The document discusses dental ceramics and provides information on their history, composition, classification, and applications. Key points include:
- Ceramics are inorganic compounds consisting of oxygen and metallic/semimetallic elements used to make dental prosthetics.
- Their composition typically includes feldspar, silica, kaolin, and alumina, with glass modifiers and opacifiers added.
- Ceramics can be classified based on firing method/temperature, type of material, and microstructure.
- Common ceramic systems include metal-ceramic and all-ceramic, with the former using a metal substructure and the latter being made entirely of ceramic.
all ceramic materials- Dr Rasleen SabharwalRas Sabharwal
This document provides an overview of all ceramic materials used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to dental ceramics and their advantages over other materials. The document then covers the history, composition, properties and classification of different ceramic materials. It describes various strengthening methods for ceramics including residual stresses, dispersion of crystalline phases, and thermal compatibility. The document outlines production techniques for conventional powder slurry ceramics, castable ceramics, machinable ceramics, infiltrated ceramics, and zirconia-based systems.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the history, structure, composition, properties, classification, and fabrication of dental ceramics. The key points are: Dental ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Common components include feldspar, silica, alumina, and color pigments. Ceramics are classified based on firing temperature, microstructure, and indications. Metal-ceramic systems involve a cast metal framework with ceramic layers bonded to it. The fabrication process involves building and firing layers of ceramic powder to form the final restoration.
The document provides information on ceramics used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to ceramics, discussing their history and composition. Ceramics are classified according to their sintering temperature and type. Methods for strengthening brittle ceramics include ion exchange, thermal tempering, and adding dispersion phases. Metal ceramic restorations and all-ceramic restorations are also summarized. Different types of ceramics used in dentistry are described briefly, including conventional powder ceramics, infiltrated ceramics, and castable ceramics.
The presentation deals with dental ceramics from a material aspect and discusses various types of metal - ceramic and all - ceramic systems available in dentistry with their advantages and drawbacks. It is well supported with illustrations..
The document provides information on gold casting alloys used for dental restorations. It discusses the general requirements for these alloys, including physical, chemical, mechanical and biological properties. It also covers terminology related to precious metal alloys and common commercial examples. Processing cycles and potential casting problems are described, such as distortion, surface irregularities and incomplete castings due to factors like investment expansion/contraction, gas inclusions and improper spruing. Copyright and usage information is provided.
Biodentine™ with Active Biosilicate Technology™ was announced by dental materials manufacturer
Septodont in September of 2010, and made available in January of 2011. According to the research and
development department of said manufacturer, “a new class of dental material which could conciliate high
mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, as well as bioactive behaviour” (Septodont
Biodentine™ scientific file, 2010) had been produced. According to the manufacturer, the material can be
used as a “dentine replacement material whenever original dentine is damaged
all ceramic materials- Dr Rasleen SabharwalRas Sabharwal
This document provides an overview of all ceramic materials used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to dental ceramics and their advantages over other materials. The document then covers the history, composition, properties and classification of different ceramic materials. It describes various strengthening methods for ceramics including residual stresses, dispersion of crystalline phases, and thermal compatibility. The document outlines production techniques for conventional powder slurry ceramics, castable ceramics, machinable ceramics, infiltrated ceramics, and zirconia-based systems.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the history, structure, composition, properties, classification, and fabrication of dental ceramics. The key points are: Dental ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Common components include feldspar, silica, alumina, and color pigments. Ceramics are classified based on firing temperature, microstructure, and indications. Metal-ceramic systems involve a cast metal framework with ceramic layers bonded to it. The fabrication process involves building and firing layers of ceramic powder to form the final restoration.
The document provides information on ceramics used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to ceramics, discussing their history and composition. Ceramics are classified according to their sintering temperature and type. Methods for strengthening brittle ceramics include ion exchange, thermal tempering, and adding dispersion phases. Metal ceramic restorations and all-ceramic restorations are also summarized. Different types of ceramics used in dentistry are described briefly, including conventional powder ceramics, infiltrated ceramics, and castable ceramics.
The presentation deals with dental ceramics from a material aspect and discusses various types of metal - ceramic and all - ceramic systems available in dentistry with their advantages and drawbacks. It is well supported with illustrations..
The document provides information on gold casting alloys used for dental restorations. It discusses the general requirements for these alloys, including physical, chemical, mechanical and biological properties. It also covers terminology related to precious metal alloys and common commercial examples. Processing cycles and potential casting problems are described, such as distortion, surface irregularities and incomplete castings due to factors like investment expansion/contraction, gas inclusions and improper spruing. Copyright and usage information is provided.
Biodentine™ with Active Biosilicate Technology™ was announced by dental materials manufacturer
Septodont in September of 2010, and made available in January of 2011. According to the research and
development department of said manufacturer, “a new class of dental material which could conciliate high
mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, as well as bioactive behaviour” (Septodont
Biodentine™ scientific file, 2010) had been produced. According to the manufacturer, the material can be
used as a “dentine replacement material whenever original dentine is damaged
Glass ionomer cement with recent advancements Nadeem Aashiq
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental filling material with adhesive properties and the ability to release fluoride. It consists of a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid that sets through an acid-base reaction. The setting reaction involves the glass particles being broken down by the polyacid, releasing ions like aluminum, calcium, and fluoride that cross-link the polyacid chains. Glass ionomer cement bonds to tooth structure through ionic bonding and can take up fluoride from topical treatments to provide continual fluoride release. It has lower mechanical properties than composites but continues to strengthen over time.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
1. Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made by heating materials like clay and feldspar at high temperatures.
2. The document discusses the history, structure, properties and classifications of dental ceramics.
3. It describes the advantages of ceramics in dentistry like biocompatibility and esthetics, and disadvantages like brittleness.
Contents of this slide
Introduction
Terminologies
History
Classification
Composition
Methods of Strengthening Ceramics.
Metal-Ceramic restorations
All Ceramic restorations
Mechanical and thermal properties of dental ceramics.
Optical properties of dental ceramics.
Porcelain Denture Teeth
Factors affecting the Color of Ceramics.
Recent advancements.
Conclusion & References.
Composite resin is a combination of two or more chemically different materials that results in properties superior to the individual components. It consists of a resin matrix and filler materials. Over time, developments have included the introduction of silane coupling agents, light-cured composites, microfilled composites, and nanofilled composites. Composites are classified based on properties such as filler size and distribution, polymerization method, presentation, consistency, and intended use. Proper use of composites for dental restorations requires understanding of factors like smile design, tooth color, shape, and position.
This document provides an overview of pulp capping agents and procedures. It begins with definitions of indirect and direct pulp capping. It then discusses various pulp capping agents that have been used historically and currently, including calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide-eugenol, glass ionomer cement, and mineral trioxide aggregate. For each agent, the document outlines their proposed mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages based on literature. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive review of the key considerations and materials used for pulp capping procedures.
