Rice Root physiology work at CIAT: Identification of ideal root system to imp...CIAT
Water and Nitrogen are quantitatively the most essential resources for plant growth. Active root systems that can take up water and nutrients more efficiently are essential for enhancing grain yield. However, it is difficult to find the ideal root system to improve water and Nitrogen uptake because the root growth was sensitive and affected by environment such as drought and nutrient deficiency conditions. However, there were several reported that some constitutive root traits and root controlling genes (QTLs) to improve water and nitrogen uptake (Uga et al. 2013; Arai-Sanoh et al. ; Ogawa et al. 2016) .
Here, we examined with root modified breeding lines using both marker assisted selection and transgenic technology under stress conditions. Using 48 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) between Curinga; commercial upland rice in Brazil and Oryza rufipogon (IRGC105491); a non-sativa species, we found total 15 QTLs including a QTL for nitrogen-deficiency tolerance in grain yield on chromosomes 1. In addition to QTLs identification, we observed that the dimorphic roots system (that has both shallow and deep roots system) from Oryza rufipogon trait correlated to Nitrogen deficiency tolerance in grain yield under field conditions. Using DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) inserting transgenic lines, we found higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into IR64; a shallow-rooting rice cultivar enabled the resulting line to maintained high yield performance under both water and Nitrogen deficient conditions relative to the recipient cultivar. The result showed us the deeper rooting traits is useful to absorb water and Nitrogen from the deeper layer under both water and nitrogen deficiency conditions.
In the future, these identified root system and genes (QTLs) will shed light on root architecture systems in rice breeding to improve agronomic performance under stress conditions.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Control release fertilizers are coated fertilizers that release nutrients over an extended period of time at a rate driven primarily by temperature and moisture of the root zone. It has been estimated that slow-release fertilizers comprise only 8-10% of the total fertilizers used in Europe, 1% in the USA and only 0.25% in the World. Dong and Wang (2007) reported that in Japan 70% of polymer coated controlled-release fertilizers are used in rice. Polymer coated fertilizers are a type of control release fertilizers, which are solid or other nutrient core, coated with various polymers. Fertilizer use efficiency can be increased by application of polymer coated fertilizer compared to common fertilizers due to very less nutrient losses. Most common three marketed products are Nutricote, Osmocote and Polyon. Pawel (2013) found that the polymer-coated fertilizers are not straight nitrogen but NPK fertilizers, particularly when containing secondary and micronutrients, the rate of release of the different nutrients, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and micronutrients, are generally slow, controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers not stated. Parvathi (2018) reported that customised fertilizers are multi- nutrient carriers facilitating the application of the complete range of plant nutrients in right proportion to suit the specific requirements of a crop during its stages of growth.
Nelson et al. (2012) reported that application of nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha by polymer coated urea (PCU) with non coated urea (NCU) in the ratio of 75:25(PCU:NCU) recorded the highest wheat grain yield (5370 kg/ha) and lowest with ammonium nitrate (5110 kg/ha). Dong and Wang (2007) reported that application of polymer coated nitrogen fertilizer recorded the highest Nitrogen Use Efficiency (70.54%), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (32.56 kg/ha) and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency (46.16 kg/ha) compared to uncoated common fertilizers in rice crop. Prasad et al. (2012) reported that application of nano zinc fertilizers showed significantly better results in germination, shoot and root growth and Seed vigour Index over common zinc sulphate and control treatment. They also reported that application of NPK+ZnO (Nano) @2g/15 l resulted the highest plant height (43.80 cm), no. of pods per plant (16.80) and no. of filled pods per plant (15) which were significantly superior over rest of the treatments in groundnut crop.
