
- It provides gridded estimates of gravity, horizontal and radial field components, and quasi-geoid heights at over 3 billion points covering 80% of the Earth's land.
- GGMplus reveals new details of small-scale gravity variations and identifies locations of minimum and maximum gravity, suggesting peak-to-peak variations are 40% larger than previous estimates. The model will benefit scientific and engineering applications.
Gravity measurements were taken in a region of China covering the south-north earthquake belt in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005. Researchers noticed significant gravity changes in the region surrounding Wenchuan and suggested in 2006 that a major earthquake could occur there in 2007 or 2008. While gravity changes were significant at some locations, more research is needed to determine if they could be considered a precursor. Uncertainties exist from measurement errors, hydrologic effects, and crustal movements. Improved data collection and analysis could enhance using gravity monitoring for earthquake research.
The document provides guidelines for implementing the H/V spectral ratio technique using ambient vibration measurements to evaluate site effects. It recommends procedures for experimental design, data processing, and interpretation. The key recommendations include measuring for sufficient duration depending on expected frequency, using multiple measurement points, avoiding disturbances, and interpreting H/V peaks in context with geological and geophysical data. Reliable H/V peaks are defined as having a clear maximum within expected frequency ranges and uncertainties. The guidelines aim to help apply the technique while accounting for its limitations.
Geopsy yaygın olarak kullanılan profesyonel bir program. Özellikle, profesyonel program deneyimi yeni mezunlarda çok aranan bir özellik. Bir öğrencim çalışmasında kullanmayı planlıyor.
1. DEPREM TEHLİKE HARİTALARININ
HAZIRLANMASI VE AZALIM İLİŞKİLERİ
PROF. DR. ŞERİF BARIŞ
KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ
YER VE UZAY BİLİMLERİ ARAŞTIRMA VE UYGULAMA MERKEZİ
sbaris@kocaeli.edu.tr
2. KONUŞMA AKIŞI
• Deprem Hasarlarının Sebebi
• Tehlike Haritalarının Hazırlanmasının Amacı
• Tehlike Haritaları Nasıl Hazırlanır?
• Tehlike Haritalarının Uygulamada Kullanımı
• Deprem Senaryoları
• Tehlike Haritalarının ve Deprem Senaryolarının Kentsel
Dönüşümde Kullanımı
• Sonuçlar
5. TEHLİKE HARİTALARININ AMACI
I.
Tehlike haritaları olası deprem hasarlarını belirlemek için
hazırlanır
II. Tehlike haritaları hazırlanırken:
A. Sarsıntı
B. Kalıcı zemin deformasyonları
1. Sarsıntı
2. Sıvılaşma
3. Heyelanlar
6. TEHLİKE HARİTALARI
I.
II.
Bölgesel tehlike haritaları hazırlanmalıdır
Tehlike haritaları hazırlanırken gerekenler:
A. CBS
B. Detaylı
1.
2.
3.
4.
jeolojik haritalar
Jeolojik yapı
Fay dağılımı
Heyelan riski
Yeraltı su seviyesi
C. Fiziksel parametreler hakkında bilgi
1.
Deprem: S-dalga hızı
2.
Deprem Riski
3.
Sismik-gravimetri ölçümleri
4.
Özdirenç ölçümleri
5.
Heyelan riski
D. Geoteknik Parametreler hakkında bilgi
1.
CPT
2.
SPT
3.
Zemin cinsi
4.
