This is a full research exploring the role of SADC National Committees in SADC governance. It was carried out in 2009 by the authors for the Centre for Policy Studies and was funded by the National Endowment for Democracy. For the full article go to http://www.cps.org.za/cps%20pdf/RR122.pdf
(1) The South African Development Community (SADC) was established in 1992 with the vision of improving economic development, living standards, trade, and peace in southern Africa. (2) Its objectives include achieving development, economic growth, common political values, regional peace and security, employment, and sustainable natural resources utilization. (3) SADC activities focus on sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, politics/defense/security, social development, trade/investment, and wildlife tourism.
1) O documento descreve a história e objetivos da SADC, uma organização regional formada na África Austral para promover a cooperação econômica e integração.
2) A SADC enfrenta desafios em estabelecer um bloco regional viável devido às disparidades econômicas entre seus membros, liderados pela economia da África do Sul.
3) A organização tem metas ambiciosas de integração gradual até 2018, incluindo uma zona de livre comércio, união aduaneira e eventualmente uma moeda única
Mercantilism encouraged exports and discouraged imports to accumulate wealth, usually in gold and silver. Adam Smith argued that free trade and specializing in absolute advantages benefits countries more. Comparative advantage theory extended this by showing even without absolute advantages, all countries gain from trade. Porter's diamond model explains how national competitive advantages arise from factor conditions, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and firm strategy/rivalry within a country.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
The document discusses several theories of international trade:
1. Mercantilism held that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating gold and silver through trade surpluses. It advocated subsidies for exports and tariffs/quotas on imports.
2. Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory argued that countries should specialize in goods they produce most efficiently and trade for other goods. Both countries can benefit through specialization and trade.
3. David Ricardo's comparative advantage theory extended this, showing that trade can benefit both sides even if one country is more efficient overall. Countries should import goods they have a comparative - not absolute - disadvantage in.
4. Later theories examined factors like differences in factor endowments
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Advanced EC seminar on decentralisation and local governance
European Commission EuropeAid
2-5 July 2012, Brussels
The seminar reviewed the country context and the evolving international development framework and considered how to manage the political dimensions of decentralisation. It also looked at using decentralisation as a trigger to foster better development outcomes and governance and what all this means for future EU engagement in decentralisation and local governance. Jean Bossuyt, ECDPM, was the lead facilitator of this meeting. Alisa Herrero, ECDPM, was also one of the experts facilitating this seminar.
(1) The South African Development Community (SADC) was established in 1992 with the vision of improving economic development, living standards, trade, and peace in southern Africa. (2) Its objectives include achieving development, economic growth, common political values, regional peace and security, employment, and sustainable natural resources utilization. (3) SADC activities focus on sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, politics/defense/security, social development, trade/investment, and wildlife tourism.
1) O documento descreve a história e objetivos da SADC, uma organização regional formada na África Austral para promover a cooperação econômica e integração.
2) A SADC enfrenta desafios em estabelecer um bloco regional viável devido às disparidades econômicas entre seus membros, liderados pela economia da África do Sul.
3) A organização tem metas ambiciosas de integração gradual até 2018, incluindo uma zona de livre comércio, união aduaneira e eventualmente uma moeda única
Mercantilism encouraged exports and discouraged imports to accumulate wealth, usually in gold and silver. Adam Smith argued that free trade and specializing in absolute advantages benefits countries more. Comparative advantage theory extended this by showing even without absolute advantages, all countries gain from trade. Porter's diamond model explains how national competitive advantages arise from factor conditions, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and firm strategy/rivalry within a country.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
The document discusses several theories of international trade:
1. Mercantilism held that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating gold and silver through trade surpluses. It advocated subsidies for exports and tariffs/quotas on imports.
2. Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory argued that countries should specialize in goods they produce most efficiently and trade for other goods. Both countries can benefit through specialization and trade.
3. David Ricardo's comparative advantage theory extended this, showing that trade can benefit both sides even if one country is more efficient overall. Countries should import goods they have a comparative - not absolute - disadvantage in.