It can be concluded that application of polymer coated fertilizers increase the Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency, they increase the % recovery of nutrients and finally the growth and yield of crops. Nano-fertilizer certainly has the potential to improve agriculture production and they release the fertilizer slowly and extend the fertilizer effective period resulted in higher crop yields. Use of Customized Fertilizers can maximize nutrient use efficiency and ultimately improve soil fertility.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Rice Root physiology work at CIAT: Identification of ideal root system to imp...CIAT
Water and Nitrogen are quantitatively the most essential resources for plant growth. Active root systems that can take up water and nutrients more efficiently are essential for enhancing grain yield. However, it is difficult to find the ideal root system to improve water and Nitrogen uptake because the root growth was sensitive and affected by environment such as drought and nutrient deficiency conditions. However, there were several reported that some constitutive root traits and root controlling genes (QTLs) to improve water and nitrogen uptake (Uga et al. 2013; Arai-Sanoh et al. ; Ogawa et al. 2016) .
Here, we examined with root modified breeding lines using both marker assisted selection and transgenic technology under stress conditions. Using 48 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) between Curinga; commercial upland rice in Brazil and Oryza rufipogon (IRGC105491); a non-sativa species, we found total 15 QTLs including a QTL for nitrogen-deficiency tolerance in grain yield on chromosomes 1. In addition to QTLs identification, we observed that the dimorphic roots system (that has both shallow and deep roots system) from Oryza rufipogon trait correlated to Nitrogen deficiency tolerance in grain yield under field conditions. Using DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) inserting transgenic lines, we found higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into IR64; a shallow-rooting rice cultivar enabled the resulting line to maintained high yield performance under both water and Nitrogen deficient conditions relative to the recipient cultivar. The result showed us the deeper rooting traits is useful to absorb water and Nitrogen from the deeper layer under both water and nitrogen deficiency conditions.
In the future, these identified root system and genes (QTLs) will shed light on root architecture systems in rice breeding to improve agronomic performance under stress conditions.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Control release fertilizers are coated fertilizers that release nutrients over an extended period of time at a rate driven primarily by temperature and moisture of the root zone. It has been estimated that slow-release fertilizers comprise only 8-10% of the total fertilizers used in Europe, 1% in the USA and only 0.25% in the World. Dong and Wang (2007) reported that in Japan 70% of polymer coated controlled-release fertilizers are used in rice. Polymer coated fertilizers are a type of control release fertilizers, which are solid or other nutrient core, coated with various polymers. Fertilizer use efficiency can be increased by application of polymer coated fertilizer compared to common fertilizers due to very less nutrient losses. Most common three marketed products are Nutricote, Osmocote and Polyon. Pawel (2013) found that the polymer-coated fertilizers are not straight nitrogen but NPK fertilizers, particularly when containing secondary and micronutrients, the rate of release of the different nutrients, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and micronutrients, are generally slow, controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers not stated. Parvathi (2018) reported that customised fertilizers are multi- nutrient carriers facilitating the application of the complete range of plant nutrients in right proportion to suit the specific requirements of a crop during its stages of growth.
Nelson et al. (2012) reported that application of nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha by polymer coated urea (PCU) with non coated urea (NCU) in the ratio of 75:25(PCU:NCU) recorded the highest wheat grain yield (5370 kg/ha) and lowest with ammonium nitrate (5110 kg/ha). Dong and Wang (2007) reported that application of polymer coated nitrogen fertilizer recorded the highest Nitrogen Use Efficiency (70.54%), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (32.56 kg/ha) and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency (46.16 kg/ha) compared to uncoated common fertilizers in rice crop. Prasad et al. (2012) reported that application of nano zinc fertilizers showed significantly better results in germination, shoot and root growth and Seed vigour Index over common zinc sulphate and control treatment. They also reported that application of NPK+ZnO (Nano) @2g/15 l resulted the highest plant height (43.80 cm), no. of pods per plant (16.80) and no. of filled pods per plant (15) which were significantly superior over rest of the treatments in groundnut crop.