Calcium hydroxide has been used in dentistry since the early 1900s. It is an alkaline material that is effective for pulp capping, pulpotomies, and root canal disinfection due to its ability to stimulate mineralization and antimicrobial properties. Calcium hydroxide works by releasing calcium and hydroxyl ions that create an alkaline environment favorable for healing and hard tissue formation. It is commonly used for pulp capping, pulpotomies, apexification, and as an intracanal medicament.
Dental amalgam is an alloy used in dental fillings that consists of liquid mercury and a powdered alloy mixture of silver, tin, and copper. It has been used since the 1830s as a dental restorative material. Newer advances include high copper amalgam, bonded amalgam, and gallium-based alloys as alternatives that aim to reduce mercury levels while maintaining strength and durability. However, the use of amalgam remains controversial due to concerns about mercury toxicity.
Dental casting alloys can be categorized as either noble metal alloys or base metal alloys. Noble metal alloys contain precious metals like gold, palladium, or silver and are commonly used to create indirect restorations through lost wax casting. Base metal alloys do not contain precious metals and provide a more economical option for removable partial denture frameworks and other restorations requiring high strength. Both alloy types aim to have suitable mechanical properties for their intended use as well as biocompatibility and corrosion resistance through alloying elements and microstructure design.
The document discusses recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It describes the evolution of ceramics from early dentures to modern machinable ceramics and lists various classification systems. Key points include methods to strengthen porcelain like thermal tempering and transformation toughening, as well as minimizing stress through design. Specific ceramic systems are outlined, like aluminous core porcelain developed by McLean and Hughes in 1965 and In-Ceram, which uses a slip-casting technique to form green ceramic shapes.
This document discusses metal-free ceramics used in dentistry. It provides definitions of various types of ceramics like feldspathic porcelain, glass ceramics, and zirconia. The document discusses the history, classification, composition, properties and strengthening techniques of ceramics. It also compares different metal-free ceramic systems and discusses their clinical applications and cementation.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the historical perspective of dental ceramics dating back 23,000 years. It also covers the classification, composition, properties, processing methods like condensation and firing, and advances in all-ceramic and metal-ceramic dental systems. The document contains detailed information on the composition, properties and processing of various dental ceramic materials like feldspathic porcelain, leucite-reinforced porcelain, and glass ceramics. It compares conventional powder-slurry ceramics with newer CAD/CAM and machinable ceramic materials.
DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
Mostly metals used in dentistry are in the form of alloys or mixture of one or more metals.
Alloy: two or more metal that are mutually soluble in each other in the molten state.
Metal: Any strong and relatively ductile substance that provide electropositive ions to a corrosive environment and that can be polished to a high luster.
Uses of metal or alloys in dentistry:
For direct intra-coronal restoration such as using direct filling gold.
Fabrication of extra-coronal restoration such as inlays, onlays, crown and fixed partial denture.
For fabricating superstructure, cast frameworks, cast partial denture etc.
For surgical use such as making titanium plates, screws etc.
For orthodontic use in making wires, brackets, bands etc.
For making laboratory instruments etc.
Properties of metal:
Should have high strength.
Should be malleable and ductile.
Should have good thermal and electrical conductivity.
Should have high luster.
Should have high corrosion resistance .
Structure of metal:
All metals are crystalline in nature.it refers to regular arrangement of atoms. There are six different type of crystal structure:
a) Cubic
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Face conferred
b) Tetragonal
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Rhombohedric
c) Orthorhombic
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Face-centered
- Base centered
d) Monoclinic
- Simple
- Base centered
e) Triclinic
f) Hexagonal
Crystal lattice structure
Classification of dental casting alloys
On the basis of use
alloys for all metal and resin veneer restorations
alloys for metal ceramic restoration
alloys for post and core
alloys for removable partial denture
alloys for dental implants
on the basis of major elements
gold based alloys
palladium based
silver based
nickel based
cobalt based
titanium based
on the basis of three major elements
gold-palladium-silver
palladium-silver-tin
nickel-chromium-molybdenum
cobalt-chromium-molybdenum
iron-nickel-chromium
titanium-aluminum-vanadium
on the basis of nobility
o high noble metal alloy
o noble metal alloy
o Predominantly base metal alloy
o Base metal alloy
On the basis of dominant phase system
Single phase or solid solution alloys
Eutectic alloys
Peritectic alloys
Intermetallic compound
Alloys for all metal restoration
Earlier days metal restoration was choice for replacement of missing teeth, but as an advancement of new material and because of color of metal, the uses of metallic restoration have reduced. However, the metal alloys continue to be used in metal-ceramic restoration to enhance strength, wear resistance and hardness.
Classification:
Based on their yield strength, percentage elongation and use, alloys for all metal restorations are classified into
Type I soft
Small inlays, class III and class IV cavities which are not subjected to wear great stress.
Type II medium
For inlay, onlays and partial veneer crown, abutm
The document discusses dental amalgam, including:
- A definition of dental amalgam as an alloy containing mercury and silver/tin/copper.
- An overview of the history of amalgam use from 659AD to present, including controversies.
- Details on the materials in amalgam including mercury, alloy powders categorized by shape/size/copper content.
- The manufacturing process for lathe-cut and spherical alloy powders and the phases that form in the amalgam structure.
- How the amalgamation process and resulting microstructure differs between low-copper and high-copper alloys.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALAJagadeesh Kodityala
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that uses glass powder and an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, and continuous fluoride release. Glass ionomer cement has applications as luting agents, restorative materials, liners, and bases. It has adequate physical properties for these uses but is more brittle than other restorative materials.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This is a journal club presentation featuring a recent article in which the authors have attempted a new classification of all ceramic materials.
The presentation and all the related material is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass ionomer cement with recent advancements Nadeem Aashiq
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental filling material with adhesive properties and the ability to release fluoride. It consists of a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid that sets through an acid-base reaction. The setting reaction involves the glass particles being broken down by the polyacid, releasing ions like aluminum, calcium, and fluoride that cross-link the polyacid chains. Glass ionomer cement bonds to tooth structure through ionic bonding and can take up fluoride from topical treatments to provide continual fluoride release. It has lower mechanical properties than composites but continues to strengthen over time.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
1. Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made by heating materials like clay and feldspar at high temperatures.
2. The document discusses the history, structure, properties and classifications of dental ceramics.
3. It describes the advantages of ceramics in dentistry like biocompatibility and esthetics, and disadvantages like brittleness.
Contents of this slide
Introduction
Terminologies
History
Classification
Composition
Methods of Strengthening Ceramics.
