Dental management of disease of liver & kidney
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This PPt concisely covers dental aspects of diseases of liver & kidney and their management for undergraduate students.
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Management of patient with hepatic disorder in dental office (hepatitis, alco...
The document provides information on managing dental patients with hepatic disorders such as hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. It discusses the various types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E), their causes, symptoms, and medical management. For dental management, it emphasizes identifying potential hepatitis carriers, minimizing aerosols for infected patients, using isolation techniques, and consulting physicians on medication and bleeding risks. The liver's role in metabolism requires special consideration of drugs and procedures for patients with hepatic impairment.
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Rules of using dental forceps & elevator
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Comparative study of removable & fixed orthodontic appliance
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Horizontal jaw relation
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Management of patient with hepatic disorder in dental office (hepatitis, alco...
The document provides information on managing dental patients with hepatic disorders such as hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. It discusses the various types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E), their causes, symptoms, and medical management. For dental management, it emphasizes identifying potential hepatitis carriers, minimizing aerosols for infected patients, using isolation techniques, and consulting physicians on medication and bleeding risks. The liver's role in metabolism requires special consideration of drugs and procedures for patients with hepatic impairment.
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This document provides information on principles of dental exodontia (tooth extraction) including:
- Types and parts of dental forceps and elevators used for tooth extraction
- Techniques for intra-alveolar extraction using forceps including proper grip, positioning, and extraction movements
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The document discusses removable and fixed orthodontic appliances. Removable appliances can tip teeth but cannot perform complex movements like fixed appliances. Removable appliances are easier to construct and manage, require less chair time, and allow for oral hygiene. However, they rely more on patient compliance and cannot move teeth as precisely as fixed appliances. While removable appliances can address mild to moderate malocclusions, fixed appliances offer better control and are needed for more complicated cases.
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1. Horizontal jaw relation refers to the relationship of the mandible to the maxilla in the anteroposterior plane. There are two types: centric relation and eccentric relation.
2. Centric relation is the maxillomandibular relationship where the condyles are positioned in the anterior-superior position against the articular eminences, independent of tooth contact. It is the starting point for developing occlusion.
3. There are several methods to record centric relation including physiological, functional, graphic, and radiographic methods. The physiological method uses proprioception while the functional method utilizes mandibular movements.
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This document discusses the management of dental patients with liver disease. Key points include:
- Liver disease can impact drug metabolism and hemostasis, increasing risk of infection, bleeding, and toxicity.
- Dental treatment requires careful examination and coordination with physicians to understand liver function and risks.
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1) The document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth due to periodontal disease. It defines furcation defects and provides terminology to describe root anatomy involved in furcation defects.
2) Classification systems for furcation defects from Hamp and Glickman are presented, ranging from initial horizontal bone loss to complete bone loss exposing the furcation.
3) Diagnosis and treatment options for different degrees of furcation involvement are outlined, including furcation plasty, tunnel preparation, root separation/resection, guided tissue regeneration, and extraction.
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This presentation covers the most basic techniques of root canal shaping.
provides the reader with a concise overview of the big picture.
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Oroantral communication is an unnatural connection between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. It is commonly caused by tooth extraction in the upper molar or premolar region. If the opening is less than 2mm, it may close on its own with clot formation and sinus precautions. Larger openings require surgical closure using local soft tissue flaps like buccal or palatal flaps. An oroantral fistula occurs when the opening fails to close spontaneously and becomes epithelialized. Chronic fistulas require more extensive treatment like flap procedures and sometimes bone grafting to achieve closure.
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This document discusses common errors that can occur during root canal treatment and their prevention and management. Some key points include:
1) Missed canals are the most common error, which can be prevented by adequate access preparation, expecting extra canals, using magnification, and taking angled radiographs.
2) Perforations are also common and can be iatrogenic or pathological. Management includes regaining access, controlling hemorrhage, and sealing the perforation with materials like GIC or MTA.
3) Instrument separation is another error that can occur from overuse or excess pressure. Management depends on factors like retrieving or bypassing the separated instrument.
4) Sodium hypochlor
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This document discusses the management of medically compromised patients for dental treatment. It covers several topics:
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2. Classifying patients based on their physical condition according to the ASA, and determining appropriate treatment settings based on a patient's classification.
