Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Interfaces: whether you’ve been programming in PHP for years or are just starting your journey, these terms can be overwhelming even on a good day. Variables, conditionals, those all make sense. But this whole Object-Oriented thing is WAY more complicated. Not only that, people that already understand it act like it’s so easy and they talk right over the simple questions and never explain the basic concepts in a way that actually makes sense. In this session we’ll take you through real life examples of Object-Oriented terminology in a way that will make sense of all the mumbo jumbo and allow you to utilizing OOP immediately.

1. Demystifying
Object-Oriented Programming
Download Files:
https://github.com/sketchings/oop-basics
https://joind.in/talk/1a5fa

2. Presented by: Alena Holligan
• Wife and Mother of 3 young children
• PHP Teacher at Treehouse
• Group Leader (PHPDX, Women Who Code Portland)
www.sketchings.com
@sketchings
alena@holligan.us

3. Terminology
the single most important part

4. PART 1: Terms
Class (properties, methods)
Object
Instance
Abstraction
Encapsulation

5. PART 2: Polymorphism
Inheritance
Interface
Abstract Class
Traits

6. Part 3: ADDED FEATURES
Namespaces
Type Declarations
Static Methods
Magic Methods
Magic Constants

7. Class
A template/blueprint that facilitates creation of
objects. A set of program statements to do a certain
task. Usually represents a noun, such as a person,
place or thing.
Includes properties and methods — which are class
functions

8. Object
Instance of a class.
In the real world object is a material thing that can be
seen and touched.
In OOP, object is a self-contained entity that consists
of both data and procedures.

9. Instance
Single occurrence/copy of an object
There might be one or several objects, but an
instance is a specific copy, to which you can have a
reference

10. class User { //class
private $name; //property
public getName() { //method
echo $this->name;
}
}
$user1 = new User(); //first instance of object
$user2 = new User(); //second instance of object

11. Abstraction
Managing the complexity of the system
Dealing with ideas rather than events
This is the class architecture itself.
Use something without knowing inner workings

12. Encapsulation
Binds together the data
and functions that
manipulate the data, and
keeps both safe from
outside interference and
misuse.
Properties
Methods

13. Scope
Controls who can access what. Restricting access to
some of the object’s components (properties and
methods), preventing unauthorized access.
Public - everyone
Protected - inherited classes
Private - class itself, not children

14. class User {
protected $name;
protected $title;
public function getFormattedSalutation() {
return $this->getSalutation();
}
protected function getSalutation() {
return $this->title . " " . $this->name;
}
public function getName() {
return $this->name;
}
public function setName($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
public function getTitle() {
return $this->title;
}
public function setTitle($title) {
$this->title = $title;
}
}

15. Creating / Using the object Instance
$user = new User();
$user->setName("Jane Smith");
$user->setTitle("Ms");
echo $user->getFormattedSalutation();
When the script is run, it will return:
Ms Jane Smith

16. Challenges
1. Create a new class with properties and methods
2. Instantiate a new user with a different name and title
3. Throw an error because your access is too
restricted.
https://github.com/sketchings/oop-basics

17. PART 2:
Polymorphism
D-R-Y
Sharing Code

18. pol·y·mor·phism
/ˌpälēˈmôrfizəm/
The condition of occurring in several different forms
BIOLOGY
GENETICS
BIOCHEMISTRY
COMPUTING

19. Terms
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Interface
Abstract Class
Traits

20. Inheritance: passes knowledge down
Subclass, parent and a child relationship, allows for
reusability, extensibility.
Additional code to an existing class without modifying it.
Uses keyword “extends”
NUTSHELL: create a new class based on an existing class
with more data, create new objects based on this class

21. Creating a child class
class Developer extends User {
public $skills = array(); //additional property
public function getSalutation() {//override method
return $this->title . " " . $this->name. ", Developer";
}
public function getSkillsString(){ //additional method
return implode(", ",$this->skills);
}
}

22. Using a child class
$developer = new Developer();
$developer->setName(”Jane Smith”);
$developer->setTitle(“Ms”);
echo $developer;
echo "<br />”;
$developer->skills = array("JavasScript", "HTML", "CSS");
$developer->skills[] = “PHP";
echo $developer->getSkillsString();

23. When run, the script returns:
Ms Jane Smith, Developer
JavasScript, HTML, CSS, PHP

24. Interface
Interface, specifies which methods a class must implement.
All methods in interface must be public.
Multiple interfaces can be implemented by using comma
separation
Interface may contain a CONSTANT, but may not be
overridden by implementing class

25. interface UserInterface {
public function getFormattedSalutation();
public function getName();
public function setName($name);
public function getTitle();
public function setTitle($title);
}
class User implements UserInterface { … }

26. Abstract Class
An abstract class is a mix between an interface and a
class. It can define functionality as well as interface.
Classes extending an abstract class must implement all
of the abstract methods defined in the abstract class.