Sıvılaşma potansiyeli
10. GROUND MOTION
IMPORTANT FACTORS
• Source effects
• Magnitude or moment
Bay Mud
• Rupture directivity
25 km
• Path effects
• Attenuation with distance:
geometric, scattering, and
anelastic
• Critical reflections off Moho
Discontinuity
• Site effects
• Local amplification
17. Yerel Jeolojik Koşullar Sarsıntıyı ve Hasarı Etkiler
1989 Loma Prieta M6.9 Depremi Artçı Şoku
18. Amplification Factor
Short-Period AmplificationF a wrt SC-Ib
AMPLIFICATION VS. VS30
5
F a = (v SC-Ib / v ) m a = ( 1050 m/s / v) m a
4
SC-IV
Soft soils
3
SC-III
2
Stiff clays and
Sandy soils
SC-II
Gravelly soils and
Soft rocks
I=0.1g; ma = 0.35
I=0.2g; ma = 0.25
I=0.3g; ma = 0.10
I=0.4g; ma = -0.05
Fa (0.1g) for Site Class Intervals
Fa for Site Classes
SC-Ib
Firm to Hard rocks
1
(a)
0
100
200
Soft soil
300
400
500
600
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
VS30 (m/s)
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v , m/s)
Rock
43. Mexico City Acceleration Response Spectrum
Recorded data
Expected
ground motions
Resonance Period of
10 to 14 story buildings
44. Peru, 5 Jan 1974, Transverse
0.1
Comp., Zarate
M = 6.6, rhyp = 118 km
0
-0.1
-0.2
0
50
100
150
Montenegro,
15 April 1979, NS Component,
Ulcinj
M = 6.9, rhyp = 29 km
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0
50
Acceleration (g)
0.2
100
150
Mexico, 19 Sept. 1985, EW Component,
M = 8.0, rhyp = 399 km
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0
50
100
150
0.2
Romania, 4 March 1977 EW Component,
M = 7.5, rhyp = 183 km
0.1
INCERC-1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0
50
100
Time (sec)
150
SCT1
File: D:encyclopedia_bommeraccel_same_pga.draw; ate: 2005-04-20; Time: 19:44:33
D
Acceleration (g)
0.2
Acceleration (g)
PGA generally a poor
measure of groundmotion intensity. All of
these time series have
the same PGA:
Acceleration (g)
0.2
45. Peru (M =6.6,r hyp =118km)
Montenegro (M =6.9,r hyp =29km)
Mexico (M =8.0,r hyp =399km)
Romania (M =7.5,r hyp =183km)
1
1
0.1
0.8
0.6
0.01
0.4
0.001
10
0.2
-4
Peru (M =6.6,r hyp =118km)
Montenegro (M =6.9,r hyp =29km)
Mexico (M =8.0,r hyp =399km)
Romania (M =7.5,r hyp =183km)
10 -5
0
0
2
4
6
Period (sec)
8
10
0.1
1
Period (sec)
10
File: D:encyclopedia_bommerpsa_same_pga.draw; ate: 2005-04-20; Time: 19:34:16
D
5%-Damped, Pseudo-Absolute Acceleration (g)
But the response spectra (and consequences for structures) are quite different
(lin-lin and log-log plots to emphasize different periods of motion):
56. SONUÇLAR
• Kentsel dönüşüm için tehlike haritaları gereksinimdir,
• Senaryo depremler üreterek ağır hasarlı ve yıkılacak
bölgeler belirlenebilir,
• Kentsel dönüşüm süreci öncelikli olarak bu bölge ve
binalardan başlamalıdır,
• Zemin sınıfı ve zemine ait birçok fiziksel parametreler
belirlenirken jeofizik yöntemlerin önemi çok büyüktür,
• Ülkemizin tehlike haritalarının hazırlanmasında ve
kentsel dönüşümün hızlı ve güvenli bir şekilde
yapılmasında jeoloji, jeofizik ve inşaat mühendislerinin
ortak çalışması zorunludur.
58. TEHLİKE
TEHLİKE NEDİR?
İnsan toplulukları için olumsuz etkiler doğurması mümkün olan doğa, teknolojik
ve insan kökenli olayların tümü tehlike olarak tanımlanabilir. Diğer bir deyişle
tehlike doğa, teknolojik veya insan kökenli olan ve fiziksel, ekonomik, sosyal ve
çevresel kayıplara yol açabilecek tüm olayları ifade eder.