Metal-Ceramic restorations
All Ceramic restorations
Mechanical and thermal properties of dental ceramics.
Optical properties of dental ceramics.
Porcelain Denture Teeth
Factors affecting the Color of Ceramics.
Recent advancements.
Conclusion & References.
Composite resin is a combination of two or more chemically different materials that results in properties superior to the individual components. It consists of a resin matrix and filler materials. Over time, developments have included the introduction of silane coupling agents, light-cured composites, microfilled composites, and nanofilled composites. Composites are classified based on properties such as filler size and distribution, polymerization method, presentation, consistency, and intended use. Proper use of composites for dental restorations requires understanding of factors like smile design, tooth color, shape, and position.
This document provides an overview of pulp capping agents and procedures. It begins with definitions of indirect and direct pulp capping. It then discusses various pulp capping agents that have been used historically and currently, including calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide-eugenol, glass ionomer cement, and mineral trioxide aggregate. For each agent, the document outlines their proposed mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages based on literature. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive review of the key considerations and materials used for pulp capping procedures.
Calcium hydroxide has been used in dentistry since the early 1900s. It is an alkaline material that is effective for pulp capping, pulpotomies, and root canal disinfection due to its ability to stimulate mineralization and antimicrobial properties. Calcium hydroxide works by releasing calcium and hydroxyl ions that create an alkaline environment favorable for healing and hard tissue formation. It is commonly used for pulp capping, pulpotomies, apexification, and as an intracanal medicament.
Dental amalgam is an alloy used in dental fillings that consists of liquid mercury and a powdered alloy mixture of silver, tin, and copper. It has been used since the 1830s as a dental restorative material. Newer advances include high copper amalgam, bonded amalgam, and gallium-based alloys as alternatives that aim to reduce mercury levels while maintaining strength and durability. However, the use of amalgam remains controversial due to concerns about mercury toxicity.
Dental casting alloys can be categorized as either noble metal alloys or base metal alloys. Noble metal alloys contain precious metals like gold, palladium, or silver and are commonly used to create indirect restorations through lost wax casting. Base metal alloys do not contain precious metals and provide a more economical option for removable partial denture frameworks and other restorations requiring high strength. Both alloy types aim to have suitable mechanical properties for their intended use as well as biocompatibility and corrosion resistance through alloying elements and microstructure design.
The document discusses recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It describes the evolution of ceramics from early dentures to modern machinable ceramics and lists various classification systems. Key points include methods to strengthen porcelain like thermal tempering and transformation toughening, as well as minimizing stress through design. Specific ceramic systems are outlined, like aluminous core porcelain developed by McLean and Hughes in 1965 and In-Ceram, which uses a slip-casting technique to form green ceramic shapes.
This document discusses metal-free ceramics used in dentistry. It provides definitions of various types of ceramics like feldspathic porcelain, glass ceramics, and zirconia. The document discusses the history, classification, composition, properties and strengthening techniques of ceramics. It also compares different metal-free ceramic systems and discusses their clinical applications and cementation.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the historical perspective of dental ceramics dating back 23,000 years. It also covers the classification, composition, properties, processing methods like condensation and firing, and advances in all-ceramic and metal-ceramic dental systems. The document contains detailed information on the composition, properties and processing of various dental ceramic materials like feldspathic porcelain, leucite-reinforced porcelain, and glass ceramics. It compares conventional powder-slurry ceramics with newer CAD/CAM and machinable ceramic materials.
DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
Mostly metals used in dentistry are in the form of alloys or mixture of one or more metals.
Alloy: two or more metal that are mutually soluble in each other in the molten state.
Metal: Any strong and relatively ductile substance that provide electropositive ions to a corrosive environment and that can be polished to a high luster.
Uses of metal or alloys in dentistry:
For direct intra-coronal restoration such as using direct filling gold.
Fabrication of extra-coronal restoration such as inlays, onlays, crown and fixed partial denture.
For fabricating superstructure, cast frameworks, cast partial denture etc.
For surgical use such as making titanium plates, screws etc.
For orthodontic use in making wires, brackets, bands etc.
For making laboratory instruments etc.
Properties of metal:
Should have high strength.
Should be malleable and ductile.
Should have good thermal and electrical conductivity.
Should have high luster.
Should have high corrosion resistance .
Structure of metal:
All metals are crystalline in nature.it refers to regular arrangement of atoms. There are six different type of crystal structure:
a) Cubic
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Face conferred
b) Tetragonal
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Rhombohedric
c) Orthorhombic
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Face-centered
- Base centered
d) Monoclinic
- Simple
- Base centered
e) Triclinic
f) Hexagonal
Crystal lattice structure
Classification of dental casting alloys
On the basis of use
alloys for all metal and resin veneer restorations
alloys for metal ceramic restoration
alloys for post and core
alloys for removable partial denture
alloys for dental implants
on the basis of major elements
gold based alloys
palladium based
silver based
nickel based
cobalt based
titanium based
on the basis of three major elements
gold-palladium-silver
palladium-silver-tin
nickel-chromium-molybdenum
cobalt-chromium-molybdenum
iron-nickel-chromium
titanium-aluminum-vanadium
on the basis of nobility
o high noble metal alloy
o noble metal alloy
o Predominantly base metal alloy
o Base metal alloy
On the basis of dominant phase system
Single phase or solid solution alloys
Eutectic alloys
Peritectic alloys
Intermetallic compound
Alloys for all metal restoration
Earlier days metal restoration was choice for replacement of missing teeth, but as an advancement of new material and because of color of metal, the uses of metallic restoration have reduced. However, the metal alloys continue to be used in metal-ceramic restoration to enhance strength, wear resistance and hardness.
Classification:
Based on their yield strength, percentage elongation and use, alloys for all metal restorations are classified into
Type I soft
Small inlays, class III and class IV cavities which are not subjected to wear great stress.
Type II medium
For inlay, onlays and partial veneer crown, abutm
The document discusses dental amalgam, including:
- A definition of dental amalgam as an alloy containing mercury and silver/tin/copper.
- An overview of the history of amalgam use from 659AD to present, including controversies.
- Details on the materials in amalgam including mercury, alloy powders categorized by shape/size/copper content.
- The manufacturing process for lathe-cut and spherical alloy powders and the phases that form in the amalgam structure.
- How the amalgamation process and resulting microstructure differs between low-copper and high-copper alloys.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALAJagadeesh Kodityala
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that uses glass powder and an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, and continuous fluoride release. Glass ionomer cement has applications as luting agents, restorative materials, liners, and bases. It has adequate physical properties for these uses but is more brittle than other restorative materials.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This is a journal club presentation featuring a recent article in which the authors have attempted a new classification of all ceramic materials.