27. abstract class User { //class
public $name; //property
public getName() { //method
echo $this->name;
}
abstract public function setName($name); //abstract method
}
class Developer extends User {
public setName($name) { //implementing the method
…

28. Traits
Composition
Horizontal Code Reuse
Multiple traits can be implemented

29. Creating Traits
trait Toolkit {
public $tools = array();
public function setTools($task) {
switch ($task) {
case “eat":
$this->tools[] =
array("Spoon", "Fork", "Knife");
exit;
...
}
}
public function showTools() {
return implode(", ",$this->skills);
}
}

30. Using Traits
class Developer extends User {
use Toolkit;
...
}
$developer = new Developer();
$developer->setName(”Jane Smith”);
$developer->setTitle(”Ms”);
echo $developer;
echo "<br />";
$developer->setTools("Eat");
echo $developer->showTools();

31. When run, the script returns:
Ms Jane Smith
Spoon, Fork, Knife

32. Challenges
1. Change to User class to an abstract class.
2. Extend the User class for another type of user, such as
our Developer example
3. Add an Interface for the Developer Class
(or your own class)
4. Add a trait to the User
https://github.com/sketchings/oop-basics

33. Part 3: Added Features
Namespaces
Type Declarations
Magic Methods
Magic Constants
Static Methods

34. Namespaces
Prevent Code Collision
Help create a new layer of code encapsulation
Keep properties from colliding between areas of your code
Only classes, interfaces, functions and constants are affected
Anything that does not have a namespace is considered in
the Global namespace (namespace = "")

35. Namespaces
Must be declared first (except 'declare)
Can define multiple in the same file
You can define that something be used in the "Global"
namespace by enclosing a non-labeled namespace in {}
brackets.
Use namespaces from within other namespaces, along with
aliasing

36. namespace myUser;
class User { //class
public $name; //property
public getName() { //method
echo $this->name;
}
public function setName($name);
}
class Developer extends myUserUser { … }

37. Available Type Declarations
PHP 5.4
Class/Interface,
self, array,
callable
PHP 7
bool
float
int
string

38. Type Declarations
class Conference {
public $title;
private $attendees = array();
public function addAttendee(User $person) {
$this->attendees[] = $person;
}
public function getAttendees(): array {
foreach($this->attendees as $person) {
$attendee_list[] = $person;
}
return $attendee_list;
}
}

39. Using Type Declarations
$lonestar = new Conference();
$lonestar->title = ”Lone Star PHP”;
$lonestart->addAttendee($user);
echo implode(", “, $lonestar->getAttendees());
When the script is run, it will return the same result as before:
Ms Jane Smith

40. Magic Methods
Setup just like any other method
The Magic comes from the fact that they are
triggered and not called
For more see http://php.net/manual/en/
language.oop5.magic.php

41. Magic Constants
Predefined functions in PHP
For more see http://php.net/manual/en/
language.constants.predefined.php

42. Magic Methods and Constants
class User {
protected $name;
protected $title;
public function __construct($name, $title) {
$this->name = $name;
$this->title = $title;
}
public function __toString() {
return __CLASS__. “: “
. $this->getFormattedSalutation();
}
...
}

43. Creating / Using the Magic Method
$user = new User("Jane Smith","Ms");
echo $user;
When the script is run, it will return the same result as
before:
User: Ms Jane Smith

44. Adding a Static Methods
class User {
public $encouragements = array(
“You are beautiful!”,
“You have this!”,
public static function encourage()
{
$int = rand(count($this->encouragements));
return $this->encouragements[$int];
}
...
}

45. Using the Static Method
echo User::encourage();
When the script is run, it will return the same result
as before:
You have this!

46. Challenges
1. Define 2 “User” classes in one file using namespacing
2. Try defining types AND try accepting/returning the wrong types
3. Try another Magic Method http://php.net/manual/en/
language.oop5.magic.php
4. Add Magic Constants http://php.net/manual/en/
language.constants.predefined.php
5. Add and use a Static Method
https://github.com/sketchings/oop-basics

47. Resources
LeanPub: The Essentials of Object Oriented PHP
Head First Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

48. Presented by: Alena Holligan
• Wife and Mother of 3 young children
• PHP Teacher at Treehouse
• Group Leader (PHPDX, Women Who Code Portland)
www.sketchings.com
@sketchings
alena@holligan.us
Download Files: https://github.com/sketchings/oop-basics
https://joind.in/talk/1a5fa