Dentist patient relationship
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The document discusses key aspects of the dentist-patient relationship including competency, accountability, difficult patients, abiding by professional ethics, and legal status under Islamic concepts. It notes that the relationship fits the model of an ijarah (employment contract) with conditions around services, consideration, and dispute resolution. The document also addresses charging patients, confidentiality, telling the truth to patients, experimentation, and balancing risks and benefits.
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Vitamins are organic compounds that are required by the body in small amounts to perform cellular functions like growth and reproduction. They are categorized as either water soluble or fat soluble. Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin that is essential for vision, growth, reproduction, and maintenance of epithelial tissues. It exists in preformed and provitamin A forms found in both animal and plant products. Vitamin A plays important roles in visual cycle, growth, differentiation of cells, reproduction, acne/psoriasis, and prevention of chronic diseases. Deficiency can cause night blindness while toxicity from excess intake can harm a developing fetus.
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Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen and forms part of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Sources of iron include liver, red meat, lentils, beans, green leafy vegetables, and raisins. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Factors that increase absorption include low body iron stores and conditions with increased red blood cell production.
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Sodium is the major extracellular cation in the body. It plays important roles in fluid balance, acid-base balance, glucose and amino acid absorption, and cell permeability. The total body sodium content is 4000 meq, with 50% in bones, 40% in extracellular fluid, and 10% in soft tissues. The daily sodium requirement is 5-10 g, though hypertensive patients should aim for 1 g. Common sodium sources include table salt, bread, vegetables, and dairy. Sodium levels are regulated by the kidneys, which filter and reabsorb most of the sodium from the glomerulus under control of aldosterone. Deviations from the normal serum sodium range of 135-145 meq/L can
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Inorganic constituents like macrominerals and microminerals make up 4-5% of body weight. Macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, chloride, sodium, and magnesium, which are essential at levels over 100mg per day. Microminerals in trace amounts include fluorine, vanadium, zinc, tin, copper, selenium, iodine, manganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. Calcium is the most abundant macromineral and is crucial for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve transmission.
Microminerals
There are 2-4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body, with the highest concentrations found in the prostate, parts of the eye, and semen. Zinc is required for over 20 metalloenzymes and is essential for processes like taste sensation, insulin secretion, wound healing, and male reproduction through its role in spermatogenesis. Zinc deficiency can cause issues like growth retardation and impaired wound healing or spermatogenesis, while toxicity can also occur.
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Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body, with 1kg total. 80% is found in bones and teeth, forming calcium phosphate. It plays important roles in producing ATP and other high-energy compounds, synthesizing DNA, RNA, proteins, and phospholipids, and regulating pH balance. Dietary sources include milk, cereals, vegetables, meat, and eggs. Phosphate is absorbed with help from vitamin D and acidic conditions, and excreted through reciprocal regulation with calcium levels by parathyroid hormone.
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