3. Stress reduction protocols to minimize stress during dental appointments.
4. Guidelines for treating patients with specific cardiovascular and hematologic conditions, including angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, leukemia, and hemophilia. Considerations include consultation, medication adjustments, stress reduction, local anesthesia modifications,
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• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
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Transalveolar extraction
This document discusses transalveolar extraction, also known as surgical extraction. It involves reflecting a muco-periosteal flap, cutting bone if needed, sectioning tooth roots, and removing the tooth. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages, and steps of the procedure including incisions, bone removal, tooth elevation, debridement, suturing, and post-operative instructions. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications are also listed.
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Management of patient with liver disease having dental
This document discusses the management of dental patients with liver disease. Key points include:
- Liver disease can impact drug metabolism and hemostasis, increasing risk of infection, bleeding, and toxicity.
- Dental treatment requires careful examination and coordination with physicians to understand liver function and risks.
- Procedures should minimize trauma and use hemostatic agents if needed. Antibiotics may be prescribed but certain drugs must be avoided or dosed carefully due to liver metabolism and side effects.
"GINGIVAL-ENLARGEMENT"
Gingival enlargement, also known as gingival overgrowth, has several potential causes including inflammatory, drug-induced, and systemic conditions. It is classified based on etiology and pathology. Inflammatory enlargement is caused by prolonged bacterial plaque exposure and poor oral hygiene. Drug-induced enlargement can be caused by medications like anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers. Systemic conditions like pregnancy, leukemia, and granulomatous diseases can also cause gingival enlargement. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include nonsurgical approaches like improved plaque control or surgical procedures like gingivectomy.
Complications of exodontia
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after tooth extraction surgery. It describes various operative complications related to the tooth, bone, and soft tissues that can happen intraoperatively like tooth fracture, nerve injury, or hemorrhage. Postoperative complications discussed include pain, swelling, dry socket, and osteomyelitis. Throughout the document, each complication is defined, causes are outlined, and management approaches are provided to help prevent or treat issues if they arise from exodontia procedures.
Treatment plan
This document outlines a treatment plan for periodontal disease. It includes 5 phases: emergency, etiotropic (non-surgical), surgical, restorative, and maintenance. The etiotropic phase involves nonsurgical therapies like scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene instruction. The surgical phase uses various periodontal surgeries to further treat pockets and furcations. The restorative phase focuses on final restorations. Lastly, the maintenance phase provides periodic recall visits to monitor the patient's condition. The overall goal is to resolve inflammation and reduce pocket depths through a coordinated approach involving multiple dental specialists.
Iatrogenic Perforation- A guide to fixing the hole in your patient's tooth
An overview of the possible types of perforation that may occur during endodontic treatment with their management. This slide presentation covers multiple management possibilities of said perforation proposed by various clinicians from around the world which can aid the readers in their treatment plan for the repair of a tooth perforation
IMPACTION IN ORAL SURGERY
This document provides information about impaction of teeth. It begins with definitions of terms like impacted tooth and discusses various theories of impaction such as orthodontic theory and phylogenic theory. It then covers the causes, order of frequency, and complications of impacted teeth. The document outlines indications and contraindications for removal of impacted teeth and classifications of impaction. Surgical procedures for removal are also summarized, including incisions, osteotomy techniques, tooth sectioning, and closure methods.
Instruments used for tooth preparation
This document discusses the various instruments used for tooth preparation for dental crowns and restorations. It outlines 12 different instruments including flat end and round end tapered diamonds, torpedo diamonds and burs, short and long needle burs, small wheel diamonds, radial fissure burs, and flame diamond burs. For each instrument, it provides the specific uses in tooth preparation for different types of dental crowns like PFM, cast metal, and full porcelain crowns. The objectives are to use the correct instruments for each tooth preparation step to obtain the best results and prosthesis for the patient.
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This document discusses gingival inflammation and gingivitis. It begins by defining inflammation and describing the cardinal signs. It then outlines the stages of gingivitis from initial to established to advanced/periodontitis. Microorganisms attached to teeth secrete enzymes that damage tissues and widen junctional epithelium, allowing bacterial products to access connective tissue and activate immune cells. Studies showed that not practicing oral hygiene led to plaque buildup and gingivitis within 10-21 days. Gingivitis is characterized by redness, swelling, bleeding and is prevalent worldwide. The document discusses features, course, distribution and systemic influences of gingival inflammation.
030.furcation involvement and its therapy
1) The document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth due to periodontal disease. It defines furcation defects and provides terminology to describe root anatomy involved in furcation defects.
