The population of Mumbai has grown significantly over the past 350 years, from 10,000 inhabitants in 1661 to over 12 million in 2011. There has been a large influx of migrants to Mumbai, accounting for 70% of its growth. The sex ratio in Mumbai has declined over time and the child sex ratio indicates a shift of discriminatory female foeticide to rural areas near Mumbai. Malnutrition and diseases like AIDS remain problems in Mumbai's slum areas, which house over half of the city's population. The city has undergone a transformation from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy.

1. Demographic Shift of Population of Mumbai
presented at International Seminar on Mumbai fort-A Fountainhead of
Development at Sophia College, Mumbai on 12-1-2013
Prof. Vibhuti Patel
Head, Dept. of Economics
SNDT Women’s University
Mumbai-400020
Email: vibhuti.np@gmail.com 1

2. Population
• Growth of Mumbai: in 350 years
• The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai’s population over the last
four centuries
• 1661: 10,000 inhabitants 1675: 60,000
• 1864: 816,562 1872: 644,605
• 1881: 773,196 1891: 821,764 1901: 812,912 (Greater Bombay)
• 1911: 1,018,388 1921: 1,244,934 1931: 1,268,936
• 1941: 1,686,127 1951: 2,966,902 1961: 4,152,056
• 1971: 5,970,575 1981: 8,227,382
• 1991: 9,900,000 + 2,600,000 (Thané) = 12,500,000 (Greater Bombay)
• 2001: 11900000 (Mumbai city) and 16,368,084 (Greater Mumbai,
incl. Thané)
• 2011: 12,478,447 i.e. 1.24 crores (excluding Agglomeration) and
Greater Mumbai:18,414,288 i.e. 1.84 crores 2

3. Demographic Profile of Mumbai City
• Over 12 million People staying in 437-460 sq. km.
• Average density: 28000 per sq. km.
• 66% of Mumbai region occupied by water
• Northward movement of population in terms of
housing
• 55% slums on private land
• Daily trips of local trains-70 lakhs per annum
• Daily trips of Bombay Electricity and Suburban
Transport buses- 52 lakhs per annum
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4. Demographic Profile of Mumbai
Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 2001 2011
838 777
Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 874 922
Average Literacy 86.04 88.48
Male Literacy 90.23 90.54
Female Literacy 81.38 86.03
Total Child Population (0-6
262,229 339,723
Age)
Male Population (0-6 Age) 139,906 176,789
Female Population (0-6 Age) 122,323 162,934
Proportion of Children (0-6
8.34% 10.18%
Age)
Proportion of Boys(0-6 Age) 8.17% 9.41%
Proportion of Girls(0-6 Age) 8.53% 11.16% 4

5. Mortality Rates
• Mortality rates in Bombay have fallen
dramatically since independence, although, even
before, they were lower than the corresponding
rates in villages.
• The infant mortality rate in Mumbai has been
static at 40 per 1000 births in the last six years
while the maternal mortality rate has been on a
rise.
• increase in maternal mortality rate as the BMC
registered 206 maternal mortality cases in 2010,
compared to 149 the year before.
• Source: Report of Executive Health Officer, BMC 5

6. Table: 1 Overall Sex Ratio (Number of women per 1000 men) of Greater Mumbai
Year Thane Mumbai Mumbai
Suburban
1901 939 652 652
1911 947 570 570
1921 937 561 561
1931 935 592 592
1941 940 616 616
1951 920 712 574
1961 919 744 626
1971 894 769 670
1981 883 801 729
1991 879 831 791
2001 858 822 777
2011 880 857 838 6

7. Migration
• Immigration: Important role in growth &
development of Mumbai
• Total Migrants to Mumbai: 70% from
Maharashtra
• Rural origin of in-migration
• Migration to Greater Mumbai urban agglomerate
• Out-migration of youth: IT professionals, skilled
workers
• Problems in Mumbai: Transport, housing, water,
work life balance
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8. Child Sex Ratio in Mumbai Metropolitan Region-2011
Mumbai 874
Mumbai Suburb 910
Thane district 905
Thane Rural 953
Thane city 858
Navi Mumbai 901
Thane district 905
Source: Provision Population Totals, Census of India, Paper 2
Highlight: Locus of discriminatory abortions of female foetuses
shifting to rural areas 8

9. Chart 1
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10. Malnutrition in Mumbai
Study by Neeraj Hatekar et al (2003) based on survey of 1006
households in Matunga (E & W), Dadar, Mahim, Bandra,
Mankhurd, Kurla, Vikhroli (E & W) and Ghatkopar on malnutrition
among kutcha slums children in 0-5 age group revealed that the
extent of malnutrition, stunting and related deaths is similar in the
Mumbai slums and tribal villages of Jawahar Taluka as a result of
poor coverage of public health and sanitation facilities. As a result
continued bout diarrhea becomes a classic correlates of
malnourished children in Mumbai. Overall, severe
malnourishments were higher in Mumbai than in Jahwar. A
possible connection between the characteristics of urban informal
labour markets, especially among women, and the high incidence
of malnutrition among children, is discussed. This article also
contains a discussion on policy integration for minimizing the
incidence of malnutrition in this population.
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11. AIDS
• With 4.7% of AIDS cases in India from Mumbai,
Mumbai is subject to 160% more AIDS than the
average prevalence in India.
• The number of new Aids cases reported annually
in the city has dropped 88.64% in the last five
years: down to 595 till October 2011 from 5,240
cases reported in 2007.
• The numbers are likely to drop further with the
anti-retroviral therapy (ART) available at more
centres and drugs getting cheaper.
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12. Education Scenario in Mumbai
• Universities in Mumbai : 12
• CBSE affiliated schools in Mumbai : 36
• ICSE affiliated schools in Mumbai : 58
• BMED-run schools : 1191
• Secondary/ Higher Secondary schools : 3075
• Vocational Education and Training Institutes in Mumbai : 19
• Junior colleges in Mumbai : 330
• Engineering Colleges : 38
• Architecture Colleges : 7
• Pharmacy Colleges : 9
Mumbai is an education hotspot & Research hub of
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13. Slum population
• According to the results of Census of India, 2001,
48.88 of the population of Mumbai % and 38%of
population of Thane lived in the slums of Mumbai.
This is by far the largest slum population in any
city of India. 72.48% of this slum population was
literate.
• This brings out pressing need for improving the
affordable housing stock supply in most of the
urban settlements of Mumbai Metropolitan
Region.
• According to World Bank, out of total households
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of Mumbai, 52 % lived in slums & 37.5% in chowls.

14. Employment Patterns
• In 2001, out of total population of 178.46 lakhs in
urban MMR, the total resident workers were
66.16 lakhs in the year 2001 i.e. 37.07%. In case of
Greater Mumbai, share of total resident worker
in its total population, which was 36.81% in the
year 1971 has varied over the years namely, to
34.69% in 1981, 34.59% in 1991 and 38.00% in
2001.
• As Bombay moves from a primarily
manufacturing to a services based economy, jobs
are slowly moving out of the congested Island
city. 14

15. Changing profile of Employment
• a city which was defined by the textile industry
was now welcoming new and different kind of
economic activities-IT, tele-working, BPO, KPO,
electronics, food processing, tourism related,
hospitality industry,
• Rise of workforce in service sector-domestic work
• Child labour in local trains, bus stops, grocery shops, shoe-shine boys, newspaper
vendors, rag pickers, hawkers, vendors, domestic workers, baby minders, coolies, helpers in shops,
stigmatised slum-based labour markets,
• Change in labour processes and labour relations
• From factory based to home based work
• Feminisation of work force 15

16. Thank you
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