The presentation and all the related material is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental ceramics/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an introduction and overview of ceramics. It discusses the historical development of ceramics, classifications of ceramics according to fabrication method, crystalline phase, composition, microstructure and other properties. Specific ceramic materials used in dentistry like porcelain, glass ceramics, zirconia, and resin ceramics are also covered. The document examines the structure and properties of different ceramics and their applications in dental and non-dental fields.
This document provides an overview of ceramics, including:
- Definitions of ceramics as inorganic, non-metallic materials formed from powders and strengthened through firing.
- Classifications based on fabrication method, crystalline phase, use, firing temperature, composition, microstructure, and properties.
- A brief history of ceramics development and uses in dentistry and other applications.
- Descriptions of microstructure, common crystalline phases, and how structure influences properties.
The document discusses various topics related to all ceramics, including:
1) It provides a brief history of ceramics in dentistry from the 18th century to present day developments.
2) Ceramics are classified based on their firing temperature, composition, microstructure and other properties. Different ceramic systems used in dentistry are also outlined.
3) The advantages of dental ceramics include esthetics, biocompatibility and wear resistance, while disadvantages are brittleness and difficulty to repair.
4) Manufacturing processes like firing, sintering and glazing are described which involve chemical reactions and compaction of ceramic particles.
The document discusses dental ceramic materials and their advancements. It covers the history, definition, classification, composition, properties and processing of dental ceramics. Various types of ceramics are described including feldspathic porcelain, glass ceramics, alumina and zirconia-based ceramics. Methods to strengthen ceramics include adding metal oxides, platelets or MXenes. Recent advances have led to all-ceramic systems for restorations that are fabricated using CAD/CAM technology, offering improved aesthetics over metal-ceramic restorations.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics, including their history, classification, composition, properties, and methods of strengthening. It discusses the basic components of dental porcelain, including feldspar, kaolin, silica, and other additives. The document also covers various classification schemes for dental ceramics based on their content, use, processing method, firing temperature, and microstructure. Strengthing methods like ion exchange, thermal tempering, and disrupting crack propagation are described.
This document discusses dental ceramics and their use and processing in dentistry. It begins by providing background on the history and early uses of ceramics. It then defines ceramics and classifies them according to their composition, use, processing method, and other properties. The remainder of the document discusses the properties of dental ceramics, their uses in dentistry, processing methods, and ways to strengthen ceramics including developing residual compressive stresses and minimizing tensile stresses through design.
The document discusses the history, composition, properties and applications of dental ceramics. It notes that advances in digital dentistry have led to increased use of all-ceramic restorations over porcelain fused to metal restorations. All-ceramic restorations offer improved esthetics but have lower 5-year survival rates than metal-ceramic restorations due to higher risks of material fractures. Proper selection of ceramic materials and designs can help maximize strength and fracture resistance.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the history of ceramics in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments. Key topics covered include the definition of ceramics, their basic constituents and structure, different classifications of ceramics based on composition and processing methods, advantages and disadvantages of metal-ceramic and all-ceramic restorations, and modern ceramic systems like CAD-CAM processed ceramics. The document also examines the composition, fabrication, and technical aspects of metal-ceramic prostheses.
The document discusses ceramics used in dentistry, including their history, classification, composition, strengthening mechanisms, properties, shade matching guidelines, and fabrication of metal ceramic and all-ceramic dental restorations. Ceramics are classified based on their composition, processing methods, translucency, and firing temperature. Their fabrication involves metal preparation, condensation of ceramic powder layers, and firing to form a durable bond between ceramic and metal components.
Metal free ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
This document provides information on metal-free ceramics used in dentistry. It defines ceramics as compounds containing metals and nonmetals like oxygen. Porcelain is a ceramic material formed from infusible elements joined by lower-fusing materials. All-ceramic restorations without metal substructures have better esthetics than metal-ceramic options. The document discusses the history and development of dental ceramics from the 18th century to modern systems. It also classifies and describes different ceramic types like feldspathic porcelain, alumina, and glass ceramics as well as processing methods.
This document provides a detailed history and overview of dental ceramics. It discusses the origins and composition of different types of ceramics used in dentistry like feldspathic porcelain, leucite-reinforced porcelain, and aluminous porcelain. The document also outlines the various methods used to classify and fabricate dental ceramics, including processes like condensation and sintering, casting and ceramming, machining, pressure molding, and glass infiltration. Key developments in the history of using ceramics in dentistry are highlighted from the 1700s to present day.
Recent advances in Dental ceramics / dental implant courses in indiaIndian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses recent advances in ceramics used for dental restorations. It describes various ceramic systems including conventional powder-slurry ceramics like Optec HSP and Duceram LFC, castable ceramics like Dicor, pressable ceramics like IPS Empress and Optec OPC, infiltrated ceramics like Inceram, and CAD-CAM machineable ceramics. It provides details on the composition, properties, advantages and uses of these different ceramic materials for dental restorations.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Ceramics have many applications in dentistry due to their esthetic qualities, strength, and biocompatibility. Ceramics are used in crowns, bridges, veneers, dentures, and more. There are several types of ceramics including metal-ceramics, which combine a ceramic material fused to a metal framework for strength, and all-ceramic options made of materials like alumina and zirconia. Ceramic materials are fabricated through processes like sintering, heat pressing, slip-casting, and CAD/CAM milling. Ceramics provide natural-looking and long-lasting restorations but also have limitations like brittleness which new materials continue to address
Metal free ceramics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
This document discusses various types of dental ceramics, including their composition, properties and uses. It describes porcelain and glass ceramics, noting that porcelain is a ceramic material formed from infusible elements joined by lower fusing material. The document outlines the history of dental ceramics and provides classifications including types, uses, processing methods and substructure materials. It also compares metal ceramics to all-ceramic systems, discussing advantages and disadvantages of each.
This document discusses various types of dental ceramics, including their composition, properties and uses. It describes porcelain and glass ceramics, noting that porcelain is formed from infusible elements joined by lower fusing material. The history of dental ceramics is reviewed from early uses of human, animal and ivory teeth to modern porcelain and glass formulations. Advantages of all-ceramic restorations over metal-ceramic are listed. Classification systems for dental ceramics include type, use, processing method and substructure material. Properties like strength and factors affecting it are also covered.
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Dental ceramics 12-3-23-1.pptx
1. PRESENTED BY DR. SIDDHESH KOKITKAR
2ND YEAR PG STUDENT
(DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE AND ENDODONTICS)
DENTAL CERAMICS
2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• History
• Composition
• Classification
• Metal ceramic system
• All ceramic system
• Recent advances
• Cementation protocol
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Reference.