2) Classification systems for furcation defects from Hamp and Glickman are presented, ranging from initial horizontal bone loss to complete bone loss exposing the furcation.
3) Diagnosis and treatment options for different degrees of furcation involvement are outlined, including furcation plasty, tunnel preparation, root separation/resection, guided tissue regeneration, and extraction.
Biomechanical Preparation
The second phase of a root canal treatment.
This presentation covers the most basic techniques of root canal shaping.
provides the reader with a concise overview of the big picture.
Oroantral communication and oroantral fistula
Oroantral communication is an unnatural connection between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. It is commonly caused by tooth extraction in the upper molar or premolar region. If the opening is less than 2mm, it may close on its own with clot formation and sinus precautions. Larger openings require surgical closure using local soft tissue flaps like buccal or palatal flaps. An oroantral fistula occurs when the opening fails to close spontaneously and becomes epithelialized. Chronic fistulas require more extensive treatment like flap procedures and sometimes bone grafting to achieve closure.
Endodontic Errors
This document discusses common errors that can occur during root canal treatment and their prevention and management. Some key points include:
1) Missed canals are the most common error, which can be prevented by adequate access preparation, expecting extra canals, using magnification, and taking angled radiographs.
2) Perforations are also common and can be iatrogenic or pathological. Management includes regaining access, controlling hemorrhage, and sealing the perforation with materials like GIC or MTA.
3) Instrument separation is another error that can occur from overuse or excess pressure. Management depends on factors like retrieving or bypassing the separated instrument.
4) Sodium hypochlor
Mucogingival surgery in periodontics
mucogingival surgery or plastic surgery of muco-gingival tissue is a surgical procedure targeted to correct and eliminate anatomic, developmental and traumatic alterations of gingiva.
Management of medically compromised patients
This document discusses the management of medically compromised patients for dental treatment. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of recognizing a patient's existing medical conditions and adequately preparing for treatment, including premedication, prophylaxis, and adjustments.
2. Classifying patients based on their physical condition according to the ASA, and determining appropriate treatment settings based on a patient's classification.
3. Stress reduction protocols to minimize stress during dental appointments.
4. Guidelines for treating patients with specific cardiovascular and hematologic conditions, including angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, leukemia, and hemophilia. Considerations include consultation, medication adjustments, stress reduction, local anesthesia modifications,
Avulsion
Dental avulsion occurs when a tooth is completely displaced from its socket due to trauma. Management involves immediate replantation at the site of injury if possible, otherwise storing the tooth in transport media like Hank's balanced salt solution. In the dental office, replanted teeth require splinting for 1-8 weeks depending on factors like root development and mobility. Endodontic treatment may be needed within 10-14 days depending on the extraoral dry time and root development to reduce risks of resorption and ankylosis. Long term follow up is needed to monitor complications.
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border moulding is done after special tray procedure. notes on border moulding is presented in this slide
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Dry socket
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
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space infection
This document discusses various spaces in the mandible that can become infected from dental infections, including the submental, sublingual, submandibular, masseteric, pterygomandibular, and temporal spaces. It describes the anatomy and boundaries of each space, potential causes of infection, clinical signs and symptoms, and surgical approaches for incision and drainage. Infections can spread between spaces if not properly treated.
Transalveolar extraction
This document discusses transalveolar extraction, also known as surgical extraction. It involves reflecting a muco-periosteal flap, cutting bone if needed, sectioning tooth roots, and removing the tooth. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages, and steps of the procedure including incisions, bone removal, tooth elevation, debridement, suturing, and post-operative instructions. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications are also listed.
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Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis.
The role that a dentist can play in prevention of hepatitis is by considering each and every patient as a potential carrier of hepatitis. Proper infection control and sterilization protocols should be followed in order to reduce the risk of infection. Dental surgeons are at a greater risk of exposure than the other specialists in the medical fields because of their exposure to aerosols during ultrasonic scaling. So, they should lay special emphasis on prevention and protection against hepatitis.
Merely celebrating World Hepatitis Day on 28 July is not sufficient for increasing awareness in the community. It is an opportunity for the people and health policy makers globally for more knowledge sharing and finding better approaches for control of HBV and HCV infections in their communities. The role of media in collaboration with gastroenterologists, hepatologists, general and dental surgeons, and infectious centers for generation of massive public informative and educational materials is very critical.
