The document discusses several concepts related to managing globalization and creating a more sustainable future, including living within ecological means, developing a global conscience, and balancing free trade with fair trade. It notes that countries like the UK and US have very large ecological footprints and consume more than what could be supported globally if everyone had their lifestyle. Taking steps towards fair trade, ethical shopping, and reducing food miles are presented as ways to help offset environmental costs of global trade. Developing a shared global awareness of social and environmental issues through improved communication is also seen as important for managing changes related to globalization.

1. MINT countries
Any ideas who?

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3. World Cities
WORLD CITIES
-Define world city, million city and megacity
-Describe the causes of rural to urban migration
-Describe and explain the pattern of megacities including regional
variations in growth rates
-Research two contrasting megacities, and identify reasons for
their differences
-Examine the consequences of rapid urban growth in the
developing world
-Assess strategies for improving developing city sustainability

4. Ideas
• Examining the population of London (by various definitions;
is it a megacity or not? Concept of a world city versus a
megacity.
• Mapping the changing location and size of megacities
(1970, 1990, 2007); analysis of trends.
• Contrasting growth rates in Asia versus Africa; photosets of
contrasting cities to analyse conditions and level of
development.
• Factfiles produced on contrasting cities e.g. London versus
Lagos versus Shanghai. Balance of push and pull forces in
each case (using Lee’s model).
• Video and internet research on cities such as Curitiba, Cairo
and Mumbai to assess management strategies.

5. Key Terms
• World city: a city with a significant economic and
political power e.g. London (world’s busiest
international airports, global financial centre)
New York (global financial centre, home of UN)
• Million city: an urban area with a total
population in excess one million. There are 200+
with around 70 in China.
• Mega city: a city with a total population of more
than 10 million e.g. Sao Paulo, Brazil, LA,
Mumbai. There were 20 in the world in 2007, 15
of which were in the developing world.

6. Why do cities grow?

7. Rural Urban migration
• Cities grow from internal growth where rural areas and
natural increase feed cities.
• Most of the people who move to cities from the
countryside are young fertile people who therefore
cause a high birth rate within the cities, this migration
feeds city growth.
• The poorest areas of the world have the fastest urban
growth
• migration is the largest part, this is even more the case
when one city dominates the country these type of
cities can often grow at around 7% per year

8. Rural Urban migration
• Much of this growth is in the form of slums
• By 2020 the number of people living in slums
in the developing world will reach 1.3/1.4
billion

9. Why do people Migrate To Cities
• In pairs try to work out the factors below:
Push
Pull

10. Why do people Migrate To Cities
PUSH
PULL
Poverty
Jobs
Conflict
Education
Natural Disasters
Healthcare
Crop Failure
Safety
Land Subdivision
Housing
Bright Lights

11. Types of Migration
• Many rural immigrants use step migration
from their homes to the nearest small town to
larger town and so on. (Ravenstein)
• Direct Migration
Town
City

12. • Many rural – urban migrants are well
informed about the cities they are moving
to, the process is not ‘Blind’
• The majority are young and relatively well
skilled. Often aware that life in cities is not
good
• They realise their prospects with staying are
worse
• Fundamentally it is an economic decision

13. Is it the Right decision?
• In Kenya figures suggest it’s a better quality of life in
urban Kenya but not in the Nairobi slums.
• Many know they will have to live in the slums but
expect their to be more opportunities than in rural
areas.
IMR
% living on
less than $1
per day
Access to
clean Water
Rural
76
53
46%
Urban
57
49
89%
Nairobi as a
whole
39
Slums in
Nairobi
9
Kibera Slum
Nairobi
106

14. In pairs think about the push and pull factors
into an urban slum

15. • Write down reasons why you think some cities
become global cities (Mega-cities)

16. Name the cities

17. • London
• Nairobi
• Sao Paulo
• Mumbai

18. Different Stages
• Different stages of urbanisation means life can
considerably vary from one city to the next
• Rapid urban growth in the developing world
has led to a slum crisis e.g. Mumbai 60%
population live in slums on 6% of the city’s lan