2
3. INTRODUCTION
• The word “CERAMIC” is derived from greek word
called “KERAMOS” which means “BURNT STUFF”.
• This restoration not only look natural but also has
very good periodontal response when placed
properly.
3
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders – 2013 : 418-474.
4. DEFINITION OF CERAMIC
4
An inorganic compound with non-metallic
properties typically consisting of oxygen
and one or more metallic or semimetallic
elements that is formulated to produce
the whole or part of ceramic based dental
prosthesis.
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders – 2013 : 418-474.
5. BASIC STRUCTURE
5
Glassy phase- acts as matrix
Crystalline phase- dispersed within matrix crystalline reinforcement, increase
the resistance to crack propagation improves strength and other properties
but also can decrease translucency.
Opaque
Presence of crystalline
phase
Transluscent
Presence of glassy
phase
6. HISTORY
• 1887 - Charles Land introduced all ceramic crown using platinum foil
technique.
• 1965 – McLean and Hughes introduced aluminus porcelain with 40-
50% of alumina in core material.
• Early 1980- direct intraoral scanning was developed by cerac.
• 1984– Peter Adair and grossman introduce castable ceramic DICOR.
• 1987- Mcrmann introduced the 1st CAD-CAM milling unit CERAC tm
• 1988- Sadoun intoduced infiltrated ceramic fabricated by method
called slip casting.
• Early 1990 –Ivoclar vivadent introduced leucite and lethium
reinforced ceramic.
• Late 1990- Anderson and Oden develop procera alumina using CAD-
CAM tecnology
6
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials,12th ed., Philadelphia,W.B.Saunders– 2013 : 418-474.
7. COMPOSITION WT % FUNCTION
FELDSPAR 60-80 BASIC GLASS FORMER, PROVIDE TRANSPERANCY TO CERAMIC
SILICA 15-20 FILLER, PROVIDE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS
KAOLIN 3-5 BINDER, PROVIDE OPAQUENESS AND PROVIDE WORKABLE CONSISTANCY
ALUMINA 8-20 REPLACES SOME SILICA, PROVIDE STRENGTH AND OPACITY, ALSO
INCREASES VISCOSITY OF PORCELAIN DURING FIRING.
GLASS MODIFIER
(sodium, potassium,calcium)
9-15 LOWER’S THE FUSION TEMPERATURE AND INCREASES THE FLOW OF
PORCELAIN DURING FIRING.
OPACIFIER
(zinc, titanium,tin)
TRACE INCREASES OPACITY TO STIMULATE TOOTH COLOR
COLOR MODIFIER TRACE THIS ARE THE METAL OXIDE FUSED WITH FELDSPAR AND THEN
REGROUNDED AND BLENDED TO PRODUCE VARIETY OF COLOR
STAINS TRACE PROVIDE INDIVIDUAL TOOTH COLOR VARIATION IN THE FINISHED
RESTORATION.
7
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders – 2013 : 418-474.
8. • DEVITRIFICATION
Vitrification is development of a liquid phase by melting, which on
cooling forms glassy phase. This structure is termed ‘Vitreous.’
When too many glass forming silica tetrahydra are disrupted in dental
porcelain, the glass may crystallize or devitrify.
• FRITTING
The mixture of leucite and glassy phase is cooled very rapidly i.e.
quenched in water
This causes the mass to shatter in small fragments and the product
obtained is called frit.
The process of blending, melting and quenching the glass components
it termed fritting.
8
CRAIG’S RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS
9. • The frit is ground to a fine powder and supplied to the consumer in
bottles. Most of the chemical reaction takes place during the
manufacture (pyrochemical reaction).
• During subsequent firing in the dental laboratory, there is not much
of chemical reaction. The porcelain powder simply fuses together to
form the desired restoration.
9
10. CLASSIFICATION
• According to Method of Firing
1. Air fired.
2. Vacuum fired – lower % of porosity
3. Diffusible gas firing
• According to Firing Temperature
1. Ultra low fusing (<850oC)
2. Low fusing (850oC -1100oC)
3. Medium fusing (1100oC -1300oC)
4. High fusing (>1300oC)
1 and 2 are used for denture teeth construction.
3 and 4 are used for crown and brigde construction.
10
11. • According to Type
1. Feldspathic porcelain
2. Leucite-reinforced porcelain
3. Aluminous porcelain
4. Alumina
5. Glass-infiltrated alumina
6. Glass-infiltrated spinel
7. Glass-ceramic.
• According to Substructure Material
1. Cast metal
2. Swaged metal
3. Glass ceramic
4. Sintered glass ceramic
5. CAD/ CAM Porcelain
6. Sintered ceramic core
11
17. • ACCORDING TO METHOD OF FABRICATION
1.Conventional Powder – Slurry Ceramics
2.Castable Ceramics
3.Infiltrated Ceramics
4.Pressable Ceramics
5.CAD-CAM Ceramics
17
18. PARTS OF A CERAMIC RESTORATION
• CORE
The core should be strong as it provides support and strength for the
crown. The stronger the core, the stronger the crown.
The core also functions as the matrix. Freshly mixed porcelain is like
wet sand which needs to be supported while it is being condensed
and built up.
As freshly built unfired porcelain is very weak and fragile. Without
the support of a matrix it would certainly breakup and collapse.
The core is therefore usually constructed first.
18
19. The cores are of two basic types, it can be
• ceramic.
• Metal.
• VENEER
The core is usually anesthetic. The esthetics is
improved by additional layers of ceramic
known as veneer porcelains. The core is
veneered with various types of ceramic
powders like dentin, enamel, cervical and
transparent. It can also be surface stained and
finally glazed
19
20. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CERAMIC
SYSTEMS.
• The ceramic restorations available today may be metal
bonded or made completely of ceramic. Based on the
substructure or core material used we have two basic
groups.
1. Metal-ceramic (metal bonded or PFM) restorations.
(cast metal, sweged metal)
2. All ceramic restorations. (Platinum foil matrix
constructed porcelains)
20
21. Metal ceramic system
• The first porcelain jacket crowns (PJC) was not having high strength
core and therefore it was very weak. Later in 1965, Mclean developed
the aluminous core porcelains.
• At around the same time, the metal-ceramic system was developed.
This metal core (called coping) strengthened the porcelain
restoration immensely and soon it became the most widely used
ceramic restoration
• The metal ceramic system was possible just because of bonding of
ceramic to metal.
21
22. MANIPULATION AND TECHNICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
• Construction of the Cast Metal Coping or Framework
A wax pattern of the intended restoration is constructed and cast in
metal. Noble metal alloys or base metal alloys can be used to cast the
substructure.
