It discussed about the use of ferrochrome slag in construction.

1. FERROCHROME
SLAG AS
SUPPLEMENTARY
CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIAL
Ahmad BADNJKI
99559477500

2. What is Ferrochrome
(FeCr) Slag
• Ferrochromium (FeCr) slag is a by‐product from
the production of ferrochromium, which is an
essential component in the stainless steel
industry.
• The FeCr slag samples used in this study were
provided by the Antalya Ferrochrome Plant, one of
the largest producers of FeCr in Eurasia. The bulk
density of the slag is around 1.8 t/m3 and the
volume generated is about 81000 m3 /year.

3. What is Ferrochrome
(FeCr) Slag
• Ferrochrome (FeCr) slag is by product from the
production of Ferrochrome, an essential component in
stainless steel industry.
• FeCr metal is produced in electric‐arc furnaces by a
physical –chemical process.
• Granulated slag samples were collected when the
industry adopted water cooled slag granulation process.
• Lumped slag samples were collected from the air
cooled slag after material recovery. Pictures of the slag
samples are shown in Fig.3.1. and 3.2.

4. Physical properties
‐Shape and Appearance
Water cooled ferrochrome slag is appeared to be dark in color and is said to have
granulated and crystalline texture. Whereas air cooled slag is grey in color and is said to
have a lumpy texture. Air cooled lumpy slag as available was found to have the desirable
size range of 8 to 20 mm
‐Comparison Between FCS & LSA
the specific gravity of the FeCr slag ranges between 2.84 and 3.15 g/m3 compared with
2.65 g/m3 for limestone aggregate. While it has water absorption values between 0.25%
and 2.3% in comparison with 0.38% for limestone aggregate. The Los Angeles Abrasion
and CBR values of FeCr slag are between 14‐ 18% and 107‐140% compared with 21% and
103% for limestone aggregate, respectively.
‐The Conclusion Analysis of Physical Properties
From the physical properties test results it can be revealed that there are several
potential uses of FeCr slag: 1) it can be used as an aggregate in concrete and hot mix
asphalt and concrete pavements, 2) as a base or sub‐base material, and 3) as an
embankment and landfill material.

5. Chemical Properties
of Ferrochrome (FeCr) Slag
The chemical composition of FeCr slag includes
three major elements: Silicon (Si), Aluminium
(Al), and Manganese (Mg). Together with their
oxides, these components make up 83% of the
slag.

6. Effect of Ferrochrome (FeCr)
Slag in concrete
Setting Time
The existence of MgO in large quantities can retard
the initial hydration of cement and increase
its setting time as well as causing large changes
of volume of about 10% in concrete and asphalt
mixes
.However, this adverse effect can be eliminated
by slag weathering in atmospheric conditions
Workability
the workability of the mixture decreases because
of the fineness

7. Effect of Ferrochrome
(FeCr) Slag in concrete
Compresion strength
‐In a recent study, Acharya and Patro* investigated the
effect of using ferrochrome ash (Water cooled FCA) and lime
dust in concrete properties. Up to 40% of FCA was used as
cement substitution in concrete mixtures, The results from
Acharya and Patro study indicated that replacement of OPC
up to 47% by FCA (40%) and lime dust (7%) has comparable
positive impact on the 28 days strength and appreciable
impact on long term strength properties.
‐ Number of researchers* studied the properties of normal
and high strength concrete made with FeCr slag as an
aggregate. The results indicated that replacement up to 75%
of FeCr slag in lieu of fine aggregates improved the strength
of concrete compared with conventional concrete.
The drying shrinkage generally decreased with increasing
replacements of sand by FeCrSlag. FeCr‐slag acts to increase
both the thermal conductivity and specific heat effectively.
FeCr‐slag led to noticeable modifications in the
microstructure characteristics of the hardened blends.
*https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323169407_Research_on_the_use_of_Ferro‐
Chrome_slag_in_civil_engineering_applications

8. Application of Ferrochrome (FeCr)
Slag in Road Construction
• The use of FeCr slag as an aggregate in roa
d construction is practiced in many countrie
s such as Finland, Sweden, South Africa
and India . Due to its superior physical
properties over the natural aggregates beside
it is cheaper than natural aggregates, roads
can be built with thinner bases and sub‐bases
than when using natural aggregates.
• A research by Altan YILMAZ* showes the effect
of the compresion strength when we totally
replace natural aggregates by FCA. It approves
that FCA usable in road construction according
to Turkish Standards.
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/engineering/issues/muh‐13‐37‐3/muh‐37‐3‐3‐1204‐
10.pdf

9. • Due to availability of large boulder size slag material
and due to its high compressive strength in soaked
condition, the ferro chrome slag is suitable for rip rap
applications to stabilize slopes of earthen
embankments, particularly reservoir bunds and canal
embankments. The water absorption value is also
very low (about 0.3%). The ferrochrome slag boulders
have more weight compared to natural rock boulders
and hence it is beneficial in slope stability aspect
also.
Application of Ferrochrome (FeCr)
Slag in Rip rap Application

10. Application of Ferrochrome
(FeCr)
Slag in Rip rap Application
• Ferrochrome slag particles have
more strength, toughness and are
less abrasive. The slag is available
with sizes ranging from 6.3mm to
70mm. The shear Parameters of Slag
determined using large shear Box is
520 and hence, it has good frictional
characteristics. So, the ferro chrome
slag can be advantageously used as
construction material for stone
columns used to support structures
such as embankments and oil
storage tanks in soft clays.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUvnO4M1NzA

11. References
• Altan Yilmaz and Mustafa Karasahin (2010), Mechanical properties of
ferrochromium slag in granular layers of flexible pavements, Material and
Structures, Vol. 43, pp.309‐317.
• N. Su, Z. Chen, H. Fang, Cem. Concr. Comp. 23
• (2001)
• B.B. Lind, A.M. Fallman, L.B. Larsson, Waste Manage. 21 (2001)
• P. Niemelä, M. Kauppi, INFACON XI (2007)
• A. Das, M. Lobo, AL TAMMAN INDSIL FERRO CHROME LLC (unpublished
presentation) (2017)
• P.H. Kumar, A. Srivastava, V. Kumar, M.R. Majhi, V.K. Singh, J. Asian Ceram.
Soc. 2 (2014)