A dense persistent nephrogram appears on imaging when contrast material is abnormally retained in the kidneys. It can be caused by renal artery stenosis, renal vein thrombosis, urinary tract obstructions, or other conditions that lead to bilateral intrarenal obstruction. Imaging with CT urography or MRI can demonstrate delayed contrast excretion from the kidneys. Bronchiectasis is abnormal dilatation of the bronchial tree caused by chronic inflammation. On CT imaging, features include lack of tapering of the bronchi and an increased bronchus to artery ratio. Findings of liver cirrhosis on ultrasound include an irregular liver surface, nodular appearance, and signs of portal hypertension such as splenomegaly.
EBUS is a bronchoscopy technique that uses ultrasound to visualize structures within and around the airway. It has high sensitivity and accuracy for mediastinal staging of lung cancer. There are different types of EBUS probes with varying frequencies that allow for better penetration depth or resolution. EBUS has many clinical applications including lymph node sampling. It has advantages such as being minimally invasive and allowing sampling of small lymph nodes. Complications are rare. EBUS improves lung cancer staging and diagnosis of other lung conditions.
Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) allows visualization of tissues outside the airway wall using ultrasound probes inserted into the bronchoscope. There are radial and convex probes used for different applications. EBUS is used to stage lung cancer by examining lymph nodes and determining tumor invasion depth. It can also identify peripheral lung lesions. Convex probe EBUS specifically allows real-time guided biopsy of mediastinal structures and lymph nodes. The procedure involves identifying the target with ultrasound imaging and advancing a TBNA needle under real-time visualization to obtain tissue samples for diagnosis. Potential complications are rare and include pneumothorax and bleeding.
LUNG IMAGING CT SCAN with classification.pptxAbhilashYadav31
This document provides an overview of lung imaging using CT scans. It begins with the history of tomography and CT scans. It then discusses the different types of CT chest scans and their indications. Next, it covers CT chest anatomy including lung segments and windows. The document outlines patterns of abnormalities seen on CT scans like nodules, ground glass opacities, and consolidation. It also discusses specific lung diseases and their CT findings such as bronchiectasis, ABPA, and pleural effusions. In summary, the document is a guide to interpreting CT chest scans by covering scan types, anatomy, and patterns of lung abnormalities.
Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) is an abnormal elongation, dilation, and tortuosity of the vertebrobasilar arteries. It can cause both vascular events like strokes as well as compressive symptoms from pressure on surrounding structures. Common presentations include ischemic strokes, trigeminal neuralgia, and hemifacial spasm. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of VBD using criteria like basilar artery diameter, laterality, and height of bifurcation on CT angiography and MRI. Both vascular complications and compression must be considered when evaluating patients.
Tracheobronchial tree anatomy and bronchoscopySrikanthK120
This document discusses the anatomy and bronchoscopic examination of the tracheobronchial tree. It begins with the surgical anatomy of the trachea, including its length, cartilage rings, and blood supply. It then describes the branching pattern and segments of the main bronchi and lungs. Different types of bronchoscopy are explained, including rigid, flexible, and interventional bronchoscopy. Various bronchoscopic procedures are outlined such as foreign body removal, biopsy, washing, and endobronchial ultrasound-guided sampling of lymph nodes. Embryological development of the tracheobronchial tree and lungs is also summarized.
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
Bronchiectasis and Role of Surgical Management.pptxRohanReddy66
The pathophysiology and management aspects of Brtonchiectasis are outlined; emphasis on indications of surgery, types of surgery and their implications.
Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) provides images of coronary arteries and other blood vessels. It plays a critical role in understanding coronary disease and guiding interventional cardiology procedures. IVUS uses a catheter-mounted ultrasound transducer to create images. It can assess plaque, guide stent placement, detect complications, and characterize lesion morphology. IVUS provides detailed information to evaluate patients and optimize interventional strategies.
EBUS is a bronchoscopy technique that uses ultrasound to visualize structures within and around the airway. It has high sensitivity and accuracy for mediastinal staging of lung cancer. There are different types of EBUS probes with varying frequencies that allow for better penetration depth or resolution. EBUS has many clinical applications including lymph node sampling. It has advantages such as being minimally invasive and allowing sampling of small lymph nodes. Complications are rare. EBUS improves lung cancer staging and diagnosis of other lung conditions.
Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) allows visualization of tissues outside the airway wall using ultrasound probes inserted into the bronchoscope. There are radial and convex probes used for different applications. EBUS is used to stage lung cancer by examining lymph nodes and determining tumor invasion depth. It can also identify peripheral lung lesions. Convex probe EBUS specifically allows real-time guided biopsy of mediastinal structures and lymph nodes. The procedure involves identifying the target with ultrasound imaging and advancing a TBNA needle under real-time visualization to obtain tissue samples for diagnosis. Potential complications are rare and include pneumothorax and bleeding.
LUNG IMAGING CT SCAN with classification.pptxAbhilashYadav31
This document provides an overview of lung imaging using CT scans. It begins with the history of tomography and CT scans. It then discusses the different types of CT chest scans and their indications. Next, it covers CT chest anatomy including lung segments and windows. The document outlines patterns of abnormalities seen on CT scans like nodules, ground glass opacities, and consolidation. It also discusses specific lung diseases and their CT findings such as bronchiectasis, ABPA, and pleural effusions. In summary, the document is a guide to interpreting CT chest scans by covering scan types, anatomy, and patterns of lung abnormalities.
Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) is an abnormal elongation, dilation, and tortuosity of the vertebrobasilar arteries. It can cause both vascular events like strokes as well as compressive symptoms from pressure on surrounding structures. Common presentations include ischemic strokes, trigeminal neuralgia, and hemifacial spasm. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of VBD using criteria like basilar artery diameter, laterality, and height of bifurcation on CT angiography and MRI. Both vascular complications and compression must be considered when evaluating patients.
Tracheobronchial tree anatomy and bronchoscopySrikanthK120
This document discusses the anatomy and bronchoscopic examination of the tracheobronchial tree. It begins with the surgical anatomy of the trachea, including its length, cartilage rings, and blood supply. It then describes the branching pattern and segments of the main bronchi and lungs. Different types of bronchoscopy are explained, including rigid, flexible, and interventional bronchoscopy. Various bronchoscopic procedures are outlined such as foreign body removal, biopsy, washing, and endobronchial ultrasound-guided sampling of lymph nodes. Embryological development of the tracheobronchial tree and lungs is also summarized.
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
Bronchiectasis and Role of Surgical Management.pptxRohanReddy66
The pathophysiology and management aspects of Brtonchiectasis are outlined; emphasis on indications of surgery, types of surgery and their implications.
Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) provides images of coronary arteries and other blood vessels. It plays a critical role in understanding coronary disease and guiding interventional cardiology procedures. IVUS uses a catheter-mounted ultrasound transducer to create images. It can assess plaque, guide stent placement, detect complications, and characterize lesion morphology. IVUS provides detailed information to evaluate patients and optimize interventional strategies.
USG guided thoracentesis is a procedure to aspirate pleural fluid using ultrasound guidance. It has several advantages over non-US guided thoracentesis, including being highly accurate which decreases complications. The key steps are to identify pleural anatomy like fluid, diaphragm and lung under ultrasound and then perform the procedure under real-time visualization of instruments to safely drain fluid. Post procedure chest x-ray is done to identify any complications like pneumothorax. USG guidance improves safety and accuracy of characterizing pleural disease and draining pleural fluid.
Radiological Anatomy of pharynx and esophagus abdul finalabduljelil nejmu
This document discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus. It begins by outlining the gross anatomy, imaging modalities, and subdivisions of the pharynx. It then discusses the introduction, imaging modalities including barium studies and cross-sectional imaging, and vascular and lymphatic anatomy of the esophagus. Key points include that the pharynx is a fibromuscular tube located from the skull base to the level of C6, and the esophagus is a muscular tube that extends from the cricoid cartilage to the stomach at T10. Various imaging modalities can be used to visualize these structures.
Approach in Pleural pathologies by Dr. Subash PathakMilan Silwal
This document discusses the anatomy and approach to assessing pleural pathologies. It begins with an overview of pleural anatomy, including the layers of pleura and their blood supply and lymphatics. Common imaging modalities for evaluating the pleura are described such as chest x-ray, ultrasound, CT and MRI. Finally, the document outlines common pleural diseases like pleural effusions, empyema and loculated fluid and how they appear on different exams.
This document discusses imaging of the urinary tract, including KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) radiography and intravenous urography (IVU). It provides details on:
- The standard KUB technique using two abdominal x-ray images to outline the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
- The classic IVU procedure involving a series of x-ray images before and after intravenous injection of iodine contrast to visualize the functioning of the kidneys and urinary tract.
- Modifications of IVU for specific situations like urinary obstruction or pregnancy to minimize radiation exposure.
Chest CT scans produce cross-sectional images of the body using X-rays and a computer. They allow doctors to examine the chest and its organs in detail. A chest CT may be used to assess tumors, lesions, treatment effects, and to guide biopsies. Risks include radiation exposure and reactions to contrast dye. Chest CTs can be standard, high resolution, or with contrast to examine different structures. Images are typically viewed in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Normal and pathological findings are systematically assessed. Common abnormalities include nodules, ground glass opacity, consolidation, and septal thickening.
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures used in respiratory disease. It covers bedside pleural procedures like thoracentesis and closed pleural biopsy. Thoracic surgical procedures like thoracoscopy, thoracotomy and mediastinoscopy are described. Bronchoscopic procedures like bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, brushing and biopsy are summarized. Transbronchial needle aspiration and endobronchial ultrasound guided procedures are also covered. Medical imaging techniques like chest x-ray, CT, MRI and PET are briefly discussed.
Radiological anatomy of the abdominal aortaTaiwoOjeremi
The abdominal aorta and its major branches can be visualized and evaluated using several imaging modalities:
Ultrasound provides a non-invasive view of the abdominal aorta and initial branches. Angiography and CT/MRI angiography allow detailed visualization of the entire aorta and all its branches using ionizing radiation and intravenous contrast. Plain films may show calcification of the aorta but do not normally image the vessel or its branches.
Radiology for Radiation Oncologists provides an overview of various radiological investigations and imaging modalities important for radiation oncologists. It discusses basics of x-rays, CT scans, barium studies, mammograms, ultrasounds, and other techniques. The document explains the principles, procedures, indications, and findings of these different investigations to help radiation oncologists understand radiology.