4. Later theories examined factors like differences in factor endowments
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Advanced EC seminar on decentralisation and local governance
European Commission EuropeAid
2-5 July 2012, Brussels
The seminar reviewed the country context and the evolving international development framework and considered how to manage the political dimensions of decentralisation. It also looked at using decentralisation as a trigger to foster better development outcomes and governance and what all this means for future EU engagement in decentralisation and local governance. Jean Bossuyt, ECDPM, was the lead facilitator of this meeting. Alisa Herrero, ECDPM, was also one of the experts facilitating this seminar.
An ANT exploration of mParticipation in the city of Cape TownLaban Bagui
This document summarizes a research study that used actor-network theory to examine how mobile technologies could help improve public participation and the articulation of community needs in Cape Town, South Africa. The study found that while mobile technologies were expected to improve this process, the necessary transformations in government and other actors had not been fully realized. Several issues around adoption of mobile technologies hindered further progress in establishing a network for community mobile articulation of needs. The document concludes that further research is needed to address barriers and develop a plan to help local government better connect with stakeholders using mobile technologies.
This document discusses the need to rethink development models to focus on empowering communities and building from the bottom up. It argues that development happens through local, community-driven efforts, not through top-down approaches. Some key points made include: listening to communities systematically, allowing their voices to be heard; redesigning services and business models from the bottom-up rather than the top-down; providing supportive policies, services, and infrastructure to communities; trusting communities to drive their own development; and expanding local services using community-based models. Examples from other countries show how empowering communities through approaches like community-based planning and local funding can generate social capital and positive development outcomes.
The Governance Facility (GF) is a secretariat that provides funding from the UK, Denmark, and Switzerland to support governance efforts in Nepal. It aims to promote democratic governance, peacebuilding, implementation of the constitution, human rights, and access to justice. Key highlights include:
- It has committed $28.1 million of its $30.36 million budget towards programs.
- It works with both civil society and government partners, providing flexible off-budget funding and technical support. The number of partnerships with public institutions has increased significantly since 2016.
- It focuses on supporting federal restructuring, multipartial dialogue, and implementation of the 2015 Constitution. Evaluations have given it positive ratings for its responsive
Social Mobilization and Rural Development” -NUDRT MUFTINUDRAT MUFTI
12 September to 17 September 2011-Training Course on “Social Mobilization and Rural Development” Organised by AHK National Centre for Rural Development & MA, Islamabad
The document provides a report on a learning visit to the Republic of South Africa by the Maatla Project in March 2014. It includes the following key details:
- Objectives of the visit were to learn how South African NGOs engage the private sector for support and capacity building, how the private sector delivers CSR, and how NGOs pursue resource mobilization.
- Seven individuals from Botswanan NGOs and networks participated. They visited six organizations in Johannesburg and Pretoria to learn about their CSR programs and partnerships with NGOs.
- Key lessons and recommendations from the visit will help strengthen the Maatla project's private sector engagement in Botswana and inform the development of a national CSR
Non-governmental organizations that observe the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations have formed constituencies around common interests. There are currently nine constituencies including those for business, environmental groups, local governments, indigenous peoples, researchers, trade unions, women and youth. Being part of a constituency provides benefits like access to events and information from the secretariat. Constituencies interact with the secretariat through focal points and help facilitate participation in the negotiations. Organizations can affiliate with one or more constituencies by indicating their preference when applying or updating their contact information with the UNFCCC secretariat.
This document discusses Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). It defines CSOs and lists different types. It outlines the legal framework for registering NGOs/CSOs in Pakistan and FATA's process which involves temporary registration through the FATA Secretariat. The roles and responsibilities of various FATA departments involved in supporting and coordinating with CSOs/NGOs are summarized. Guidelines for CSO/NGO registration applications to the FATA Secretariat are provided.
The role of the Mozambique and Southern Africa observatories in alleviating p...UNICEF Algérie
The Experience of Mozambique Development Observatory&Poverty Regional Observatory in SADC.
Ministry of Development and Planning (Mozambique), Dr. Alfredo Salvador Mutombene.