It can be concluded that application of polymer coated fertilizers increase the Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency, they increase the % recovery of nutrients and finally the growth and yield of crops. Nano-fertilizer certainly has the potential to improve agriculture production and they release the fertilizer slowly and extend the fertilizer effective period resulted in higher crop yields. Use of Customized Fertilizers can maximize nutrient use efficiency and ultimately improve soil fertility.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Credit of peanut to subsequent wheat under desert farming conditions in prese...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rotation with leguminous crops to break non-legume monocultures has been established to benefit the latter. The lacking information on this cultivation system in stressed environments encouraged the implementation of two field trials in two different locations of Ismailia desert soils. The experimental design included the cultivation of wheat subsequent to peanut in presence of diazotroph inoculation and N fertilization. Bradyrhizobial inoculation of the legume in combination with 50 kg N acre-1 resulted in the highest total biological yields of 4.24 and 5.01 kg plot-1 at the experimental sites 1 and 2, respective seed yields of 1.46 and 1.61 kg pot-1 were recorded. In case of the cereal crop, the measured acetylene reducing activities in soils of associative diazotroph-inoculated plants together with 50 kg N acre-1 were the highest being 515.8-886.2 and 616.7-1066.2 nmoles C2H4 g-1 h-1 at locations 1 and 2 respectively. The enzymatic activity of fallow-cultivated wheat generally represented ca. 95 % of that in subsequent to peanut. Irrespective of inoculation and N fertilization, the wheat biomass yield increases in residual effect-field over the fallow one were 6.4-35.1 % and 4.6-38.5 % at experimental sites 1 and 2 respectively. Increase percentages of 3.1-26.6 and 6.9-44.7 were scored as well for grain yield. The beneficial residual effect of the legume to the succeeding cereal was also extended to protein yields, increases of 4.0-14.2 % and 4.5-7.6 % were estimated for grain protein as well as 8.3-24.1 % and 8.1-35.3 % for straw protein yield. The findings of this study proved that the positively yield turnover of a legume is extended to the subsequent non-legume. Besides, the beneficial residual effects of legumes toward rotated non legumes could be magnified by diazotroph inoculation together with adequate N supply particularly in stressed environments represented, in the present study, by Ismailia sandy soil.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Credit of peanut to subsequent wheat under desert farming conditions in prese...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rotation with leguminous crops to break non-legume monocultures has been established to benefit the latter. The lacking information on this cultivation system in stressed environments encouraged the implementation of two field trials in two different locations of Ismailia desert soils. The experimental design included the cultivation of wheat subsequent to peanut in presence of diazotroph inoculation and N fertilization. Bradyrhizobial inoculation of the legume in combination with 50 kg N acre-1 resulted in the highest total biological yields of 4.24 and 5.01 kg plot-1 at the experimental sites 1 and 2, respective seed yields of 1.46 and 1.61 kg pot-1 were recorded. In case of the cereal crop, the measured acetylene reducing activities in soils of associative diazotroph-inoculated plants together with 50 kg N acre-1 were the highest being 515.8-886.2 and 616.7-1066.2 nmoles C2H4 g-1 h-1 at locations 1 and 2 respectively. The enzymatic activity of fallow-cultivated wheat generally represented ca. 95 % of that in subsequent to peanut. Irrespective of inoculation and N fertilization, the wheat biomass yield increases in residual effect-field over the fallow one were 6.4-35.1 % and 4.6-38.5 % at experimental sites 1 and 2 respectively. Increase percentages of 3.1-26.6 and 6.9-44.7 were scored as well for grain yield. The beneficial residual effect of the legume to the succeeding cereal was also extended to protein yields, increases of 4.0-14.2 % and 4.5-7.6 % were estimated for grain protein as well as 8.3-24.1 % and 8.1-35.3 % for straw protein yield. The findings of this study proved that the positively yield turnover of a legume is extended to the subsequent non-legume. Besides, the beneficial residual effects of legumes toward rotated non legumes could be magnified by diazotroph inoculation together with adequate N supply particularly in stressed environments represented, in the present study, by Ismailia sandy soil.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Supplementary Irri...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Field experiment was conducted in Humera in 2015 main cropping season in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the performance of sesame under different supplementary irrigation applications and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study consists of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0kg N2/ha, 23kgN2/ha, 37.5kgN2/ha and 46kgN2/ha) and three levels of supplementary irrigation; rain-fed (I0), four irrigations (I4), and six irrigations (I6). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits, with the first half at sowing and the remaining half 30 days after emergence. Data on plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), in indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affected sesame grain yield. The highest grain yield 423.4kg/ ha, and 455kg/ha was obtained from application of 46kg nitrogen per hectare, and six supplementary irrigation. The results obtained in this experiment showed that, application of supplementary irrigation could be an important climate change adaptation strategy in areas where onset and cessation of rainfall occur.
Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower Helianthus annuus l to Spacing and Nit...ijtsrd
The experiments were conducted during 2016 and2017 rainy season to determine the optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizer and adequate plant spacing for production of sunflower in southern guinea savanna agroecology zone of Nigeria. The treatments consisted of planting spacing three 20cm, 30cm, 40 , four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 0, 80, 100 and 120 N Kgha 1 . A factorial experiment laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD and replicated three times. The results showed that planting at 40cm significantly produced plants with higher number of leaves the tallest plants 57.86 and 58.21cm and bigger plants with stem girth of 2.93cm and 2.94cm respectively. The shortest plants 51.82 and 52.34cm and the smallest stem girths 2.03 and 2.08cm were recorded on sunflower that were planted on 20cm plant spacing in both years of cropping. Application of 120 N kg ha 1 significantly produced sunflower plants with the highest number of leaves 18.76 and 18.83 , tallest sunflowers 60.45 and 61.23cm and biggest stem girth of 3.03 and 3.12cm in both 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. These results above were at par with the other rates of nitrogen fertilizer application, but higher than the control plots. Sunflower planted at 40cm apart also significantly produced the heaviest head weight per plant of 149.40 and 152.30g seed weight per head 78.12 and 87. 66 g and seed yield of 512. 45 and 524.21kg ha 1.Application of 120 N kg ha 1 produced the highest seed yield of 561.59 and 549.42 kg ha 1 of sunflower in both cropping seasons. This result is statistically at par with application rate of 100 N kg ha 1 which produced 557.41 and 547.06 kg ha 1 seed yield of sunflower. This is also the same with application of rate of 80N kg ha 1 which produced 528.87 and 525. 10kg ha 1 seed yield of sunflower in both cropping seasons respectively. The control plots produced the lowest seed yield 312.89 and 322.23 kg ha 1 in both years of cropping. It can be concluded that 80 N kg ha 1 is the optimal nitrogen requirement and planting at 75cm X 40cm apart is adequate plant spacing for production of sunflower in southern guinea savanna agroecology zone of Nigeria. Ndor, E | Anzaku, H | Nasir, U. I "Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus l) to Spacing and Nitrogen Fertilization in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27986.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/27986/growth-and-yield-response-of-sunflower-helianthus-annuus-l-to-spacing-and-nitrogen-fertilization-in-southern-guinea-savanna-ecological-zone-of-nigeria/ndor-e
David F. Herridge - Mejora de las leguminosas para incrementar la fijación de...Fundación Ramón Areces
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Contents:
Introduction
Methods for measuring N2 fixation
1. Ntrogen balance method
2. Nitrogen difference method
3. Ureides method
4.〖𝟏𝟓〗_𝑵 isotope techniques
5. Acetylene reduction assay
6. Hydrogen evolution method
Introduction
N2 gas are found 78.084%on atmosphere of earth.
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development and a key issue of agriculture.
N2 are found in molecular N2 (𝑵 ≡ 𝑵) form in soil.
Dinitrogen is more stable, so we need of nitrogen fixation.
Most studies indicate that nitrogen fertilizers contribute to resolving the challenge the world is facing, feeding the human population.
The Green revolution was accompanied by an enormous increase in the application of nitrogen fertilizer.