• Metal Preparation
As clean metal surface is essential for good bonding, The surface is
finished with ceramic bonded stones or sintered diamonds. Final
texturing is done by sandblasting with an alumina air abrasive, which
aids in the bonding. Finally, it is cleaned ultrasonically, washed and
dried
22
23. • Degassing and Oxidizing
The casting (gold porcelain systems) is
heated to a high temperature (980°C) to
burn off the impurities and to form an oxide
layer which help in the bonding.
Precious metal alloy- tin oxide or indium
oxide layer
Base metal alloy- chromium oxide layer.
23
24. • Opaquer
It is used to cover the metal frame and prevent it from being visible. It
is carried and applied on to the metal frame with a brush and
condensed . The excess liquid is blotted with a tissue. The opaquer is
built up to a thickness of 0.2 mm. The casting with the opaquer is
placed in a porcelain furnace and fired.
24
25. CONDENSATION
The process of packing the particles together and
removing the liquid binder is known as condensation.
Distilled water- most commonly used liquid binder
Other binders: Glycerin, propylene glycol or alcohol
Dense packing of powder particles provides-
-lower firing shrinkage
-less porosity in fired porcelain
Condensing methods-
Vibration
Spatulation
Whipping
Brush techniques or capillary action method
25
26. • DENTIN AND ENAMEL
The dentin powder (pink powder) is mixed with distilled water or the
liquid supplied. A glass spatula should be used. The bulk of the tooth is
built up with dentin. A portion of the dentin in the incisal area is cut back
and enamel porcelain (white powder) can be added. After the build-up
and condensation is over, it is returned to the furnace for sintering.
26
Dentine (pink) and enamel (white) porcelain of the desired shade
27. • ADDITIONS
It is not necessary to build up the restoration in one step. Large or difficult
restoration may be built up and fired in 2 or 3 stages. After each firing the
porcelain may be shaped by grinding and additional porcelain is placed in
deficient areas. Each additional firing is done at a lower temperature.
Caution : One must not subject the restoration to too many firings. Too
many firings can give rise to a over translucent, lifeless restoration.
• GINGIVAL AND TRANSPARENT PORCELAIN
The enamel of some natural teeth may appear transparent. This is usually
seen near the incisal edges. If present it can be duplicated using
transparent porcelain.
27
28. • FIRING/ SINTERING OF PORCELAIN :
After the condensation and building of a crown it is
fired to high density and correct form. At this stage
the green porcelain is introduced into the hot zone
of the furnace and the firing starts, the glass
particles soften at their contact areas and fuse
together. This is often referred to as sintering.
28
29. Preheating procedure on condensed porcelain at 500-6000c permits the
remaining water to evaporate.
After preheating for approximately 5 minutes, the porcelain is placed into
the furnace and the firing cycle is initiated.
As sintering of the particles begins, the porcelain particles bond at their
points of contact and the structure shrinks and densifies.
As the temperature is raised, the sintered glass gradually flows to fill the
spaces. Air becomes trapped in the form of voids
because the fused mass is too viscous, Air becomes trapped in the form of
voids .
29
30. CLASSIFICATION OF THE STAGES IN MATURITY:
• Low Bisque:
The surface of the porcelain is very porous .Shrinkage is minimal and
the fired body is extremely weak and friable. Also lack translucency
and glaze.
• Medium bisque:
The surface will still be slightly porous but the flow of the glass
grains will have increased. A definite shrinkage will have taken place.
Lacks translucency and high glaze.
• High bisque:
The surface of the porcelain would be completely sealed and
presents a much smoother surface with a slight shine. shrinkage is
complete. Appears glazed.
30
31. • SURFACE STAINING, CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS
Natural teeth come in variety of hues and colors.
Staining and characterization helps make the restoration look natural
and helps it to blend in with the adjacent teeth.
31
32. • GLAZING
Before final glazing, the restoration is tried in the mouth by the dentist.
The occlusion is checked and adjusted by grinding. Final alterations can
be made to the shape of the restoration by the dentist.
The restoration is now ready for the final step which is the glazing. The
restoration is smoothed with a stone prior to glazing.
Objectives of glazing :
1. Glazing enhances esthetics.
2. Enhances hygiene.
3. Improves the strength
4. Reduces the wear of opposing teeth
32
33. Type :
• Over glaze
The glaze powder is mixed with the special liquid and applied on to the
restoration. The firing temperature is lower than that of the body porcelain.
The firing cycle does not usually include a vacuum. Chemical durability of
overglazes is lower because of the high flux content.
• Self glaze
A separate glaze layer is not applied. Instead the restoration is subject to a
controlled heating at its fusion temperature.
This causes only the surface layer to melt and flow to form a vitreous layer
resembling glaze.
Glazing versus Conventional Polishing :
Porcelain can be polished using conventional abrasives. Porcelain is an
extremely hard material and is quite difficult to polish. However,
glazing is still superior to conventional polishing.
33
34. METAL-CERAMIC CROWNS AND BRIDGES BASED ON SWAGED
METAL FOIL LAMINATES
• The most widely used product of this type is Captek, which
is an acronym for “capillary assistedtechnology.”
• The product is designed to fabricate the metal coping of a
metal- ceramic crown without the use of a melting and
casting process.
• For bridges, the pontics are made typically from a
palladium- based alloy that is gold-coated.
• Captek P and G metals can yield thin metal copings for
crowns for metal-ceramic bridges. The maximal span length
recommended for Captek-porcelain bridges is 18 mm,
which allows space for up to two pontics.
34
35. DMLS CROWN
• A certified system for additive manufacturing of new generation PFMs
• The metal frame is fabricated using CAD files by sintering special Co-
Cr-Mb-based powder layer by layer.
35
Benefits
•Incredibly thinner margins when compared
with conventional PFM
•The CAD process detects and eliminates
undercut up to 0.2 mm
•The CAM process facilitates equal space for
ceramic binding and avoids ceramic chip-off
•Long span bridges up to 16 units can be
fabricated.
It has 15 year of limited warranty.
36. DENTCARE NOVA
• fabricated with pure cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr) alloy which is highly bio-
compatible and free from nickel
36
Benefits
•High strength
•Natural aesthetics
•Pure Cobalt-Chrome (Co-Cr)
alloy, free from Nickel
37. METAL TO CERAMIC BOND
A successful metal prosthesis should have strong interface bond and
thermal compatibility.
Falls into three main groups:
• Chemical bonding across the porcelain-metal interface.
• Mechanical interlocking between porcelain and metal.
• Electrodeposition method can be used.
Chemical Bonding:
Currently regarded as the primary bonding mechanism. An adherent
oxide layer is essential for good bonding. In base metals alloy, chromic
oxide is responsible for the bond whereas, In noble metal alloys tin
oxide and possibly iridium oxide does this role.