This document summarizes a slide seminar on lung biopsy findings for a 34-year-old female patient being evaluated for diffuse parenchymal lung disease. High-resolution CT showed numerous tiny calcified nodules throughout both lungs suggestive of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Lung biopsy microscopic findings showed dilated alveoli filled with basophilic concentric calcific deposits, supporting a provisional diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. This diagnosis was further supported by clinical features such as autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and characteristic radiologic and histopathologic findings of calcified microliths filling the alveolar air spaces. Differential diagnoses including pulmonary blue bodies and metastatic calc
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or complete lung collapse. It can be spontaneous or acquired through trauma or medical procedures. Spontaneous pneumothorax is often caused by subpleural bleb rupture in young, thin smokers and is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung disease. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, chemical pleurodesis, or surgery like VATS for recurrent or large pneumothoraces. VATS allows inspection and bleb resection with pleurodesis to prevent recurrence in over 90% of patients.
This is a comprehensive description of coronay lesion assessment from routinely used angiography to advanced imaging modalities like IVUS/OCT including their functional significance by FFR
Tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse are conditions characterized by exaggerated tracheobronchial narrowing during expiration. Tracheobronchomalacia occurs due to cartilaginous weakening, while excessive dynamic airway collapse is caused by inward bulging of the posterior membrane. Flexible bronchoscopy is the reference standard for diagnosis, while dynamic CT and MRI can also help evaluate the severity of collapse, assess tracheal morphology, and identify other potential contributing factors. Imaging plays a role in both diagnosis and surveillance after treatments like stenting.
Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects large arteries like the aorta and its branches. Accurate early diagnosis is important to improve outcomes for patients. Imaging like CT angiography and MR angiography are essential non-invasive tools to detect luminal narrowing, wall thickening, and other vascular abnormalities associated with Takayasu arteritis. Differential diagnosis includes other diseases like atherosclerosis and giant cell arteritis that can present similarly on imaging. Characteristic findings on CT and MR imaging can help establish the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis.
ADVANCED IMAGING MODALITIES IN ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL BY DR. ADHIRAJ GHOSH SURGERYCheerantan Maity
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on advanced imaging modalities in maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history and evolution of imaging from conventional radiography in the 1800s to current 3D imaging techniques. Specific modalities covered include sialography, ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, angiography, computed tomography, and cone-beam CT. Clinical applications for diagnosing conditions like infections, fractures, and lymph node metastasis are presented. The document provides detailed information on several important imaging techniques used in maxillofacial surgery.
This document discusses the basic principles of urologic ultrasonography. It covers physical principles including how soundwaves interact with tissues to create ultrasound images. It describes resolution, mechanisms of attenuation, artifacts, and modes of ultrasonography. Specific techniques for renal, pelvic, scrotal, penile, prostate, and transrectal ultrasonography are covered. Normal ultrasound anatomy and measurements are provided. Applications and limitations of various urologic ultrasound examinations are summarized.
The document provides an overview of chest radiography procedures, including indications for chest x-rays, patient preparation, basic views and positioning, anatomy of the chest, and technical evaluation of chest radiographs to ensure diagnostic quality images. Key points covered include common indications for chest x-rays, patient positioning and preparation, basic posterior-anterior and alternative views, and technical factors radiographers should evaluate such as correct exposure, positioning, and demonstration of pertinent anatomy.
This document provides an outline and overview of airway diseases. It begins with an introduction to imaging of the airways and then covers various congenital anomalies and abnormalities that can cause tracheal and bronchial narrowing or dilation. Specific conditions discussed include tracheobronchomalacia, tracheal stenosis, bronchial atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, and esophageal bronchus. The functions of the large airways and common sites of calcification are also reviewed.
This document discusses the supraclavicular nerve block procedure. It begins by outlining the objectives and anatomy of the brachial plexus. It then describes the landmarks, sonoanatomy, and technique for performing the supraclavicular block using ultrasound guidance. The document discusses indications, contraindications, complications, and management of the block. It provides details on anatomy, equipment, injection techniques, and potential side effects like pneumothorax, nerve injury, and local anesthetic systemic toxicity.
This document outlines general principles of thoracic surgery, including anatomy of the thoracic cavity and mediastinum, as well as common diagnostic and surgical procedures. It discusses the chest wall, lungs and tracheobronchial tree anatomy. General procedures described include radiologic imaging, endoscopy such as bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and thoracoscopy. Biopsy techniques like needle biopsy and diagnostic thoracentesis are also summarized. Surgical exposures for various diseases via incisions are listed. The document concludes with an overview of managing thoracic trauma non-operatively in most cases.
Radiology plays an important role in the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and catheter-based angiography can help locate the source of bleeding. On CTA, active extravasation of contrast into the bowel lumen indicates the site of bleeding. Angiography allows both precise localization of bleeding and potential transcatheter intervention such as embolization. Together, CTA and angiography provide non-invasive and minimally invasive options to diagnose and treat upper GI bleeding.
This document provides an introduction to radiation safety. It defines radiation as energy emitted as particles or waves, and describes the electromagnetic spectrum. There are two types of radiation: non-ionizing and ionizing. Naturally occurring sources of radiation include bananas, the sun, and radioactive elements in the ground. Man-made sources include nuclear power plants, atomic bombs, medical equipment, and smoke detectors. Radiation contamination occurs when radioactive material is somewhere it shouldn't be. Exposure to radiation can increase cancer risks depending on the dose received. The Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates radiation exposure and safety in Nigeria.
USG guided thoracentesis is a procedure to aspirate pleural fluid using ultrasound guidance. It has several advantages over non-US guided thoracentesis, including being highly accurate which decreases complications. The key steps are to identify pleural anatomy like fluid, diaphragm and lung under ultrasound and then perform the procedure under real-time visualization of instruments to safely drain fluid. Post procedure chest x-ray is done to identify any complications like pneumothorax. USG guidance improves safety and accuracy of characterizing pleural disease and draining pleural fluid.