The following are the guidelines for treating hepatitis patients
No dental treatment other than urgent care should be rendered for a patient with acute viral hepatitis[2]
Hepatitis B is of primary concern to the dentist. Individuals still carry the virus up to 3 months after the symptoms have disappeared, so any patient with a recent history of hepatitis B should be treated for dental emergency problems only[6]
For patient with a past history of hepatitis, consult the physician to determine the type of hepatitis, course and length of the disease, mode of transmission, and any chronic liver disease or viral carrier state
For recovered HAV or HEV, perform routine periodontal care
For recovered HBV and HDV, consult with the physician and order HBsAg and HBs laboratory tests.
If HBsAg and anti-HBs tests are negative but HBV is suspected, order another HBs determination
Patients who are HBsAg positive are probably infective (chronic carriers); the degree of infectivity is measured by an HBsAg determination
Patients who are anti-HBs positive may be treated routinely
Patients who are HBsAg negative may be treated routinely..
Work practice controls are an important adjunct for preventing blood exposures. They are as follows:[23]
Using a one-handed scoop technique, a mechanical device designed for holding the needle cap to facilitate one-handed recapping, or an engineered sharp injury protection device (e.g., needles with re-sheathing mechanisms) for recapping needles between uses and before disposal
Not bending or breaking needles before disposal
Avoid passing a syringe with an unsheathed needle.
Liver disease
This document discusses hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. It defines hepatitis as inflammation of the liver that can result from drugs, poisons, or infections. The main causes of hepatitis are viral strains A-E and G, bacteria, alcohol, drugs, and autoimmune disorders. Chronic liver disease includes chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis occurs when liver tissue is damaged and replaced by scar tissue, which can lead to life-threatening complications like bleeding and organ failure. The document provides details on each type of viral hepatitis and guidelines for safely treating dental patients with liver disease or hepatitis to prevent further infection.
Topic presentation on Hepatitis B & C
Chronic hepatitis B and C are inflammatory conditions of the liver that persist for at least 6 months. Hepatitis B and C viruses are the most common causes. Chronic hepatitis B can progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer over many years if left untreated. Treatment aims to suppress viral replication and reduce liver inflammation. For hepatitis C, the goal is to eradicate the virus using direct-acting antiviral drugs, which now cure over 99% of patients. Both conditions require long-term management to prevent progressive liver disease.
35. hepatitis
The document discusses hepatitis A-G viruses and viral hepatitis. It provides details on the transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of hepatitis A and B viruses. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, has an average incubation period of 30 days, and causes an acute infection with no chronic sequelae. Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through blood, sexual contact and perinatal transmission. It may cause either an acute infection or develop into a chronic infection associated with long-term liver problems. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose both viruses and vaccines are available to prevent infection.
hEPATITIS, hiv, cOVID 19, h1N1.pptx
This document discusses several viruses including hepatitis, HIV, COVID-19, and H1N1. It provides information on the structure, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of each virus. Precautions for dental professionals are discussed, including protective equipment, sharp disposal, sterilization of instruments, and handling potential exposures. The document aims to educate on viral infections that are important for dental care providers to understand for infection control.
Hiv Hcv Coinfected Patient
- The document discusses dental management considerations for patients infected with HIV and/or HCV, including common oral manifestations such as candidiasis, periodontal diseases, and viral diseases.
- Treatment planning requires assessing a patient's medical history, disease progression, ability to withstand treatment, and risk of bleeding or infection based on lab results.
- Invasive dental procedures for patients with HIV/HCV may require modifications like antibiotic pre-medication, and extra precautions are needed for those with advanced liver disease or bleeding problems.
Hepatitis B and C - Approach and Management : Updates 2018
This document discusses recent advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. It covers the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection including HBV genotypes, phases of chronic HBV infection, evaluation of HBsAg-positive patients, molecular diagnosis of HBV, screening for hepatocellular carcinoma, antiviral treatment options, and guidelines for treatment. It also discusses hepatitis C virus infection including acute and chronic hepatitis C, HCV genotypes and structures, evaluation of patients, and treatment recommendations.