19. Mumbai
A Megacity Vision

20. Mumbai from the Air

21. Facts
• Mumbai is the largest City
in India
• Mumbai was formerly
Bombay
• Natural harbour in the
opening of the Thane
Creek
• 650 sq km of island
• 484 sq km is densely
populated
• 14 million people

22. Reasons for Growth
• Generates 33% of tax
revenue
• 40% of all international
flights
• Centrally positioned in
Asia
• Easy access to West and
China
• Global hub for TNC’s
• Local TNC’s growing
faster than TNC’s
• E.g.. Tata Steel, Godrej
Retail
• Centre of Bollywood

23. Issues
• Growth has caused high population
density and overcrowding
• Old and overcrowded transport system
• Acute shortage of water

24. Dharavi
•
•
•
•
60% of people live in poverty
Many live in Shanty towns
Dharavi is one of the biggest in Asia
Well organised and some say successful

25. • Check out this link for more information
• Dharavi covers 220 hectares of land near
the airport and an estimated 100,000
people live there
• Produces $500m worth of goods
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzObMqgKIFo&safe=active

26. Mumbai – The Vision
Transport

27. • 11 million people travel daily by Public Transport.
(Rail- 48% , Bus- 44% & Private Vehicles - 8% ).
• Inadequate road network is slowing down the
traffic causing chronic road congestion &
Environmental pollution.
• Suburban rail traffic increased by 6 times while
the capacity increased by only 2.3 times.
• 4500 passengers travel per train against the
carrying capacity of 1750 resulting an
unbearable overcrowding.
• Vehicular growth Increased from 61,000 to over
1.02 Million in the last four decades.

28. • Main objective is to provide a rail based
mass transit connectivity to people within
an approach distance of 1 to 2 km ; to
serve the areas not connected by existing
Suburban Rail System
• To provide proper interchange facilities for
connectivity to neighbouring areas
• Total length by 2021 = Total Length 146.5
km
• Done in 3 stages
• More information >>HERE<<

30. Mumbai – The Vision
Housing

31. • Massive clean up of city’s housing since
2004
• 200,000 illegal slum dwellers moved
• 45 shanty towns destroyed
• Dharavi is to be redeveloped – 7 storey
apartments to be built to re-house dwellers
• Non-polluting local industries encouraged
to continue with help and premises
supplied as well as sustainable strategic
help

32. • Redevelopment is in private hands with
developers receiving 1.3 sq m’s for
commercial property for every sq m of
housing they build.
• Further reading >>HERE<<

33. Mumbai – The Vision
Environment

34. • 325 new green
spaces to be built
• Maintained through
corporate
sponsorship
• 300 extra public
toilets to ease
sanitation issues

35. Mumbai – The Vision
Employment

36. • City needs a growth rate of between 810% to succeed
• Hopes to create 200,000 service sector
jobs (Healthcare, finance and
entertainment)
• 200,000 jobs in new industrial zones
around the port and airport (PC assembly
and fashion)
• Construction – 500,000

37. The Vision
• By 2015 Mumbai should have wide
roads, efficient trains, buses, beautiful seafronts
and gardens.
• Better public utilities
• If it succeeds it will become a major player in the
global network/ economy and provide a healthy
environment and place to live.
• Find out more >>Only Bombay<<

39. Is your city mega?
Read your article & summarise
Look at comparative notes and
highlight

40. HOMEWORK
• Read through LA case study and make notes
• Create a poster comparing Mumbai and
London as mega cities using information in
your booklet
• Work in groups
• Due next week

41. Megacities and sustainability
AS Geography

42. • Can they be sustainable?
• To become a world hub urban development
must involve social and environmental
development
• Depends on good governance

43. •
•
•
•
Can be unsustainable because:
Lack of adequate housing
Poor health/ Sanitation
Weak urban governance. Lack of will and
resources
• Environmental quality – poor infrastructures
• Poverty – low wages and underemployment