Radiological Anatomy of pharynx and esophagus abdul finalabduljelil nejmu
This document discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus. It begins by outlining the gross anatomy, imaging modalities, and subdivisions of the pharynx. It then discusses the introduction, imaging modalities including barium studies and cross-sectional imaging, and vascular and lymphatic anatomy of the esophagus. Key points include that the pharynx is a fibromuscular tube located from the skull base to the level of C6, and the esophagus is a muscular tube that extends from the cricoid cartilage to the stomach at T10. Various imaging modalities can be used to visualize these structures.
Approach in Pleural pathologies by Dr. Subash PathakMilan Silwal
This document discusses the anatomy and approach to assessing pleural pathologies. It begins with an overview of pleural anatomy, including the layers of pleura and their blood supply and lymphatics. Common imaging modalities for evaluating the pleura are described such as chest x-ray, ultrasound, CT and MRI. Finally, the document outlines common pleural diseases like pleural effusions, empyema and loculated fluid and how they appear on different exams.
This document discusses imaging of the urinary tract, including KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) radiography and intravenous urography (IVU). It provides details on:
- The standard KUB technique using two abdominal x-ray images to outline the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
- The classic IVU procedure involving a series of x-ray images before and after intravenous injection of iodine contrast to visualize the functioning of the kidneys and urinary tract.
- Modifications of IVU for specific situations like urinary obstruction or pregnancy to minimize radiation exposure.
Chest CT scans produce cross-sectional images of the body using X-rays and a computer. They allow doctors to examine the chest and its organs in detail. A chest CT may be used to assess tumors, lesions, treatment effects, and to guide biopsies. Risks include radiation exposure and reactions to contrast dye. Chest CTs can be standard, high resolution, or with contrast to examine different structures. Images are typically viewed in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Normal and pathological findings are systematically assessed. Common abnormalities include nodules, ground glass opacity, consolidation, and septal thickening.
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures used in respiratory disease. It covers bedside pleural procedures like thoracentesis and closed pleural biopsy. Thoracic surgical procedures like thoracoscopy, thoracotomy and mediastinoscopy are described. Bronchoscopic procedures like bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, brushing and biopsy are summarized. Transbronchial needle aspiration and endobronchial ultrasound guided procedures are also covered. Medical imaging techniques like chest x-ray, CT, MRI and PET are briefly discussed.
Radiological anatomy of the abdominal aortaTaiwoOjeremi
The abdominal aorta and its major branches can be visualized and evaluated using several imaging modalities:
Ultrasound provides a non-invasive view of the abdominal aorta and initial branches. Angiography and CT/MRI angiography allow detailed visualization of the entire aorta and all its branches using ionizing radiation and intravenous contrast. Plain films may show calcification of the aorta but do not normally image the vessel or its branches.
Radiology for Radiation Oncologists provides an overview of various radiological investigations and imaging modalities important for radiation oncologists. It discusses basics of x-rays, CT scans, barium studies, mammograms, ultrasounds, and other techniques. The document explains the principles, procedures, indications, and findings of these different investigations to help radiation oncologists understand radiology.
This document summarizes a slide seminar on lung biopsy findings for a 34-year-old female patient being evaluated for diffuse parenchymal lung disease. High-resolution CT showed numerous tiny calcified nodules throughout both lungs suggestive of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Lung biopsy microscopic findings showed dilated alveoli filled with basophilic concentric calcific deposits, supporting a provisional diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. This diagnosis was further supported by clinical features such as autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and characteristic radiologic and histopathologic findings of calcified microliths filling the alveolar air spaces. Differential diagnoses including pulmonary blue bodies and metastatic calc
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or complete lung collapse. It can be spontaneous or acquired through trauma or medical procedures. Spontaneous pneumothorax is often caused by subpleural bleb rupture in young, thin smokers and is classified as primary or secondary depending on underlying lung disease. Treatment depends on size and includes observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, chemical pleurodesis, or surgery like VATS for recurrent or large pneumothoraces. VATS allows inspection and bleb resection with pleurodesis to prevent recurrence in over 90% of patients.
This is a comprehensive description of coronay lesion assessment from routinely used angiography to advanced imaging modalities like IVUS/OCT including their functional significance by FFR
Tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse are conditions characterized by exaggerated tracheobronchial narrowing during expiration. Tracheobronchomalacia occurs due to cartilaginous weakening, while excessive dynamic airway collapse is caused by inward bulging of the posterior membrane. Flexible bronchoscopy is the reference standard for diagnosis, while dynamic CT and MRI can also help evaluate the severity of collapse, assess tracheal morphology, and identify other potential contributing factors. Imaging plays a role in both diagnosis and surveillance after treatments like stenting.
Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects large arteries like the aorta and its branches. Accurate early diagnosis is important to improve outcomes for patients. Imaging like CT angiography and MR angiography are essential non-invasive tools to detect luminal narrowing, wall thickening, and other vascular abnormalities associated with Takayasu arteritis. Differential diagnosis includes other diseases like atherosclerosis and giant cell arteritis that can present similarly on imaging. Characteristic findings on CT and MR imaging can help establish the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis.