35. HEPATITIS........pptx
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viral infections. There are five main types of hepatitis viruses - A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are usually transmitted through contaminated food or water while hepatitis B, C and D can be transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. Symptoms range from mild illness to liver failure or cancer. Treatment depends on the type of hepatitis and may include vaccines, antiviral medication, interferon therapy or lifestyle modifications.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF HEPATITIS B ppt.pptx
Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Clinical manifestations include nausea, vomiting, fatigue and jaundice. While supportive care is provided for acute cases, chronic hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral drugs. Vaccination is highly effective in preventing HBV infection. Proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and following universal precautions are important for preventing the spread of hepatitis B.
Hepatitis b recommendations for health care professionals
This document provides guidelines for health care professionals regarding hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis B and discusses its prevalence among health care workers. It outlines the risk of transmission from infected health care professionals to patients during medical procedures. It recommends hepatitis B vaccination for all susceptible health care personnel and strict adherence to infection control practices to prevent transmission. Guidelines are provided for managing infected health care professionals, including screening, vaccination, monitoring viral load, and scope of practice restrictions based on procedure risk categories. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B are also summarized.
Current managent of hepatitis B - Session 1
This is the first of 3 sessions in the module covering a comprehensive overview of the management of hepatitis B virus infection. It discusses the introduction, presentation, symptoms and signs, as well as management of acute hepatitis B.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Virus is an obligatory intracellular parasite made up of protein and RNA/DNA that replicates solely within host cells. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small enveloped RNA virus that causes both acute and chronic hepatitis. It is classified into 11 genotypes and infects approximately 170 million people worldwide, with 50-80% developing chronic infection. HCV is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, with the most common routes being contaminated needles and transfusions. While 80% of infections are asymptomatic, acute symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, and jaundice. HCV is diagnosed through antibody screening and molecular tests like PCR. Treatment aims to halt disease progression and includes antiviral drugs like interferon, ribavirin, and direct
Inflammation of liver by ketan thummar
The document discusses hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, toxins, or chemicals. It describes the different types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, F, G), their causes, risk factors, transmission routes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and nursing management. The most common types are hepatitis A, B, and C viruses. Nursing care involves rest, maintaining nutrition/hydration, administering medications to reduce symptoms, preventing infections/reinfections, and providing client education.
Approach to newly detected hep b
This document discusses the history, virology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection over several pages. It notes that HBV was discovered in 1965 and its virus particle identified in 1970. HBV is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids and can be prevented through vaccination. Diagnosis involves testing for various hepatitis B antigens and antibodies. Treatment goals are to prevent disease progression and complications through suppression of HBV replication. First-line treatments include interferons and nucleoside analogues administered for at least 12 months after HBeAg seroconversion or lifelong in cirrhosis.
Viraj Dis 2.pdf
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viral infections. The document discusses hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in detail over multiple pages. It provides definitions of hepatitis viruses, their modes of transmission, clinical features, pathogenesis and immunity, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For HAV, it is defined as a picornavirus transmitted via the fecal-oral route. For HBV, it is defined as a hepadnavirus transmitted via blood, sexual contact or mother-to-child and can become a chronic infection. Laboratory tests and vaccines are available to diagnose and prevent infections from both viruses.
Hepatitis B in Dialysis and Transplantation
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation. Some key points:
1) HBV infection is a concern for dialysis and transplant patients due to their immunosuppressed state, which increases susceptibility to infection and can cause HBV to take a more severe clinical course.
2) While HBV infection may seem relatively mild in dialysis patients, it poses significant risks if they undergo kidney transplantation, as HBV can reactivate or cause life-threatening complications after transplant.
3) Preventing HBV transmission in dialysis units is important through measures like vaccination, protective equipment, and regular screening. Prophylactic treatment is recommended for infected patients considering transplant
Lab diagnosis of hepatitis
This document summarizes the laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B. It discusses the assessment and staging of chronic HBV infection through serological markers, viral load measurement, and liver disease severity evaluation. Rapid diagnostic tests, ELISA/EIA, CLIA, and nucleic acid testing are described for diagnosing HBV. Treatment options including tenofovir and entecavir are outlined. Monitoring during and after treatment includes assessing disease progression, side effects, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission through vaccination and special considerations for pregnancy and other comorbidities are also covered.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B AND C
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
Viral hepatitis
This document discusses viral hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and damage from hepatitis viruses A-E. It provides details on the epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, diagnosis, treatment and drugs used for each viral hepatitis type. Globally over 2 billion people are infected with hepatitis viruses resulting in over 1 million deaths annually. In India, chronic hepatitis B and C infections account for 40-50% and 12-32% of liver cancer cases, respectively. Treatment involves vaccination, antiviral drugs like interferons, immunoglobulins and symptomatic care depending on the viral type and disease stage.
NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR VIRAL HEPATITIS.pptx
This document summarizes hepatitis viruses that commonly cause liver disease in India. It discusses the prevalence and complications of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. It then outlines the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program, which aims to combat hepatitis and achieve elimination of hepatitis C by 2030 through increasing awareness, screening, treatment protocols, and strengthening infrastructure. Key aspects of the program include prevention, diagnosis and treatment, monitoring, training, and delivery of services through national, state, and district level management units.
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Hepatitis B and C - Approach and Management : Updates 2018
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Dental management of disease of liver & kidney
- 2. DISEASE OF LIVER & KIDNEY Dr Tahmasub Faraz Tayyab BDS, FCPS (OMFS)
- 4. VIRAL HEPATITIS Hepatitis A 28-nm RNA virus Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral Diagnostic marker: Anti-HAV Treatment: Immunoglobulin Once treated, patient develops life time immunity
- 5. DISEASES OF LIVER Hepatitis B 42-nm DNA virus Mode Of Transmission: parenteral and sexual contact Diagnostic Markers: • Anti –HBc: (acute) • HBsAg: (Acute/Chronic/Infectious) • HBeAg: Infectious • Anti-HBs: (Recovery/Immunity) • Anti-HBcIg: Ongoing or past infection • Treatment: Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin
- 6. DISEASES OF LIVER Hepatitis C 38-50-nm RNA virus Mode of transmission: Parentera Diagnostic marker: Anti-HCV, HCV RNA (PCR)
- 7. DISEASES OF LIVER Hepatitis D Occurs only in patients with pre-exisiting HBV May cause fulminate liver failure Mode of Transmission: Through needles in drug abusers
- 8. DISEASES OF LIVER Hepatitis E 32-nm RNA virus Mode of transmission: Fecal-oral Diagnostic Marker: Anti-HEV No Treatment is currently used
- 12. CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE Patient PT, APTT, INR and bleeding time should be monitered Most Commonly drugs that are metabolized in liver • Local anesthetic: Articaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine • Analgesics: Aspirin, acetaminophen, codeine, meperidine. • Sedatives: Diazepam, midazolam • Antibiotics: Ampicillin, pencillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline.
- 13. RENAL DISEASES Glomarulonephritis (nephritic syndrome) Nephrotic syndrome Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure Renal Vascular diseases Hypertension Heamolytic uraemic syndrome Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Renal tubular diseases Renal tubular acidosis fanconi syndrome cystonosis Inherited kidney diseases Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease Medullay cystic disease Alport’s syndrome Hyperoxaluria
- 15. RENAL DISEASES Renal failure Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure
- 22. 1
- 23. PATIENTS RECEIVING HAEMODIALYSIS Consult patient physician. Review patient record. Avoid drugs that depend on renal metabolism or excretion. Do not use AV-shunt. Avoid use of nephrotoxic drugs. Defer dental care until day after dialysis. Consider antibiotic prophylaxis. Look for signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Screening for hep. B, C, HIV. Take necessary precaution if unable to screen.
- 24. PATIENTS WITH ORGAN TRANSPLANT Defer treatment until patient primary care physician or transplant surgeon clears the patient for dental care. Review patient record. Avoid use of nephro/ hepatotoxic drugs. Consider use of supplemental corticosteroids. Screening of hep. B,C. and HIV. Take necessary precautions if unable to screen. Watch for presence of cyclosporine induced gingival hyperplasia. Emphasize importance of oral hygiene. Consider use of prophylactic antibiotics.
- 25. CROSS INFECTION PROTOCOL From infected patient to other patient Use disposable materials. Disinfect surfaces A-halogen compounds 1. iodophor 2. hypochlorite(bleach) B-aldehydes 1. formaldehyde 2. glutraldehyde Sterilize reuseable instrument A- with heat B- with ethylene oxide gas
- 26. CROSS INFECTION PROTOCOL From infected patient to dental staff Learn to recognize individual likely to be carriers Use barrier techniques e.g. gloves, face mask , eye protection, aprons. During surgery , when handling contaminated objects and during clean up. Promptly dispose off sharp objects into well labeled protective containers. Dispose of needles immediately after use or resheathe in use instruments. Use an instrument to place a scalpal blade on or take one off a blade handle. Ensure hep B vaccination of dental staff.