- Doğa kaynaklı olaylar: Deprem, kuraklık, sel, çığ vb.
- Şiddete dayalı olaylar: Savaş, terör, iç çatışmalar vb.
- Bozulmaya dayalı olaylar: İklim değişimleri, erozyon, çevre
kirlenmeleri, ekonomik ve sosyal bozulmalar vb.
- Eğitim eksikliği ve yetersizliklere dayalı olaylar: Teknolojik kazalar, trafik
kazaları, yangınlar vb.
59. YAPILMASI GEREKENLER
Geçmişte, hangi türde ve hangi büyüklükte afetler olduğunu,
- Hangi sıklıkta meydana geldiklerini,
- Tehlikelerin nereleri ve nasıl etkilediklerini,
- Hangi türdeki ek veya zincirleme tehlikeleri meydana
getirdiklerini,
- Geçmişte yaşanan afetlerin doğurduğu sosyal, ekonomik,
psikolojik çevresel ve politik problemlerin neler olduğunu,
- Yerleşme birimi için önceden yapılmış tehlike analizleri olup
olmadığını araştırmak ve bu konularla ilgili tüm bilgileri toplamak
durumundadır.
-
60. RİSK NEDİR?
Risk sözcüğü; gelecekteki belirli bir zaman içerisinde, belirli bir tehlikenin,
bu tehlikeye maruz olan varlıklar veya tehlike altındaki unsurlara bunların
zarar görebilirliklerine bağlı olarak, verebileceği kayıpları ifade eder. Bir
olayın oluşturabileceği olumsuz sonuçların toplamı olan risk kavramı,
mühendislik ve sigortacılıkta kısaca “kayıp olasılığı” olarak
tanımlanmaktadır.
Riskten yani kayıp olasılığından bahsedebilmek için, belirli bir yerde, belirli
bir büyüklükte bir olay veya tehlikenin var olması, mevcut değerlerin bu
tehlikeden etkilenme oranlarının veya zarar görebilirliklerinin bilinmesi veya
tahmin edilebilmesi gerekmektedir.
Riski aşağıdaki matematiksel ifade ile göstermek mümkündür.
Risk = Tehlike x Tehlikeye Maruz Varlıklar x Zarar Görebilirlik
62. SARSINTI BÜYÜTMESİ
SAN FRANCISCO, KALİFORNİYA
Ground-Shaking
Amplification Capability
(Site Classes, 2003 NEHRP)
High - Very High
Moderate - High
Low - Moderate
Very Low - Low
Borcherdt, et al. 2006
63.
64.
65. GROUND MOTION PREDICTION
• Intended to predict PGA, PGV, or spectral response at periods of
engineering interest
• logY=a1+a2(M-Mr1)+a3(M-Mr2)+a4R+a5LogR+site+a6F
• Coefficients ai are determined by regression fits to ground motion data
sets.
• Ground motion generally increases with M and decreases with R
• Site term mostly depends on near-surface shear-wave speed, usually
expressed as Vs30
• Site effects sometimes dominate
• Response spectra much more useful than PGA for predicting structural
damage
66. 1500
M =7.5, NEHRP classes B, C, D
M =5.5, NEHRP classes B, C, D
2000
1000
1000
200
100
500
D
C
B
M =7.5, NEHRP classes B, C, D
M =5.5, NEHRP classes B, C, D
20
0
10
0
0.5
1
1.5
Period (sec)
2
2.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
Period (sec)
1
Perception of results depends on type of plot (linear, log)
2
File: C:metu_03regresspsa_bjf_m55_m75_class_b_c_d.draw; ate: 2003-09-06; Time: 12:16:49
D
5%-Damped, Pseudo-Absolute Acceleration (cm/sec 2)
Boore, Joyner, and Fumal (1997); rjb = 10 km