12 September to 17 September 2011-Training Course on “Social Mobilization and Rural Development” Organised by AHK National Centre for Rural Development & MA, Islamabad
This document discusses operationalizing the Strengthening Capacity for Agricultural Policy and Implementation (SAKSS) in countries in the Southern African Development Community region. It outlines general principles for establishing SAKSS, including having local stakeholder support and commitment of resources. Key architectural elements are described, such as advisory committees and partnerships between government, research institutions, and donors. Challenges include ensuring stakeholder participation and ownership and producing policy-relevant research. The experience of Mozambique establishing SAKSS is provided as an example, highlighting opportunities like government support but also challenges like limited data and inter-institutional collaboration.
Presented on Monday 2 November at NCVO/BWB Trustee Conference 2015.
Afternoon keynote - Margaret Casely-Hayford, Chair, Action Aid
If you would like to find out more about our 2016 Trustee Conference email us at ncvoevents@ncvo.org.uk or call us on 020 750 3153.
Potentiality of Roundtable Meeting in Japan -From the position of NPO/NGO-diversityjapan
1. NPOs and NGOs are expected to play a larger role in society as collaborators with governments and companies, where their responsibilities have expanded beyond supplemental and advisory roles.
2. NNNet was formed in 2009 as a network for NPOs and NGOs to improve social responsibility and selects representatives for multi-stakeholder processes like the Roundtable for SR.
3. The Roundtable for SR was effective for issue identification and strategy planning but had issues with dissemination, commitment to strategies, and follow up. Expanding topics, regional involvement, and including more stakeholders could further improve multi-stakeholder processes.
The document summarizes the OVC (orphans and vulnerable children) programme landscape in South Africa. It notes that the programme is highly complex with many implementers and poor coordination across sectors. Government provides some statutory services for OVC but most community-based care is done by NGOs relying on donor funding. Key coordination forums take place at the national, provincial and district levels, but lower level forums are often underfunded and ineffective.
The document discusses the United Nations Joint Programme on Local Governance in Somalia (UN-JPLG), a 5 year $26-32 million program across Somalia's 3 zones that aims to build local governance capacities, support decentralized service delivery, and promote local economic development and stability through partnerships between communities, local governments, and UN agencies. The UN-JPLG takes a bottom-up approach to reforms while also working on national policies, and shares lessons on integrating local governance and development in conflict-affected contexts.
Am2010 Osfu Concept Note 25 April 1 2010victoranjeh
This document provides an overview of a side event at the 2010 AfDB Annual Meetings on mobilizing the African diaspora for capacity building and development, with a focus on fragile states. The event objectives are to: (1) share experiences on engaging diasporas from countries like China, India, and South Korea; (2) connect African governments to diaspora expert networks; and (3) identify the Bank's role in building stakeholder capacity. The rationale is that fragile states have lost human capital due to conflicts and need diasporas' skills and investments for development. The expected outcomes are for stakeholders to learn best practices, strengthen partnerships between diasporas and governments, and provide input on the Bank's
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of Country Coordinating Mechanisms (CCMs) for the Global Fund. It provides historical context for the establishment of CCMs and outlines their core functions, which include developing funding applications, nominating implementers, and providing oversight of funded programs. The document also discusses achievements of CCMs in mobilizing resources and engaging stakeholders. It identifies areas for improvement such as ensuring meaningful representation and transparency in selection processes. Strategies to strengthen CCMs through revised guidelines, funding, and performance evaluation are presented.
“… The goal is to “empower” the poor, to provide them with the kind of assistance that will give them the confidence that, on their own, they can break out of poverty."
The document discusses strategies for empowering communities through self-help groups (SHGs). It explains that SHGs organize women into savings groups to build economic self-reliance and decision making power. SHGs are clustered into higher levels to take on larger issues. Partners reported that SHGs improved food security, education, health and social cohesion for thousands of households in South Africa. Challenges included high turnover of community facilitators and limited funding, which partners are working to address.