ADVANCED IMAGING MODALITIES IN ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL BY DR. ADHIRAJ GHOSH SURGERYCheerantan Maity
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on advanced imaging modalities in maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history and evolution of imaging from conventional radiography in the 1800s to current 3D imaging techniques. Specific modalities covered include sialography, ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, angiography, computed tomography, and cone-beam CT. Clinical applications for diagnosing conditions like infections, fractures, and lymph node metastasis are presented. The document provides detailed information on several important imaging techniques used in maxillofacial surgery.
This document discusses the basic principles of urologic ultrasonography. It covers physical principles including how soundwaves interact with tissues to create ultrasound images. It describes resolution, mechanisms of attenuation, artifacts, and modes of ultrasonography. Specific techniques for renal, pelvic, scrotal, penile, prostate, and transrectal ultrasonography are covered. Normal ultrasound anatomy and measurements are provided. Applications and limitations of various urologic ultrasound examinations are summarized.
The document provides an overview of chest radiography procedures, including indications for chest x-rays, patient preparation, basic views and positioning, anatomy of the chest, and technical evaluation of chest radiographs to ensure diagnostic quality images. Key points covered include common indications for chest x-rays, patient positioning and preparation, basic posterior-anterior and alternative views, and technical factors radiographers should evaluate such as correct exposure, positioning, and demonstration of pertinent anatomy.
This document provides an outline and overview of airway diseases. It begins with an introduction to imaging of the airways and then covers various congenital anomalies and abnormalities that can cause tracheal and bronchial narrowing or dilation. Specific conditions discussed include tracheobronchomalacia, tracheal stenosis, bronchial atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, and esophageal bronchus. The functions of the large airways and common sites of calcification are also reviewed.
This document discusses the supraclavicular nerve block procedure. It begins by outlining the objectives and anatomy of the brachial plexus. It then describes the landmarks, sonoanatomy, and technique for performing the supraclavicular block using ultrasound guidance. The document discusses indications, contraindications, complications, and management of the block. It provides details on anatomy, equipment, injection techniques, and potential side effects like pneumothorax, nerve injury, and local anesthetic systemic toxicity.
This document outlines general principles of thoracic surgery, including anatomy of the thoracic cavity and mediastinum, as well as common diagnostic and surgical procedures. It discusses the chest wall, lungs and tracheobronchial tree anatomy. General procedures described include radiologic imaging, endoscopy such as bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and thoracoscopy. Biopsy techniques like needle biopsy and diagnostic thoracentesis are also summarized. Surgical exposures for various diseases via incisions are listed. The document concludes with an overview of managing thoracic trauma non-operatively in most cases.
Similar to DEPARTMENTAL PRESENTATION ABBAS.pdf (20)
Radiology plays an important role in the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and catheter-based angiography can help locate the source of bleeding. On CTA, active extravasation of contrast into the bowel lumen indicates the site of bleeding. Angiography allows both precise localization of bleeding and potential transcatheter intervention such as embolization. Together, CTA and angiography provide non-invasive and minimally invasive options to diagnose and treat upper GI bleeding.
This document provides an introduction to radiation safety. It defines radiation as energy emitted as particles or waves, and describes the electromagnetic spectrum. There are two types of radiation: non-ionizing and ionizing. Naturally occurring sources of radiation include bananas, the sun, and radioactive elements in the ground. Man-made sources include nuclear power plants, atomic bombs, medical equipment, and smoke detectors. Radiation contamination occurs when radioactive material is somewhere it shouldn't be. Exposure to radiation can increase cancer risks depending on the dose received. The Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates radiation exposure and safety in Nigeria.
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) is a standard for communicating and managing medical imaging data and related information. It was developed in 1983 by the American College of Radiology and National Electrical Manufacturers Association to address the need for a standard way to transfer images and data between medical devices from different vendors. DICOM defines specifications for digital image format, network protocols, and file structures to facilitate sharing of medical images and related information across different systems.
The document discusses splenic injuries, which are commonly caused by blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma. CT is the preferred imaging method for evaluating splenic injuries. On CT, injuries appear as lacerations, hematomas, active bleeding, or pseudoaneurysms. Splenic injuries are classified using the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma scale from Grade I to Grade V based on the severity of findings. MRI can also detect splenic injuries but CT is usually sufficient for diagnosis and management.
This document discusses biases that can occur in epidemiological studies. It defines bias as systematic error that can lead to incorrect effect estimates. Two main types of bias are discussed: selection bias and information bias. Selection bias occurs when there are systematic differences between study groups, such as in how cases and controls are selected. Information bias results from incorrect or inaccurate measurement of exposures or diseases. Specific examples of biases in study designs like case-control and cohort studies are provided. The document emphasizes that biases cannot be adjusted for and should be prevented or accounted for in interpreting study results.
This document provides an overview of observational (non-experimental) study designs used in epidemiology. It describes descriptive studies such as case reports, case series, cross-sectional studies, and correlational studies. It also describes analytical studies including case-control and cohort studies. Case-control studies compare exposure history in cases versus controls, while cohort studies follow groups exposed versus not exposed over time to compare incidence rates. Both are used to test hypotheses about risk factors but cohort studies provide a direct measure of risk through relative risk. Bias is a potential limitation of all observational studies.
9.Referencing and Bibliography in Health Research.pptxAbubakar Hammadama
The document provides an overview of referencing and bibliography in health research. It discusses referencing systems like Harvard, APA, and Vancouver styles. It defines referencing as acknowledging sources cited in a paper and bibliography as a full list of sources consulted. The key points covered include how to cite references in text, structure reference lists, and the differences between a reference and bibliography.