37
38. MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING
• In some systems mechanical interlocking provides the principal
bond.
• Some palladium-silver alloys have no external oxide at all, hence
mechanical bonding is needed.
38
A failed metal ceramic bridge. The ceramic veneer
(canine) has delaminated leaving the metal
exposed. It might be because of a poorly adherent
metal oxide layer.
39. 2. RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRESSES.
• Thermal tempering
• Chemical tempering
3. OTHER
• Minimising number of firing cycle.
• Minimising tensile stress through optimal design.
• By adhesive bonding ceramic crown with tooth structure.
39
41. CLASSIFICATION OF BOND FAILURES IN METAL-
CERAMICS
1. METAL –PORCELAIN
2. METAL OXIDE – PORCELAIN
3. METAL - METAL OXIDE
4. METALOXIDE - METAL OXIDE
5. COHESIVE WITHIN METAL
6. COHESIVE WITHIN
PORCELAIN
41
42. CERAMIC REPAIR
• Isolation
• Fractured ceramic is beveled and Metal is roughnen with diamond disk
• Etchent 10% hydrofluridric acid is applied on bevel for 1 min and wash
• Silane is applied with brush on ceramic, wait for 1 min and air dry.
• Bonding agent is applied and light cure.
• Opaque shade is selected and thin layer is applied on metal and cure
for 40sec.
• If needed apply second layer and cure.
• Finish the repair by applying composite resin.
42
43. ALL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
• This are esthetically superior prosthesis when compaired with the
metal ceramic restoration.
• Current developments have yielded stronger core porcelains.
Manufacturers today claim the new generation ceramics are capable
of producing not only single crowns but anterior and even posterior all
ceramic bridges as well.
43
44. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN CERAMIC
1
• Innovation in sub-structure
2
• Improvement in composition
3
• Improvement in the processing technique
44
45. IMPROVEMENT IN SUBSTRUCTURE
1
• Metal ceramic
• Eg. Captek system
2
• Reinforcement in core ceramic
• Eg. Alumina reinforce core
3
• Resin bonded
• Eg. Restoration directly bonded to tooth structure
45
46. Innovation in composition
1
• Crystals filled glass ceramic
• Eg. Lithium disilicate (70% filler + 30% matrix)
2
• Predominantly glass based ceramic
• Eg.Aesthetic ceramic (high % of glass)
3
• Polycrystalline ceramic (alumina based ceramic)
• 3% Mg is added to control the grain growth.
• 3-5% of yttrium is added for tranformation toughning in
zirconia based polycrsytalline ceramic
46
47. ALLOYS USED FOR METAL CERAMIC
High noble alloys
High noble alloys :: pure gold (99.7%) Au-Pd-Ag, Au-Pt-Pd, Au-Pd.
Pt & Pd : increase fusion temperature & decrease.
Coefficient of thermal expansion close to
ceramic.
Melting temperature : 1000oC-1150oC.
Noble alloys :: palladium alloys : Pd-Au, Pd-Au-Ag, Pd-Ag, Pd-
Cu-Ga, Pd-Ga-Ag.
Pd reduces tarnishing effect of Ag & Cu.
Melting temperature : 1000oC-1250oC.
Base metal alloys :: Cr or Ti alloys : Ni-Cr-Mo-Be, Ni-Cr-Mo, Co-Cr-
Mo, Co-Cr-W, Cp Ti, Ti-Al-V.
Superior mechanical properties.
Melting temperature : 1300oC or more.
47
49. MACHINING CERAMIC SYSTEM
CAD-CAM
(DIGITAL)
COPYING SYSTEMS
(ANALOGOUS)
DIRECT
Cerec 1
Cerec 2
INDIRECT
Automill
Denti CAD
1.MANUAL 1.SONOEROSION
eg: Celay eg: DFE Erosonic
2.AUTOMATIC 2.SPARK EROSION
eg: Ceramatic eg: DFE Procera
Rosenblum MA, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1997 Mar
1;128(3):297-307.
49
50. CERAC System :
The CEREC (Ceramic Reconstruction) was originally developed by Brains AG
in Switzerland. Identified as CEREC CAD/CAM system, it was manufactured
in West Germany.
Cerec System consists of :
3-D video camera (scan head)
Electronic image processor
(video processor) with memory
unit (contour memory)
Digital processor (computer)
Miniature milling machine
(3-axis machine)
50
51. 51
Optical scanner is used to scan the
preparation or the impression and a 3D
image is formed on the monitor. There is a
milling unit to prepare the restoration.
Can record multiple images within a few
seconds, which enables the clinician to
prepare multiple teeth in same quadrant
thereby creating a virtual cast for that
quadrant
52. SEQUENTIAL EVENTS OCCURING DURING CAD – CAM TECHNIQUE
IN FABRICATING CERAMIC RESTORATION :
The cavity preparation is scanned stereo-photogram metrically, using a
three-dimensional miniature video camera
The small microprocessor unit stores the three dimensional pattern
depicted on the screen
The video display serves as a format for the necessary manual
construction via an electric signal
The microprocessor develops the final three-dimensional restoration
from the two dimensional construction
52
53. SEQUENTIAL EVENTS OCCURING DURING CAD–CAM TECHNIQUE
OF FABRICATING CERAMIC RESTORATION
The processing unit automatically deletes data beyond the
margins of the preparation
The electronic information is transferred numerically to the miniature
three-axis milling device
Driven by a water turbine unit, the milling device generates a precision
fitting restoration from a standard ceramic block
53
54. ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS
(COPYING / PANTOGRAPHY METHODS )
54
The pattern is placed in the machine
Tracing tool passes over the pattern and
guides a milling tool which grinds a
copy of the pattern from a block of
ceramic
COPY MILLING
56. METHODS OF STRENGTHENING CERAMICS
• Development of residual compressive
stresses within the surface of the material
• Interruption of crack propagation-
- Transformation toughening.
- Dispersion strengthening.
• Minimize the effect of stress raisers
• Minimize the number of firing cycles
• Minimize tensile stress through optimal design of
ceramic prosthesis
57. STRENTHENING OF CERAMIC
1. INTERUPTION OF CRACK PROPAGATION
• Transformation toughening.
• Dispersion strengthening.
57
58. TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENING
This technique involves the incorporation of a crystalline material
that is capable of undergoing a change in crystal structure when
placed under stress
The crystal material usually used is termed partially stabilized
zirconia (PSZ)
59. DISPERSION STRENGTHENING
Reinforcing with dispersed phase of different material that
is capable of hindering crack from propagating through the
material
Dental ceramics containing primarily glass phase can be
strengthened by increasing the crystal content
•Leucite
•Lithia disilicate
•Alumina
•Magnesia-alumina spinel
•Zirconia
60. DISPERSION STRENGTHENING
Alumina Particles Acting as
Crack Stoppers
SEM of Alumina Reinforced
Core showing the alumina particles embedded
in a glassy matrix composed of feldspar
62. BRUXZIR
62
• Made of monolithic
zirconia.