CSOs in Vietnam have become gradually involved in partnerships with the government and World Bank, but these partnerships remain limited. CSOs occasionally contribute to development planning and policy dialogues in an informal capacity. However, there is a lack of formal and transparent information sharing mechanisms. Additionally, CSOs do not have a clearly defined role in monitoring and evaluating World Bank projects in Vietnam or in discussions around development frameworks. The legal framework for CSOs provides bureaucratic discretion that can hinder their development and operations. Strengthening partnerships will require more formal participation of CSOs in planning, monitoring, and policy discussions as well as an improved enabling legal environment.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
More Related Content
Similar to democratising regional integration in Africa: Sadc national committees as platforms for participatory policy making and implementation
An ANT exploration of mParticipation in the city of Cape TownLaban Bagui
This document summarizes a research study that used actor-network theory to examine how mobile technologies could help improve public participation and the articulation of community needs in Cape Town, South Africa. The study found that while mobile technologies were expected to improve this process, the necessary transformations in government and other actors had not been fully realized. Several issues around adoption of mobile technologies hindered further progress in establishing a network for community mobile articulation of needs. The document concludes that further research is needed to address barriers and develop a plan to help local government better connect with stakeholders using mobile technologies.
This document discusses the need to rethink development models to focus on empowering communities and building from the bottom up. It argues that development happens through local, community-driven efforts, not through top-down approaches. Some key points made include: listening to communities systematically, allowing their voices to be heard; redesigning services and business models from the bottom-up rather than the top-down; providing supportive policies, services, and infrastructure to communities; trusting communities to drive their own development; and expanding local services using community-based models. Examples from other countries show how empowering communities through approaches like community-based planning and local funding can generate social capital and positive development outcomes.
The Governance Facility (GF) is a secretariat that provides funding from the UK, Denmark, and Switzerland to support governance efforts in Nepal. It aims to promote democratic governance, peacebuilding, implementation of the constitution, human rights, and access to justice. Key highlights include:
- It has committed $28.1 million of its $30.36 million budget towards programs.
- It works with both civil society and government partners, providing flexible off-budget funding and technical support. The number of partnerships with public institutions has increased significantly since 2016.
- It focuses on supporting federal restructuring, multipartial dialogue, and implementation of the 2015 Constitution. Evaluations have given it positive ratings for its responsive
Social Mobilization and Rural Development” -NUDRT MUFTINUDRAT MUFTI
12 September to 17 September 2011-Training Course on “Social Mobilization and Rural Development” Organised by AHK National Centre for Rural Development & MA, Islamabad
The document provides a report on a learning visit to the Republic of South Africa by the Maatla Project in March 2014. It includes the following key details:
- Objectives of the visit were to learn how South African NGOs engage the private sector for support and capacity building, how the private sector delivers CSR, and how NGOs pursue resource mobilization.
- Seven individuals from Botswanan NGOs and networks participated. They visited six organizations in Johannesburg and Pretoria to learn about their CSR programs and partnerships with NGOs.
- Key lessons and recommendations from the visit will help strengthen the Maatla project's private sector engagement in Botswana and inform the development of a national CSR
Non-governmental organizations that observe the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations have formed constituencies around common interests. There are currently nine constituencies including those for business, environmental groups, local governments, indigenous peoples, researchers, trade unions, women and youth. Being part of a constituency provides benefits like access to events and information from the secretariat. Constituencies interact with the secretariat through focal points and help facilitate participation in the negotiations. Organizations can affiliate with one or more constituencies by indicating their preference when applying or updating their contact information with the UNFCCC secretariat.
This document discusses Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). It defines CSOs and lists different types. It outlines the legal framework for registering NGOs/CSOs in Pakistan and FATA's process which involves temporary registration through the FATA Secretariat. The roles and responsibilities of various FATA departments involved in supporting and coordinating with CSOs/NGOs are summarized. Guidelines for CSO/NGO registration applications to the FATA Secretariat are provided.
The role of the Mozambique and Southern Africa observatories in alleviating p...UNICEF Algérie
The Experience of Mozambique Development Observatory&Poverty Regional Observatory in SADC.
Ministry of Development and Planning (Mozambique), Dr. Alfredo Salvador Mutombene.
