Demographics lecture 2
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The document discusses early 20th century eugenics policies in the United States, including forced sterilization laws. It notes that by 1927, the Supreme Court had upheld the constitutionality of Virginia's forced sterilization law in Buck v. Bell. By the 1930s and 1940s, around 60,000 Americans had been forcibly sterilized under these laws across 33 states, though the last known forced sterilization occurred in 1981. The popularity of eugenics declined after World War II due to its association with the racist policies of Nazi Germany.
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Children and Consumption, Thursday June 11th
The 1960s was a turbulent time for youth in America. Several social movements emerged including the Civil Rights Movement, anti-war protests, Black Power, and the Counterculture. Young people played pivotal roles in these movements seeking social change and challenging the status quo. The decade was defined by youth activism on issues like desegregation, free speech, environmentalism, and women's rights. Events like the Children's Crusade in 1963 and protests at Berkeley highlighted tensions between youth and authority figures over social and political ideals.
Children and Consumption, Wednesday, June 10th
Covers the comic book scare and other parental panics over children's material culture. Presented Wednesday June 10th.
Children and Consumption, Tuesday June 9th
Youth culture developed in the early 20th century due to economic and technological changes as well as evolving views of childhood. Factors like consumerism, advertising, and mass media contributed to the rise of youth culture, exemplified by the flappers of the 1920s. While youth culture allowed for more independence, parents often disapproved as it reduced their influence and promoted behaviors like dancing and mingling of the sexes that parents saw as harmful.
Children and Consumption, Monday June 8th
Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been competition over control of children's time and minds between children, parents, manufacturers, and others. The document discusses how the mass production of toys has changed children's material culture and questions who marketers target - children or parents. It also explores parents' and children's priorities when choosing toys, advertisers' priorities, and cultural critics' views. Examples like Minecraft, gendered toys, and new products/approaches are presented.
Children and Space, Thursday June 4th
Over time, children's spaces have become increasingly separated from adult spaces and sanitized. Teddy Roosevelt argued in 1907 that city streets were unsafe for children to play and that playgrounds should be provided within walking distance of every child's home. European adventure playgrounds foster adventure and fun by allowing children to engage in activities with less restrictive safety measures than typical American playgrounds. The document discusses the spaces that are or should be available for children.
Children and Space, Wednesday June 3
Covers Native American boarding schools and the orphan train, and other situations where adults have "moved" children through space. Presented Wednesday June 3rd.
Children and Space, Monday June 1st
Looks at the experiences of children in the country and children in the city. Presented Monday, June 1.
Science lecture 3
This document discusses the rise of parenting manuals and increased anxiety among parents since the early 1800s, despite children becoming safer. It notes the influence of Republican Motherhood and works like Horace Bushnell's 1847 book "Christian Nurture." Parenting became more scientific and focused on behaviorism, habit training, and personality development in the 1920s-1930s. Modern parenting debates center around issues like permissive vs. authoritative parenting, corporal punishment, and helicopter parenting versus free range children. The document also addresses how race may impact parenting approaches and the legacy of violence experienced by black parents and children under slavery.
Science lecture 2
This document discusses issues related to children's health and well-being in the 19th century, including sanitation, medicine, and the rise of the child study movement. It describes how in the mid-1800s, children's bodies increasingly became the subject of medical and scientific inquiry. It highlights efforts in the 1800s to improve sanitation in cities like New York through studies and new departments of sanitation. The child study movement emerged in the late 1800s to scientifically study children's development and minds. Declining child mortality rates also began changing societal views of childhood.
Science lecture 1
This document provides an overview and introduction to the topics that will be covered in an history course about children, childhood, and families. It discusses asking students to introduce themselves and review the syllabus. It also prompts students to consider their conceptions of children and childhood, and examines how those conceptions have changed over time, from Benjamin Franklin's era to modern times. Key periods and shifts discussed include the natural child, pure child, and innocent child eras. The document raises questions about how we view childhood today and sources that can be used to learn about the past.
Economics:education lecture 3
During the 20th century, mass education replaced trade skills as the primary way to prepare children for adulthood. This raised questions about whose values should be taught in public schools, how to ensure student success, and whether education funding should only go to public schools or could follow students to other options. Over the century, compulsory attendance laws were established, the professionalization of teaching occurred, and Supreme Court cases established parents' rights to direct their child's education. Debates continued over the teaching of subjects like evolution, prayer in schools, and school choice.
Economics:education lecture 2
The document discusses the history of efforts to ban child labor in the United States from the late 19th century to the 1930s. It provides context on why child labor was prevalent and perspectives on banning it. It notes that children had always worked historically. The first organized efforts against child labor began in the early 1900s with groups like the National Child Labor Committee. Key laws and acts that were passed include the Keating Owen Act of 1916, the failed Child Labor Amendment of 1924, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which placed limitations on child labor. The document discusses debates around certain exemptions and differing views on children's work and rights.