44. Ecocities

45. Transport and Environment

46. • Developing cities often have extremely poor air
pollution
• In 2007 Calcutta reported 70% of pop’n had
respiratory problems caused by SPM (Suspended
particle matter)
• WHO said pollution is so severe that a brown
cloud shrouds much of SE Asia for most of the
year.
• Reducing this means heavy investment in
infrastructure

47. Your case study for this should be
Mumbai

48. Examples of Pollution
Mexico city
cars are banned from the city one day a week
according to the digits on their number plates
(Hoy no circula system) Beijing tried this in
2007

49. Delhi
 All buses and rickshaws were converted to cleaner
compressed natural gas in 2002
 Strict emission controls since 2000
 Many old lorries were banned
 Since 1997 SO2 has fallen 35%

50. China
• Shanghai opened the Maglev railway system in
2001 connecting Shanghai to the airport

51. Ecocities

52. • The idea of a sustainable city is not achievable
by most developing countries especially in Africa
• The focus is on basics supported by NGO’s and
international aid.
• Maturing developing cities are better suited to
start to reduce pollution
• Curitiba in Mexico comes closest to meeting this
ideal but it is small with only 3 million people
(Similar to the combined pop’n Greater
Manchester)

53. Brazil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeAZsmpt7a8&safe=active
• In Curitiba (SE Brazil)
uses innovative
approaches to curbing
pollution
• Low cost express bus
lanes used by 85% of
people
• Community led recycling
schemes and provision
of parking

54. Dongtan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
At the mouth of the Yangtze river in China
First eco-city.
Being built by Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation
Aims to create a low energy city that is close to being carbon
neutral
Could accommodate up to 500,000 people
It will be largely car-free and carbon neutral
Energy will be provided from renewable sources – wind farms
and solar panels
Waste treatment plant will convert sewage and compast into
biogas that will be used for cooking, heating and power
generation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej5IVXI-Jyc&safe=active

55. Your Task:
In your groups research Curitiba or Dongtan and find out:
1. Background information – why was it built? What were the main aims?
2. How will it be sustainable?
3. Are there any problems?

56. Improving Slums
• Building from scratch is not a viable solution for
the millions of slum dwellers in rapidly
expanding megacities
• Help comes from NGOs working in slum
districts with funding from local authorities by
providing:
-Residents with tenure (right to own)
-Basic services such as clinics and schools
-Improved water suppy

57. Activity 1
 Define the following
terms:
Deindustrialisation
Dependency
Post Industrial Economy Ethical Purchase
Purchasing Power Parity Ecological Footprint
Quarternary Sector
Externalities
Food Miles
Global Shift

58. Activity 2
• List the positive and negative effects of
globalisation?
• What do we mean by the term ‘Inner city spiral
of deprivation?
• What are the moral and social consequences of
globalisation?
• What are the Environments and social costs?
• List the ways that we can offset the
environmental costs of global trade?

59. Activity 3
• Explain the implications of this cartoon
message:

60. Homework
-Answer questions on page 122, use your notes
and chapter 13 to help
-Read and make notes on chapter 14 for next
lesson

61. What are the social and environmental
consequences of globalisation and
can we manage these changes for a better
world?

62. Issues-led globalisation
• TNCs & GPNs
• IMF
• Money markets
• Cultural
imperialism
• Hybridity
• Gender
Economic
Political
• Trade blocs
• Climate change
• Democracy
Cultural
Social
• Social network
• Migration
• Diaspora

63. Concept-led globalisation

64. History-led globalisation
• End of age of Empires
• Post-war settlement (IMF, World Bank, roots of WTO)
pre-1950s • Container shipping growth
• Rise of Asian Tigers & deindustrialisation of parts of core
• OPEC crisis & 'crisis of capitalism' (off-shoring begins in earnest)
'60s-'80s • Financial deregulation & growth of money markets
1990s+
• Fall of Soviet Union, growth of BRIC economies
• Trade bloc growth (NAFTA, EU), technology acceleration
• Punctuated by further economic crises