• Helps to deliver
restorations that have high
strength and life like
appearance and
translucency.
• Minimal amount if tooth
preparation is required.
• Disadvantages: mat abrade
the opposing tooth.
63. Zenostar (Ivoclar vivadent)
IVOCLAR VIVADENT features three options for use with the IPS e.max shading
system:
• Zenostar MT offers the highest degree of translucency; use for single-unit crowns
or short-span bridges; flexural strength 550Mpa.
• Zenostar T provides the highest strength. pre-shaded discs is use for long-span
bridges or cases with limited occlusal space; flexural strength ≥ 900Mpa.
• Zenostar MO offers a high degree of esthetics when layered with IPS e.max. The
opacity of Zenostar MO substructures aides in masking discolored preparations
or titanium abutments. Indications include layered single unit restorations and
long-span bridges. Zenostar MO has a flexural strength of ≥900 MPa.
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64. LAVA (3M ESPE)
• Offers strong performance and assures long life.
• It gives impeccable marginal fit and precision through CAD and CAM, and
has translucent and non-translucent options.
• The first choice for CAD/CAM produced Zirconia restorations.
• Preparations require removal of less tooth structure, and cementation
accomodates even conventional techniques.
• Frameworks are thin and translucent, ensure a natural and vital
appearance.
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65. • Procera (Nobel biocare)
Procera-patented sintering process ensures each coping is robust and
gives the coping a semi-translucent colour.
It utilises latest CAD/CAM technology to fabricate metal-free
restorations that appear natural and ensures perfect function in
posterior region.
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Procera Laminate
•Strongest Laminate
•Excellent masking capabilities
•Easy and predictable clinical procedure
Procera Bridge Alumina
•World's first and only bridge in densely
sintered alumina
•Excellent aesthetics
•Easy conventional cementation
Procera Bridge Zirconia
•Gives marginal fit of less than 15 microns
and spans up to 60 mm in length
66. PEEK [polyether ether ketone]
• PEEK offers a practical alternative to the use of metal in not just traditional
dentures, but also in crowns and bridges.
• 2 ways of processing – vacuum pressing and CAD-CAM.
and later layered with composite.
66
BENIFITS
•Can be digitally designed and milled to match
patient's anatomy
•It is strong and lightweight for improved
patient comfort
•Metal free and hence may be used even by
patients with allergy to metals
•Resistant against deposits and staining
•No thermal or electrical conductivity
•Very low solubility and water absorbency
DISADVANATGE:
Require veneering because of low
transparency and gray pigmentation.
Difficult to achieve adequate bond
strength to composite resin materials
because of its low surface energy and
resistance to surface modification by
different chemical treatment.
67. PORCELAIN LAMINATES
67
INDICATIONS
• Discoloration of
teeth
• Enamel defects
• Diastema closure
• Mispositioned teeth
ADVANTAGES
• Color stability and lifelike
appearance
• Bond strength
• Resistance to abrasion and
staining
• Inherent porcelain strength
• Resistance to fluid absorption
DISADVANTAGES
• Cannot be easily
repaired
• Technique sensitive
• Extremely fragile
and difficult to
manipulate.
Thin facing of about 0.5-0.7mm thick, covering labial aspects of
anterior teeth and buccal aspects of premolar teeth. Fabricated
from feldspathic porcelain or castable or machinable ceramic.
They may restore the strength of natural teeth up to 96%.
68. 68
Less invasive as No tooth preparation
required and the enamel is not
damaged.
Much thinner than the veneers but are
still strong and durable
Instantly improve patient’s smile.
Made up of special type of ceramic-
CERINATE (Strongest leucite –reinforced
ceramic in the market) which can be
shaped into super-thin veneers without
increasing the likelihood of breakage.(as
thin as 0.3mm)
Achieve 176% greater translucency that
conventional veneers resulting in more
natural and esthetic smile
LUMINEERS
69. CONDITIONING OF RESTORATION BEFORE CEMENTATION
• When cementing leucite or lithia based restoration, Fitting surface of
the crown is etched with 15-30% of phosphoric acid before
cementation. Adhesive cementation using resin cement is necessary.
• It is not critical for alumina or zirconia based restoration. As alumina
and zirconia cannot be etched, so they are sandblasted. Zirconia also
can be silicoated.
• Resin modified glass ionomer cement are contraindicated for use with
all cermic system because, they may undergo expansion due to water
absorption following cementation.
69
70. ADVANCEMENT IN CEMENTING PROCEDURE
• A self etch, self bond single component resin cement is now availabe
for adhesive cementation.
• Manufacturers claim enhanced bond strength to both ceramic and
tooth
• This are available in capsule form and is mixed using an auto mixer.
Commercial avaialble-
1. G-CEM (GC)
2. RelyX (3M).
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71. Dental ceramic technology is one of the fastest growing areas of dental
material research and development.
Much of the materials research has been directed towards producing
stronger, reinforced restorations, with improved marginal accuracy.
It is desirable to know the properties, advantages and disadvantages of one
system over other systems.
Selection of the material should be based on esthetic needs and strength
required.
CONCLUSION
71
72. John. W. McLean - The Science & Art of Dental Ceramics, Vol. I; Quintessence - 1979.
John W. McLean - Science and Art of Dental Ceramics (Bridge Design & Lab procedures),
Vol II. Quintessence – 1980
R. G. Craig - Restorative Dental Materials 9th ed. - 1993.
Ralph W. Phillips - Skinner's Science of Dental Materials
9th ed. - 1994.
Rosenstiel S.F., Land M.F, Fujimoto. J - Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 2nd ed.,
Mosby: 1995.
Kenneth J. Anusavice - Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 10th ed., Philadelphia,
W.B.Saunders – 1996 : 583-618.
REFERENCES
72
73. H. T. Shillingberg - Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics ; 3rdedition - 1997.
Heat pressed ceramics:technology and strength: IJP 1999;5
Procera All ceramic crowns: BDJ 1999;186:430
Porcelain esthetics for 21 st century: JADA 2000;131:47
Relative flexural strength of 6 new ceramic materials: IJP 1995;8:239
Cast glass ceramic: DCNA 1985;29:725
Recent advances in ceramic materials and systems: Dental update 1999;26:65
Dental CAD-CAM:A millstone or a milestone: Dental update 1995;22:200
Machinable glass ceramics and conventional lab restorations: Quint Int
1994;25:773
Ceramics in dentistry:Historical roots and current perspective: JPD 1996;75
73