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen of the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3), nitrogen salts or other molecules available to living organisms.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation(BNF) is known to be a sustain agriculture and increase soil fertility.
Research on microorganisms and plants able to fix nitrogen contributes largely to the production of bio fertilizers.
Thus it is important to ensure that BNF research and development will take into account the needs of farmers in the developing countries mainly.
Role of nitrogen in Plant
Sources of Nitrogen
Why measure 𝑵_𝟐 fixation?
Ecological consideration require an understanding of the relative contribution of 𝑵_𝟐 fixing components to the N-cycle.
Measurement of 𝑁_2 fixation enable an investigator to evaluate the ability of indigenous Rhizobium spp. to effectively nodulate newly introduced legumes.
Development of sustainable farming systems.
Understanding of the amount of 𝑵_𝟐fixed by legumes as influenced by soil management or cultural practices allows development of efficient agricultural and agroforesty production systems.
Snap bean is a warm-season crop harvested for its immature seed pods. In Ethiopia its production increased from time to time for both export and local markets. A field experiment was conducted at the research field of JUCAVM, during 2017 cropping season using irrigation aiming to improve the quality of snap bean. Five levels of N (0, 41, 82, 123, and 164 kg ha−1) and four levels of P (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha−1) were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. N was applied in two equal splits (50% at planting and 50% during flowering) as Urea and the entire dose of P was applied basal as triple super phosphate at sowing. In this experiment pod length, pod diameter, pod protein concentration, pod straightness and marketable pod yield were measured as quality parameters. The results revealed that the main effects of N and P fertilizer rates showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all quality parameters except for percentage of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Accordingly, the interaction effects of N and P were significant for percent of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Considering the major quality parameters and marketable pod yield applying 82 kg N ha −1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave better result to increase the quality of snap bean in Jimma area. However, repeating the experiment for more seasons and similar location would help us draw sound conclusion and recommendations.
A Comprehensive research study on effect on combine application of nitrogen and boron on yield and Growth of sunflower.
By Ravi Banjade
IAAS TU, Nepal
Email : rabibanjade3@gmail.com
Modern approaches of nitrogen management in rice.pptxPankajLochanPanda
Among plant nutrients, Nitrogen plays a crucial role in growth and yield of the crops. Owing to its importance it is subjected to indiscriminate application which inturn gives rise to several ill effects such as environmental and water pollution. Therefore it is of paramount importance to manage Nitrogen in an efficient way.
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Influence of Plant Density and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of the paper was to present the influence of plant density and different types of organic mulch on growth and yield of Romain lettuce. The field experiment was carried out in 2014 in the experimental field of University of Forestry – Sofia, with Romaine lettuce cv. Yellow beauty. The seedlings were planted at a distance of 30 x 30 cm and two different schemes were tested: parallel planting to form a 4-row bed and a chess planting to form a 7-row bed. For the purpose of the study were used different organic mulches, which were waste products from organic agriculture: barley straw (BS), well-rotted horse manure (HM), walnut wood sawdust (WS) and grass windrow (GW) and non-mulched control plots (NMC). The mulching materials were spread manually in a 5-6 cm thick layer, after strengthen the seedlings of Romain lettuce. On the 60th day after planting was the beginning of harvesting. It was found out that the seven-row bed and mulching influenced growth and yield of Romain lettuce. Mulching with HM has a significant effect on growth and yield. In the cultivation of lettuce in combination with horse manure mulch and seven-row bed, the yield increased by 18% compared to the non-mulched control in the same planting scheme and was 2.3 times higher than the non-mulched control in a four-row bed. A significant effect on the mulched variants was established. Keywords— grass windrow mulch, horse manure mulch, lettuce, seven-row bed, yield.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
1. Can we improve the Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Maize Production?Maize leaf area and N uptake at different plant densities and N rates Ignacio A. Ciampitti AGRY 596 – Professional Presentation Purdue University - Department of Agronomy September 22, 2010
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3. Understanding the leaf area and N uptake relationship Management factors Environment Plant density Leaf Area Maize Yield N uptake Nitrogen rate NUE Nitrogen rate
4. Presentation Question Is the ratio of N uptake to leaf area constant when both are affected by plant density and N rate?