Economics:education lecture 1
Between 1870 and 1930, the value of children in American society shifted from economic to sentimental. As children became a financial drain on families rather than contributors to the household income, their worth became defined by their emotional and sentimental value rather than economic value. This shift occurred as families moved away from practices like apprenticing older children to learn trades to earn their keep, toward embracing children as objects of affection to be nurtured and cared for in the home.
Demographics lecture 3
The document discusses how adults have historically used children to solve demographic problems and ensure the future of their group. It gives examples like Western imperialism preparing children through programs like the Boy Scouts to lead and maintain their empires. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts movements aimed to instill character and prepare children for changing social and economic environments. The document questions what future society is trying to achieve through youth programs and education, and whether children are passive subjects or active partners in that process.
Demographics Lecture 1
The document discusses how family forms have changed over time in response to economic and cultural factors. It describes families shifting from multigenerational to nuclear family structures during periods like colonial times and post-WWII suburbanization. The modern concept of age and generations divided families, while marriage transitioned from an economic institution to one based more on love and personal choice. Changing family structures may impact children in various ways.
Lecture 15: Nixonland
This document discusses the political shifts in the United States from the 1960s through the early 1970s. It summarizes that the Democratic New Deal coalition fell apart as the party embraced civil rights, alienating the white Southern vote. Republicans employed a "Southern Strategy" appealing to racial anxieties to attract Southern white voters. Meanwhile, President Nixon employed rhetoric of "law and order" that also appealed to racial fears. By the early 1970s, the Democratic and Republican parties had significantly realigned along racial lines from the New Deal era.
Lecture 17: The Culture Wars
The document discusses several topics related to cultural wars over families that emerged from the 1960s onward. It addresses debates around school prayer, sex education, Christian schools, opposition to the women's and gay rights movements, and changing definitions of family structures. Many conservatives expressed concerns that these trends threatened traditional families and could undermine children's morality and academic success.
Lecture 16: A Decade of Nightmares
The 1970s was a turbulent decade marked by political scandals, economic struggles, and social unrest. Key events included the Nixon presidency and Watergate scandal, the 1973 oil crisis, international terrorism, and the Iran hostage crisis. Americans also faced threats of urban decline, crime, and issues affecting children. The decade reflected skepticism towards government and contrasting visions emerged on topics like the role of government and social change.
Lecture 14: Protest Movements
The 1960s saw many social movements emerge that challenged the status quo. The decade was defined by the civil rights movement and Black Power movement's fight for racial equality, the anti-war movement and protests against US involvement in Vietnam, the women's liberation movement's battle for gender equality and women's rights, and the rise of the counterculture that promoted sexual freedom, psychedelic drugs, and environmentalism. These diverse movements reflected the era's rising social consciousness and desire for political and social change.
Lecture 12: The Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement began as early as 1909 with the founding of the NAACP and was decades in the making, not an accident. In the 1950s and 1960s, the movement gained momentum through pivotal events like Brown v. Board of Education and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Images of police brutality against civil rights protesters in Birmingham in 1963 circulated globally and increased pressure on the federal government to take action to address racism in the United States and protect civil rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed after years of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. However, racism and segregation persisted in northern cities and limitations remained regarding economic inequality facing many African Americans.
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Demographics lecture 2
- 1. Immigration and Eugenic Fears
- 2. Adult concerns about children extend to which sorts of children should be born, and which children (and which groups) are considered “fit” or “unfit.”
- 3. PRIMARY SOURCES: RACE SUICIDE
- 7. Eugenics
- 20. Sterilization Laws • First forced eugenics sterilization law, 1907 • By 1924, 3000 individuals had been forcibly sterilized • Buck v. Bell, 1927 – “It is better for all the world if, instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. . . . Three generations of imbeciles are enough.” ~ Justice Holmes • Skinner v. Oklahoma, 1935 • “Oklahoma makes no attempt to say that he who commits larceny by trespass or trick or fraud has biologically inheritable traits which he who commits embezzlement lacks. We have not the slightest basis for inferring that that line has any significance in eugenics, nor that the inheritability of criminal traits follows the neat legal distinctions which the law has marked between those two offenses.” ~ Justice Douglas • 60,000 Americans in 33 states were forcibly sterilized • While the last forced sterilization occurred in 1981, Buck v. Bell has never been overturned.
- 23. The popularity of eugenics declined after WWII. Why?
- 25. 2012 Pennsylvania House Bill “In determining the amount of assistance payments to a recipient family of benefits under the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) Program, the department shall revise the schedule of benefits to be paid to the recipient family by eliminating the increment in benefits under the program for which that family would otherwise be eligible as a result of the birth of a child conceived during the period in which the family is eligible for benefits under the TANF Program.”