This document provides an overview of radiographic film and film processing. It describes the structure of radiographic film including the film base, emulsion, and super coating. It discusses the types of films and sizes used. The document outlines the film processing steps of development, fixing, washing and drying. It discusses factors that can affect film density and artifacts that may appear on radiographic films.
Osteopetrosis is a rare bone disease characterized by abnormally dense and brittle bones. It is caused by a failure of bone remodeling due to osteoclast dysfunction. There are several forms that vary in severity from benign to lethal. The most severe, malignant infantile form is often fatal in the first years of life without treatment due to bone marrow failure and neurological complications. Radiographs show generalized osteosclerosis and other findings help differentiate it from other bone diseases. Management depends on the form but may include bone marrow transplant, medications, or surgery.
1. The document provides information on tips for using a PowerPoint presentation (ppt) for teaching. It recommends freely editing the ppt, not worrying about number of slides as some are blank, showing blank slides and asking students questions before providing information.
2. The document then discusses hydrocephalus including causes such as congenital defects, infections, tumors, classifications as communicating or non-communicating, symptoms in infants like head enlargement and older children like headaches, and investigations including imaging and tissue diagnosis.
3. Imaging findings of conditions like aqueduct stenosis, tumors, and investigations for hydrocephalus are also covered.
This document is a module on diabetic foot care that begins with an introduction. It then outlines how students should study the module, including learning objectives. The module covers the epidemiology of diabetic foot globally and the pathophysiology of how diabetic foot ulcers occur through neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and trauma. It emphasizes the importance of assessing each of these risk factors through patient history and physical examination techniques like monofilament testing of sensation. The goal of assessment is to examine each pathological cause in order to predict risk and guide management of the diabetic foot.
1. Water homeostasis is closely related to sodium balance and is primarily regulated by the kidneys and hypothalamus.
2. Total body sodium accounts for over 90% of extracellular fluid content and osmotic activity, and changes in sodium concentration directly impact water distribution and balance.
3. The kidneys play a key role in maintaining sodium and water homeostasis through precise control of filtration, reabsorption and excretion in response to various hormones and physiological factors.
The document summarizes the venous drainage of the lower limbs. It describes the three main systems - superficial, deep, and perforating veins. The superficial system includes the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. The deep system makes up 80-90% of venous return and includes the femoral and popliteal veins. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep systems and have roles in varicose veins. The document outlines typical venous anatomy and common anatomic variations seen.
This document discusses neural tube defects and Chiari malformations. It begins by classifying neural tube defects, describing the embryology of neural tube development, and discussing specific defects like anencephaly, encephaloceles, meningoceles, myelomeningoceles, and Chiari malformations. It provides imaging features and associations for each defect. The document aims to classify and describe various Chiari malformations and their imaging features.
DESCRIBE THE RADIOGRAPHIC FILM AND FILM PROCESSING.pptxAbubakar Hammadama
The document describes the structure and processing of radiographic film. It discusses the components of film, including the base, emulsion, and silver halide crystals. It explains the formation of latent images when x-rays strike the film. The stages of film processing are outlined, including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automated processing techniques are covered. Factors that can affect film processing like temperature are also mentioned.
1. The initial assessment of a pediatric chest x-ray should include evaluation of technique, tubes/lines, mediastinum, airways, lungs, and pulmonary vasculature.
2. It is important to recognize the degree of inspiration and normal thymic tissue to avoid confusing them with pathology.
3. Common causes of neonatal respiratory distress include transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and respiratory distress syndrome. Each has characteristic but sometimes overlapping radiographic findings.
4. Complications of respiratory distress like pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, patent ductus arteriosus, and chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dys
The document discusses mentorship during medical residency training. It describes the author's own experience as a resident in Nigeria in the 1960s, where he had excellent mentors who stimulated his interest in internal medicine. It then discusses his mentorship under Professor Akinkugbe, who helped arrange a training position for him in the UK. The author worked hard to impress his mentors in order to advance his training and career in medicine. Mentorship played a key role in helping guide and develop the author's professional path.
The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray machine. It describes how X-rays are produced via the interaction of electrons with a target in an X-ray tube. The key components of the X-ray tube are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, where the electrons collide. Rotating and stationary anodes are discussed. The document also covers technical components like the generator and control panel, as well as factors that affect X-ray production and quality.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and imaging characteristics of pediatric posterior fossa tumors. It outlines several common tumor types including pilocytic astrocytoma, brainstem glioma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and hemangioblastoma. For each tumor, the document describes clinical presentation, typical imaging appearance on MRI and CT, as well as radiologic features like enhancement and cystic components. Pilocytic astrocytomas often appear as a cyst with an enhancing mural nodule, while medulloblastomas present as midline masses in the roof of the fourth ventricle. The document provides an overview of posterior fossa pediatric tumors to aid in differential diagnosis and evaluation.
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1. BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING:
1.DENSE PERSISTENT NEPHROGRAM
2.BRONCHIECTASIS
3.ULTRASOUND SCAN FINDINGS OF LIVER
CIRRHOSIS
RABIU M. ABBAS
RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT , AKTH
MARCH,2023
4. INRODUCTION
• The nephrogram is the radiographic image of contrast-filled
renal parenchyma
• Normally three different phases of renal contrast enhancement
follow each other after the administration of intravenous
contrast.