12 September to 17 September 2011-Training Course on “Social Mobilization and Rural Development” Organised by AHK National Centre for Rural Development & MA, Islamabad
This document discusses operationalizing the Strengthening Capacity for Agricultural Policy and Implementation (SAKSS) in countries in the Southern African Development Community region. It outlines general principles for establishing SAKSS, including having local stakeholder support and commitment of resources. Key architectural elements are described, such as advisory committees and partnerships between government, research institutions, and donors. Challenges include ensuring stakeholder participation and ownership and producing policy-relevant research. The experience of Mozambique establishing SAKSS is provided as an example, highlighting opportunities like government support but also challenges like limited data and inter-institutional collaboration.
Presented on Monday 2 November at NCVO/BWB Trustee Conference 2015.
Afternoon keynote - Margaret Casely-Hayford, Chair, Action Aid
If you would like to find out more about our 2016 Trustee Conference email us at ncvoevents@ncvo.org.uk or call us on 020 750 3153.
Potentiality of Roundtable Meeting in Japan -From the position of NPO/NGO-diversityjapan
1. NPOs and NGOs are expected to play a larger role in society as collaborators with governments and companies, where their responsibilities have expanded beyond supplemental and advisory roles.
2. NNNet was formed in 2009 as a network for NPOs and NGOs to improve social responsibility and selects representatives for multi-stakeholder processes like the Roundtable for SR.
3. The Roundtable for SR was effective for issue identification and strategy planning but had issues with dissemination, commitment to strategies, and follow up. Expanding topics, regional involvement, and including more stakeholders could further improve multi-stakeholder processes.
The document summarizes the OVC (orphans and vulnerable children) programme landscape in South Africa. It notes that the programme is highly complex with many implementers and poor coordination across sectors. Government provides some statutory services for OVC but most community-based care is done by NGOs relying on donor funding. Key coordination forums take place at the national, provincial and district levels, but lower level forums are often underfunded and ineffective.
The document discusses the United Nations Joint Programme on Local Governance in Somalia (UN-JPLG), a 5 year $26-32 million program across Somalia's 3 zones that aims to build local governance capacities, support decentralized service delivery, and promote local economic development and stability through partnerships between communities, local governments, and UN agencies. The UN-JPLG takes a bottom-up approach to reforms while also working on national policies, and shares lessons on integrating local governance and development in conflict-affected contexts.
Am2010 Osfu Concept Note 25 April 1 2010victoranjeh
This document provides an overview of a side event at the 2010 AfDB Annual Meetings on mobilizing the African diaspora for capacity building and development, with a focus on fragile states. The event objectives are to: (1) share experiences on engaging diasporas from countries like China, India, and South Korea; (2) connect African governments to diaspora expert networks; and (3) identify the Bank's role in building stakeholder capacity. The rationale is that fragile states have lost human capital due to conflicts and need diasporas' skills and investments for development. The expected outcomes are for stakeholders to learn best practices, strengthen partnerships between diasporas and governments, and provide input on the Bank's
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of Country Coordinating Mechanisms (CCMs) for the Global Fund. It provides historical context for the establishment of CCMs and outlines their core functions, which include developing funding applications, nominating implementers, and providing oversight of funded programs. The document also discusses achievements of CCMs in mobilizing resources and engaging stakeholders. It identifies areas for improvement such as ensuring meaningful representation and transparency in selection processes. Strategies to strengthen CCMs through revised guidelines, funding, and performance evaluation are presented.
“… The goal is to “empower” the poor, to provide them with the kind of assistance that will give them the confidence that, on their own, they can break out of poverty."
The document discusses strategies for empowering communities through self-help groups (SHGs). It explains that SHGs organize women into savings groups to build economic self-reliance and decision making power. SHGs are clustered into higher levels to take on larger issues. Partners reported that SHGs improved food security, education, health and social cohesion for thousands of households in South Africa. Challenges included high turnover of community facilitators and limited funding, which partners are working to address.
CSOs in Vietnam have become gradually involved in partnerships with the government and World Bank, but these partnerships remain limited. CSOs occasionally contribute to development planning and policy dialogues in an informal capacity. However, there is a lack of formal and transparent information sharing mechanisms. Additionally, CSOs do not have a clearly defined role in monitoring and evaluating World Bank projects in Vietnam or in discussions around development frameworks. The legal framework for CSOs provides bureaucratic discretion that can hinder their development and operations. Strengthening partnerships will require more formal participation of CSOs in planning, monitoring, and policy discussions as well as an improved enabling legal environment.
