HEPATITIS IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, CAUSED BY VIRUSES, TOXINS, OR CHEMICALS (INCLUDING DRUGS).
1.
VIRAL HEPATITIS
2.
TOXIC HEPATITIS
3.
CHRONIC HEPATITIS
4.
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
Dr Paba Palihawadana, Chief Epidemiologist, World Hepatitis Day symposium was organized by the Sri Lanka College of Venereologists on world hepatitis day on 28. July 2015 at BMICH
HEPATITIS IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, CAUSED BY VIRUSES, TOXINS, OR CHEMICALS (INCLUDING DRUGS).
1.
VIRAL HEPATITIS
2.
TOXIC HEPATITIS
3.
CHRONIC HEPATITIS
4.
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
Dr Paba Palihawadana, Chief Epidemiologist, World Hepatitis Day symposium was organized by the Sri Lanka College of Venereologists on world hepatitis day on 28. July 2015 at BMICH
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Viral hepatitis, All types of Hepatitis virus RahulDoke4
Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver cells and damage to the liver. There are different types and causes, but the symptoms can be similar.
The liver's functions include detoxifying the blood, storing vitamins, and producing hormones. Hepatitis can disrupt these processes and create severe health problems throughout the body.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
( Lewis )
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver most commonly caused
by a viral infection.
(WHO)
Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of
the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells
in the tissue of the organ.
(medical dictionary)
4. 10 million cases occur worldwide.
It is nearly universal during childhood in developing
countries.
India is a hyper endemic for hepatitis A virus infection.
Nearly 400 million people are infected with the HBV .
170 million people are infected with HCV infection.
5. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
6. HEPATITIS A
Incubation period : 15-50 days
Mode of transmission :fecal-oral
Sources of infection : crowded conditions, poor personal
hygeine,poor sanitation, contaminated food, milk and water,
persons with subclinical infections, infected food handlers,
sexual contact.
Infectivity : during 2 wk before onset of symptoms.
7. HEPATITIS B
Incubation period : 45-180 days
Mode of transmission :Percutaneous/ per mucosal
exposure to blood/blood products/sexual contact
Sources of infection & spread of disease : contaminated
needles, syringes and blood products sexual activity with
infected partners ,asymptomatic carriers, tattoo/body
piercing
Infectivity :before and after symptoms appear infectious
for 4-6 month in carriers continues for patient’s lifetime.
8. HEPTATITIS C
Incubation period: 14-180 days
Mode of transmission: percutaneous /mucosal exposure to
blood /blood products.
Source of infection and spread of disease : blood and blood
products, needles and syringes ,sexual activity with infected
partners
Infectivity : 1-2 wk before symptoms appear continues during
clinical course.
9. HEPATITIS D
Incubation period :2-26 wk HBV must precede HDV
chronic carriers of HBV are always at risk.
Mode of transmission :can cause infection only when
HBV is present routes of transmission same as for HBV.
Sources of infection & spread of disease : contaminated
needles, syringes and blood products sexual activity with
infected partners ,asymptomatic carriers, tattoo/body
piercing
Infectivity :blood is infectious at all stages of HDV
10. HEPTATITIS E
Incubation period : 15-64 days
Mode of transmission : fecal-oral ,outbreaks associated with
contaminated water supply .
Sources of infection :contaminated water ,poor sanitation.
Infectivity : not known similar to HAV
11.
12. Liver damages.
Hepatic cell necrosis.
Inflammation of periorbital areas may interrupt bile flow.
Proliferation and enlargement of the kupffer cells.
Cytotoxic, cytokines ad natural killer cells that causes lysis of infected
hepatocytes.
Inflammation of liver tissues.
Due to various types of virus infections
13. ACUTE
Anorexia
Nausea ,vomiting
Right upper quadrant discomfort
Constipation or diarrhea
Decreased sense of taste and smell
Malaise
Headache
Fever
arthralgia
Right upper quadrant
Arthralgia
14. Urticaria
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Weight loss
Jaundice
Pruritus
Dark urine
Bilirubinuria
Light stools
Fatigue
Continued hepatomegaly
Weight loss
20.
virus Tests Significance
A Anti HAV IgM
Anti HAV IgG
Acute infection
Previous infection and long
term immunity
B HBsAg (hepatitis B
surface antigen)
Anti- HBs (antibody to
surface antigen)
HBeAg
Anti- Hbe
HBcAg
Anti- HBc IgM
Current infection.