• CORTICOMEDULLARY
• NEPHROGRAPHIC
• EXCRETORY
3/30/2023 RABIU ABBAS 4
5. • During the first phase, contrast material reaches the renal
cortical capillaries resulting in a density differentiation between
the cortex and medulla.
• Afterwards, the contrast material is filtered by the glomeruli
and enters the renal tubules resulting in a homogenous
appearance of the kidney
• During the last phase, the excretory phase, the contrast is
excreted into the calyces causing the renal collecting system to
appear
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7. WHAT IS A PESISTENT NEPHROGRAM
• A persistent nephrogram is an abnormal nephrogram defined
as the renal retention of contrast material and may occur
bilaterally or unilaterally .
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10. List of imaging modalities
• Plain abdominal radiograph (KUB)
• Renal USS (Contrast enhanced)
• Excretion Urography
• CT- urography
• MRI
• Scintigraphy
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11. KUB
• Have a limited role
• May show causal factors like
urolithiasis or evidence of soft
tissue mass along the renal
system
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12. USS
• Gray sacle USS may show
• renal stone
• hydronephrosis,
• renal parenchymal disease
• evidence of renal artery stenosis
on Dopper interrogation
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13. CE-USS
• It has been proposed as a replacement for CECT
• The contrast agent is initially visualized in the renal artery, progressing
to the sinus, the renal cortical, and after a delay of several seconds to
the renal medulla.
• The first 30–40 s (sec) post injection is appropriate for the arterial
phase and then 30–40 s for the venous phase .
• Its role is still under study
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14. IVU/ CT urography
• Imaging with iodinated contrast typically demonstrates an
immediate or mildly delayed nephrogram, but without
excretion into the collecting system.
• Delayed 12-24 hour imaging would also
demonstrate persistent nephrogram due to stasis of contrast
within the renal tubules.
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19. MRI
• MRI has the advantage of superior soft-tissue contrast,
which provides a powerful tool in the detection and
characterization of renal lesions
• fast imaging techniques are essential because of respiratory
motion of the kidneys
• In MR urography, the pyelocalyceal system and the ureters
are visualized using heavily T2-weighted images or T1-
weighted images with gadolinium contrast
• May show evidence of renal stone, renal atery stenosis as
causes of delayed nephrogram
• May also show hydronephrosis
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24. INTRODUCTION
• Bronchiectasis is defined as an irreversible abnormal
dilatation of the bronchial tree.
• It has a variety of underlying causes, with a common
aetiology of chronic inflammation.
• HRCT is the most accurate modality for diagnosis.
• Two groups make up the majority of cases: post-infectious
and cystic fibrosis.
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25. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• The prevalence, incidence and mortality of non-cystic fibrosis
bronchiectasis have all increased over recent years
• Estimated around 212,000 people are currently living with
bronchiectasis in the UK
• Bronchiectasis is more common in females than males
• 60% of diagnoses are made in the over-70 age group.
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26. CAUSES
Central Lower lobe Upper lobe bronchiectasis Middle lobe bronchiectasis
Williams campbell
syndrome (rare)
Post infective
bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis Non-tuberculous
mycobacterial infections
Aspergillosis Pulmonary aspiration
diseases
Tuberculosis Middle lobe syndrome in
children
Congenital Hypogammaglobulin
emia
Non-tuberculous
mycobacterial infection
Tracheobronchomegaly (also
known as mounier kuhn
syndrome)
Bronchiolitis obliterans Allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis (ABPA)
Allergic bronchopulmonary
cystic fibrosis
Primary ciliary dyskinesia Chronic hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
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27. Clinical presentation
• Bronchiectasis typically presents with
• Recurrent chest infections
• Productive cough more than 8 weeks
• Production of copious amounts of sputum
• Haemoptysis
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28. Subtypes
• According to macroscopic morphology, three types have been
described, which also represent a spectrum of severity
• Cylindrical bronchiectasis
• Bronchi have a uniform calibre, do not taper and have parallel walls (tram
track sign and signet ring sign)
• Commonest form
• Varicose bronchiectasis
• Relatively uncommon
• Beaded appearances where dilated bronchi have interspersed sites of
relative narrowing
• Cystic bronchiectasis
• Severe form with cyst-like bronchi that extend to the pleural surface
• Air-fluid levels are commonly present
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30. BRONCHOARTERIAL RATIO
• Diameter of a bronchus should measure approximately 0.65-1.0
times that of the adjacent pulmonary artery branch
• Between 1 and 1.5 may be seen in normal individuals, especially
those living at high altitude
• Greater than 1.5 indicates bronchiectasis
3/30/2023 RABIU ABBAS 30
32. Plain radiograph
• Chest x-rays are usually abnormal but are inadequate in the
diagnosis or quantification of bronchiectasis.
• Tram-track opacities are seen in cylindrical bronchiectasis,
and air-fluid levels may be seen in cystic bronchiectasis.
• Overall there appears to be an increase in bronchovascular
markings and bronchi seen end-on may appear as ring
shadows .
• Pulmonary vasculature appears ill-defined, thought to
represent peri-bronchovascular fibrosis
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35. CT
• A number of features are helpful in diagnosing
bronchiectasis :
• bronchus visualised within 1 cm of the pleural surface
• especially true of lung adjacent to costal pleura
• most helpful sign for early cylindrical change
• lack of tapering
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36. Scoring systems
• BRICS (Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score)
• The score was validated with, and intended for, high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the
chest.