Similar to democratising regional integration in Africa: Sadc national committees as platforms for participatory policy making and implementation (20)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
democratising regional integration in Africa: Sadc national committees as platforms for participatory policy making and implementation
1.
2. Aim of research:
Investigate SADC National Committees as
participatory platforms for SADC policy making:
1. Find out extent of SNC functionality
2. Find out extent of compliance with SNC
participatory requirements as spelt out in treaty
Significance:
Very limited information on SNC performance
available
Previous reports focus on capacity issues
Examines stakeholder participation as requirement
for a functional SNC
Point of departure of this study is in examining the
SNCs’ role as participatory platforms for SADC
policy process
3. Conceptualisation of Key Terms
SNCs: as defined within the confines of the SADC
treaty 2001
Public Participation: encompassing in terms of
mechanisms; consultative forums; stakeholder
membership, limited to civil society;
Civil Society: Inclusive of stakeholders stipulated in
the SADC treaty provision for SNCs: NGOs, private
sector, business, trade organisations
Functionality: administrative and operational
characteristics in terms of SADC framework
provisions for SNCs
SNCs as participatory platforms: the issue is
examined from the wider question of SNC
functionality
4. SADCC (1979) to SADC (1992)
Treaty Amended 2001
SADC restructuring in 2001
From SADC Coordinating Units (SCU) to
SNCs
7. Purpose: Exploratory study
Data gathering
28 respondents from 5 countries in SADC
Sample No
Government officials 8
NGOs 18
Parliamentarians/Poli 4
ticians
Total 30
8. Research Instrument
Semi structured questions
Designed to test extent of public participation
and the functional requirements of SNCs
Limitations:
Sampling and data gathering
The scale of study (time and budget)
Respondents: Accessing identified respondents
and respondent bias.
9. Participation in African regionalism
governance ( UNECA Charter for popular
participation -1990)
Framework for participatory governance
in SADC (SADC Treaty; RSIDP)
Significance of SADC ‘participatory’
national model.
State of SNCs: (Metacomm report 2005;
SADC review of operations report 2001,
Isaksen, J 2002; and SADC capacity
Development Framework 2008)
10. Challenges of SNCs:
The lack of qualified and experienced manpower
The lack of material resources (offices, equipment, etc)
The lack of clarity on the SNC linkages to SADC
secretariat on budgetary provision for programmes and
projects for implementation within RISDP context
The lack of mechanism for integration of SNCs into
government systems and procedures
The lack of full comprehension of function of SNCs in
SADC
Lack of internalization and understanding of the roles of
SNCs by stakeholders
The lack of technical capacity for SNC sub-committees.