66. Managing Change: Global
Futures
AS Geography

67. So far we have covered:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Globalisation
TNCs
Global Groups
Global Networks and Connections
Roots
On the Move
World Cities
• All of these have presented a set of problems in
terms of our global future

68. What Problems can you think of?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Do we live beyond our means?
Is our ‘Ecological footprint’ to big?
Do we need to grow a global conscience?
Should we develop a sustainable future?
Is free trade or fair trade the way forward?
Re-use, reduce and recycle

69. Living Beyond our Means
• In the developed world we have what we
want and anytime we want it.
• Strawberries in winter
• Apples from Fiji
• Resources around the world are used to fuel
our appetite for ‘things’
• Our global ecological footprint is rising

70. The UK
• We are second only to the
USA in consuming natural
goods and resources
• Only the USA is ahead of use
• If the whole world were to
consume like use we would
need the equivalent of 3.1
earths’ worth of resources
USA
5.3
UK
3.1
France
3.0
Germany
2.5
Russia
2.4
China
0.8

71. Ecological Footprint
• Definition:
• A measure of the amount of land and water
that a population needs in order to produce
the land and resources it consumes and to
absorb it’s waste, with existing technology

72. Global Conscience
• As we become more globalised we begin to look more
outward across geographical boundaries
• Improvements in communication means we can all
witness events at the same time
• 3.9 billion watched the Athens Olympics
• Many millions watched the Live Earth Concert in 2007
• We are becoming more aware of worker exploitation
through the media
• Impacts of global debt
• Environmental damage
• We are developing a ‘Global conscience’

73. What woke our Global Conscience?
•
•
•
•
•
Events such as:
1970’s Oil crisis
1980’s debt crisis
1985 – Live Aid
1992 – Earth Summit in Rio adopted agenda 21
(Sustainable Development at various levels)
• 2006 – Stern Review
• 2007 Live Earth Global Concert on climate change

74. Fair trade or free trade?
• Free Trade
• Where we persuade countries to drop their
barriers to trade.
• Free trade generally means that workers and
growers of commodities get less for their
products
• Fair Trade
• Aims to give them a greater proportion

75. Ethical Shopping
Issues
Considerations
•
•
•
•
Buying fair trade products
M&S
Co-op
Supermarkets label food and
more money goes to local
producers e.g. Coffee and tea
• Estimated that all food eaten in
UK has a food miles of 30 billion
• In the average kitchen in UK was
41,000 (twice the globe)
• Producing organically uses more
land and can cause deforestation
• Less fertilizers etc means more
land needed
• Using local means reducing food
miles but the increase in travel
offsets bulk delivery to
supermarkets
• Food miles aren’t all bad. Food
production is less energy
intensive in Africa even if flown in
• Buying local can undermine fair
trade and poor countries lose out

76. Carbon Offsetting and Trading
•
•
•
•
Carbon credits can be voluntary or certified
Voluntary:
Payments or projects which offset emissions with equivalent savings of CO2
Coldplay planted 10,000 mango trees in Karnataka India to offset the emissions
from production of their ‘Rush of Blood to the Head’ album.
• We can however not get the hour back we wasted listening to it
• Besides which after a year most of the trees had died in the dry season and
smallholders had lost land in the process

77. Certified Carbon credits
• International exchanges of credits aiming to
cut emissions globally
• Allows high polluters to continue polluting
while buying credits off those who don’t

78. Reduce, re-use, recycle
• Londoners produce 3.4 million
tonnes of rubbish a year
• Around 80% of our rubbish can be
reused, recycled or composted
• 90% of what we buy becomes
waste within 6 months
• In London that’s a
tonne/person/year
• Landfill sites are running out and
pose environmental risks
• Incineration reduces waste by 75%
in weight and 90% by volume

79. • Incineration leads to greenhouse
gases
• Recycling is cleaner, greener and
provides new raw materials
• Collection, sorting and processing
still requires the use of energy more
so than simply producing less waste
in the first place
• Composting produces humus that
improves soils

80. REVISE!