• bronchial dilatation
• absent = 0
• mild (lumen just > diameter of adjacent vessel) = 1
• moderate (lumen 2-3 times > diameter of adjacent vessel) = 2
• severe (lumen >3 times diameter of adjacent vessel) = 3
• number of bronchopulmonary segments with emphysema
• none = 0
• 1-5 = 1
• >5 = 2
• The score ranges from 0 to 5, with 1 indicating mild disease, 2-3 indicating moderate
disease and 4-5 indicating severe disease.
3/30/2023 RABIU ABBAS 36
41. TRANSTHORACIC USS
• Normal: normal examination with no abnormal findings.
• B-lines: defined as laser-like vertical reverberation artifacts that arise
from the pleural line and extends to the end of the screen without
fading, and moves in synchrony with the lung movement.
• C-profile (consolidation): defined as the presence of a subpleural
echo-poor region with tissue-like echo texture whose dimensions
remained unchanged throughout the respiratory cycle and sometimes
contains hyperechoic punctiform images which represent air
bronchogram
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48. INTRODUCTION
•Liver cirrhosis is the pathologic outcome of many
chronic liver diseases, in which repeated injury to the
liver results in fibrosis, scarring, and ultimately
functional impairment
•The classic defining histological evaluation of
cirrhosis will reveal diffuse regenerative nodules
surrounded by dense fibrosis, with parenchymal
distortion and collapse causing disruption in hepatic
vascular structures
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49. INTRODUCTION 2
• Imaging and image-guided procedures have a role in prevention,
screening, diagnosis, and management of cirrhosis .
• Currently, radiological imaging and serum markers have become
more favorable options in diagnosis, staging, and grading of chronic
liver diseases
• The gold standard for diagnosis of cirrhosis has traditionally been a
liver biopsy
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50. INTRODUCTION 3
• Most physicians rely on imaging and clues of impaired
hepatic function as the major basis for diagnosis of cirrhosis.
• One-year mortality ranging from 1%-57% depending on the
stage .
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53. Ultrasound
• Ultrasound Scan (USS) is commonly the first imaging
procedure performed during the evaluation of suspected
liver disease.
• The role of ultrasound in cirrhosis includes:
• Diagnosis of cirrhosis
• Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
• Diagnosis of portal hypertension.
• Identification of other complications like ascites
• Provide a guide during biopsy
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54. The normal liver
• Normal liver parenchyma has a homogenous echotexture
with marginally higher echogenicity compared to the
adjacent kidney .
• The outline is smooth and regular
• Normal hepatic vessels have smooth walls with anechoic
lumens and low resistance waveforms; normal portal veins
have thin echogenic walls and monophasic waveforms;
• And normal hepatic veins lack discernible walls and have a
triphasic waveform
3/30/2023 RABIU ABBAS 54
55. Imaging Features
US features
• Small liver, increased echogenicity, coarse, heterogeneous
• Nodular surface
• Blunt
• Regenerating nodules: hypoechoic
• Simple cysts and hemangiomas are rare in cirrhotic livers
• Unequal distribution of cirrhosis in different segments (sparing type)
• Evidence of portal hypertension.
• Splenomegaly
• Ascites
56. FINDINGS CONT.
• Surface nodularity has been shown to be the most common ultrasound
feature in cirrhosis.
• The alternating areas of necrosis and regenerative nodules result in
areas of parenchymal collapse and bulging.
• The ability to additionally evaluate for other signs and complications
of cirrhosis, such as dilated portal vein/portosystemic collaterals,
splenomegaly and ascites indicating portal hypertension, makes
ultrasound an even stronger method for evaluation .
3/30/2023 RABIU ABBAS 56
57. DOPPLER USS
• Colour Doppler can show portal vein flow, flow reversal, and
collateral flow, which help evaluate for portal hypertension.
• Enlarged, tortuous hepatic arteries (corkscrew appearance)
suggesting increased flow velocity
• There may also be stasis in the hepatic veins as in the case of
thrombosis.
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58. THEN…………
• As cirrhosis progresses:
• the normal triphasic waveform of the hepatic veins become biphasic
and even monophasic because of diminished vascular compliance
secondary to fibrosis .
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64. CONTRAST USS
• Contrast-enhanced ultrasound may have a role in the
diagnosis of cirrhosis.
• Diminished mean hepatic venous transit time is similar to
that of perfusion CT
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65. SONO- ELASTOGRAPHY
• Useful to assess the amount of fibrosis.
• Suggested values for diagnosis are:
• >7 kPa: advanced fibrosis
• 12.5-15 kPa: cirrhosis
There are three techniques available:
• Transient Elastography (Fibroscan)
• Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography (ARFI),
• Shear Wave elastography (SWE)
3/30/2023 RABIU ABBAS 65
66. FIBROSCAN
• For moderate fibrosis (fibrosis stages 1 and 2), the technique of choice
is Fibroscan as it produces significantly better results than ARFI
elastography
• Limitations of include:
• missed diagnoses (2-11%)
• operator-dependent
• difficult measurement in obese patients and ascitic patients and the
small volume of liver parenchyma
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69. CONCLUSION
• Cirrhosis is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality that
requires accurate and early detection for optimal treatment and
management.
• Ultrasound is commonly the first step in radiological
examination in patients suspected of having liver disease.
• The ultrasound findings in conjunction with using color
Doppler to assess for flow velocities allows for better detection
of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
• However, nonspecific findings should be further evaluated by
CT, MRI, or biopsy depending on the clinical context.
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