Positive in chronic carriers.
Previous infection and long
term immunity
High infectivity
Previous infection
Ongoing infection
Previous infection
21. virus Tests significance
C Anti-HBc IgG
Anti-HCV
Enzyme immuno assay
Recombinant immunoblot
assay
HCV RNA
HCV genotyping
Genotype of HBV
Acute or chronic infection
Used in initial screening of for
HCV
More sensitive antibody tests.
Indicates ongoing viral
replication
Genotype of HCV
D Anti- HDV
HDV Ag
Past or current infection
Present within few days of
infection.
22. Increased values of AST,ALT,GGT,Alkaline
phosphatase,s.bilirubin,urinary bilirubin,prothrombin time, gamma
proteins levels.
Decreased albumin level
Sonograms to know the degree of liver scarring
biopsy of liver tissue to know the degree of inflammation ,fibrosis
and cirrhosis.
23.
24. COLLABORATIVE THERAPY
Acute and chronic
High calorie ,high protein ,high carbohydrate
Low fat diet vitamin supplements
Rest degree of strictness varies
Avoid alcohol intake and drugs detoxified by the liver
Drug therapy
Antiemetics ( dimenhydrinate or trimethobenzamide )
Sedatives (diphenhydramine or chloral hydrate)
25. High carbohydrate , high protein , high carbohydrate
and low fat diet with vitamin supplement.
27. HEPATITIS A
Hepatitis vaccine and immune globulin
E.g.:-Havrix, vaqta, Avaxim
HEPATITIS B
HBV vaccine
Eg:_recombivax HB , Engerix -B
Dosage : three IM injections in the deltoid muscle
The 2nd dose administered within the 1st one month and next
within 6 months of the first.
HEPATITIS C
No vaccine ,only interferon monotherapy after confirmation
28. Hepatitis A Hepatitis B and C
Active immunization
- HAV vaccine anyone over 2yrs
of age.
Early administration (1-2 wk
after exposure) to those exposed.
Prophylaxis for travellers
Use of condoms
Hand washing
Avoid sharing toothbrushes and
razors
HBIG administration for one time
exposure
Active immunization:HBV
vaccine
29. Hepatitis A Hepatitis B and C
Hand washing
Proper personal hygiene
Environmental sanitation
Control and screening of food
handlers
Serologic screening while
carrying virus
Check for percutaneous
transmission and sexual
transmission like :_
•Screening of donated blood
•B-HBs Ag
•C anti HCV
•Use of disposable needles and
syringes
30. Use disposable needles.
Avoid alcohol.
Avoid sharing razors.
Don’t share toothbrushes.
Hand washing.
Active immunization
31. No special diets
Vitamin supplements particularly B-complex vitamins and vitamin K
If nausea, vomiting severe iv solutions of glucose or supplemental tube
feedings may be used.
Fluid and electrolyte balance must be maintained.
32.
33. Assessment
Past health history-exposure to infected persons , hemophilia ,etc
Functional health patterns_ iv drug and alcohol abuse sexual
behaviour,weight loss,anorexia ,vomiting,dark urine ,light colored
stool,constipation and diarrhea
Fatigue,arthralgia,right upper quadrant pain and liver tenderness , etc.
Objective data
Low grade fever,lymphadenopathy,
Hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly , elevated blood levels.
34. Nurse should assess for the degree of jaundice.
Small frequent meals have to be given for anorexia .
Measures to stimulate appetite should be done.
Avoidance of hot and cold foods and carbonated beverages.
Rest for hepatocyte degeneration.
Psychological and emotional rest.
Strict follow up for one year.
35. Acute pain on the right upper quadrant related to inflammation of
liver as evidenced by pain score.
Fluid volume excess related to portal hypertension as evidenced by
weight gain
Imbalanced nutritional status less than body requirement related to
anorexia as evidenced by by lack of interest in food
Impaired skin integrity related to edema as evidenced by areas of skin
break down