5. Optimum point?? Relationship N uptake Leaf Area (g N/m2) Nitrogen rate (kg ha-1) 0 165 330 54,000 79,000 104,000 Plant density (pl ha-1)
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7. The accumulation of N per unit of leaf area decreases as N rate decreases and plant density increases.
8. The ratio of the N uptake to leaf area is not constant, and it varies with the N rate and plant density factors.
18. Different fractions were determined and weighed after separation (stem and leaves at V14, ear and shoot biomass at R1, R3 and R6)
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21. Which will be the best parameters for NUE selection in maize? At equivalent LAI, the N treatments get a bigger ear biomass and the predictability increased (higher R2). Low plant population= Low LAI Ear biomass with N applied N fertilized treatments : Leaf Area Index Stem N uptake Zero N treatment : Stem N uptake Leaf Area Index
22. Which will be the best parameters for NUE selection in maize? In the N treatments , as stem N uptake before flowering increases maize productivity increases In the zero N, the poor N status limited the potential maize yield that can be achieved. N fertilized treatments : Ear biomass Stem N uptake Zero N treatment : Stem N uptake Ear biomass
23. Conclusions 1.Pre-silking stem N uptake and leaf area index at R1 seem to be important parameters to predict potential dry matter response to nitrogen fertilizer regardless plant density and hybrids (under low RW incidence). 2. In N fertilized treatments, shoot growthappears to drive N uptake in maize plants; however, without N fertilizer other factors could be more important. 3. These physiological parameters, specifically pre-silking stem N uptake, could be taken into consideration for nitrogen use efficiency breeding programs.
24. Materials and Methods Per-plant Measurements (partial list): Plant available space Plant height (V5, V14, R1) Sixth-internode maximum stem diameter (V14, R1, R3, R6) Leaf chlorophyll/N content (i.e., SPAD)(V14, R1, R3, R5) Largest leaf length, width, and area (R1) Total green leaf area (R1) Green leaf area index (LAI) (R1) Total leaf number and evolution Anthesis and silking date Aboveground total biomass (V14, R1, R3 and R6) Kernel number Individual kernel weight Grain weight Harvest index Canopy-level Measurements (partial list): Leaf chlorophyll/N content (i.e., SPAD)(V14; R1, R3, R5) Machine harvest grain yield
26. Results: N uptake Evolution The greatest N response was higher in low density in per plant analysis, and in per area basis, the highest response was observed at the high density or plant population treatment (from 50 to 100 kg N/ha).
27. Leaf Area Index (LAI) Evolution The LAI was greatest in the high plant population treatment regardless hybrids and the N treatments (medium and high N rate). The LAI declining trends observed were affected more by the population factor than by N rates- independent of the hybrids at both locations.
Editor's Notes
Good afternoon everyone, Today I want to present a simple question: Can we improve the Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Maize Production?
How Maize NUE can be improved?Two main components, N uptake efficiency (N uptake/N from soil) and N utilization efficiency (yield/N uptake)
The relationship between the N uptake and the leaf area accumulation is at 1:2 (50% of N uptake and 100% of leaf area) at the R1 stage. So, why we are looking this ratio at silking time? Mainly because the final kernel number is defined at this phenological stage…. And this parameter has a high correlation with yields….
Maize Leaf Area production is highest and reaches the maximum point (peaked) at R1- Flowering or Silking time. On the other hand, N uptake attains around 40-60% of the total N accumulation at the same phenological stage.
First, we can affirm that the N uptake and leaf area ratio is not constant across N rates and plant densities,Second, the ratio is lower as N rates decreases and plant density increases; Moreover, in overall, the ratio is quite low at the 0N treatment