11. Broader functional Specified Structure Secretariat Financing Meetings Public Participation
issues Arrangements
Malawi CH(MIN of Foreign Focal point(located at Not funded Ad hoc Not significant
Affairs), SC and TC(TIFI) SADC desk) dependent on
government funding
Zambia CH (Sec. to Cabinet); SC Focal point (Located at Not funded, dependent Ad hoc Not significant
(TIFI) on government
Mozambique CH (Min of Foreign Member institutions Inadequate( dependent Plenary(yearly); SC Significant participation
Affairs) carry the cost of on government monthly I&S: 4 Gov, 3 NGO, 3
Plenary (all Sub disseminating SNC CSO
committees + deliberation s to TIFI: 6 Govt 3 NGO 3
stakeholders) members (Focal point) CSO
Provincial SNCs FANR: 11 Govt, 11
NGO,
(more than 40
institutions rep)
South Africa “African Renaissance Located within the Government Once a month (Business through
Committee” IRC Department NEDLAC/DTI) Civil
Participation by all Society when needed
departments
Public Participation Civil society SNC awareness Membership of SNCs Government SNC Meetings
interaction with engagement with
SADC civil society
Malawi SADC-PF ; 2 groups 1 (on paper) Minimal & restricted None confirmed
to certain groups
Zambia SADC consultative none none none None confirmed
forums
Mozambique SADC CNGO, SADC-PF 2 groups 1 I group 1 group confirmed
Botswana SADC CNGO
South Africa SADC CNGO; SADC-PF, 1 none Little information None confirmed
other Regional NGO
frameworks
12. Broader functional issues
Specified Structure
No uniform model
Lacking complete organizational structural
requirements
Ad hoc meetings
Secretariat and coordination:
Focal points not secretariats
No coordination between committees and national
secretariat
Weak coordination between national secretariat and
SADC
Difficulty in integrating SNCs into government
institutional and operational structure
13. Broader functional issues contd
Financial arrangements:
Funding responsibility (at national level)
Funding mechanisms (national budget)
Availability of Funds (not
prioritised/competing needs)
Human Resources/Capacity Building:
Capacity building responsibilities
Poor staffing
14. Public Participation
Gauging civil society knowledge of and
responsiveness to participation in SADC
Avenues for participation:
The SADC CNGO
Independent Regional Civil Society Forums
such as the Southern African Poverty Network
The SADC Parliamentary Forum and National
Parliaments
Consultative Forums of various SADC Units such
as the gender desk and HIV/AIDS desk
SADC National Committees
15. Awareness of the existence of SNCs in
civil society groups
5 out of 18 NGOs interviewed had heard of
SNCs and 2 out of the 18 NGOs
interviewed belonged(Malawi (MEJN);
Mozambique OTM)
Lack of information from government
Funding for awareness programme
Membership:
Limited to government (Except in Mozambique
(tendency for more involvement in finance
and trade))
16. Possible contributing factors:
Reactive SNCs: the ad hoc and issue
driven nature of SNC meetings
Lack of funds to build awareness and
organise Civil Society participation
The relationship between Civil Society
and government
Lack of clear criteria and guidelines for
membership
17. Context:
1. The SADC structure and system,
2. the political dimensions of regional governance in Africa,
3. the economic realities of regional integration in Africa
4. global realities
SNCs exist but are not functional in most
countries(Mozambique only)
SNCs were not designed to be focal points
Lack of clarity on the support role of SADC in terms of
capacity building;
Lack of clarity on the structure, operations and
institutionalisation of SNCs in SADC (detailed guidelines
needed)
18. Political and institutional commitment from governments and
SADC put in context of
1. commitment of member states to national
implementation since the SADC restructuring and
centralisation process
2. Competing multilateral agreements
Overall SADC system:
1. Highly intergovernmental nature of regionalism in Africa
2. Lack of understanding of SADC calendar and workings
Funding within the context of SADC:
1. ICP partners (61%)
2. SADC membership contributions
3. Joint enterprises
19. PARTICIPATION
1. Two levels and several entry points
identified for participation in SADC:
Regional
•SADC CNGO
•SADC Parliamentary Forum
•Consultative meetings of SADC units
•Independent Regional Civil Society Forums
National
•SADC National Committees
•National Parliaments
20. 1.1 Participation in SADC:
fragmented, loosely organised and
structured framework
2. The role of Parliaments:
contribution of regional parliaments through
legislation aimed at harmonising and co-
ordinating laws
Parliaments or talk shops (supranational and
intergovernmental power pull?)
national parliaments/parliamentary
committees activating SNCs through Acts of
Parliament
21. 3. Membership by civil society (understanding
civil society)
Diverse civil society
Access- hegemonic control
Government viewed with suspicion(threat
element)
4. SADC and government create the space for
justifiable criteria for inclusion and exclusion
when considering participation
5. Given these findings: a case for SNCs as
semi-autonomous?
22. Lessons:
Mozambique:
Integrating SNCs into the overall government agenda
1. SNC participation in Mozambican Integrated
Development planning
2. SNC domestication: successfully contribute to national
programs
Suggestions:
1. Developing a regional framework for public participation
in SADC
SADC full protocol on SNCS incorporating guidelines, work
procedures etc
Establish a SADC standard (with perhaps minimum
requirements) for SNC structures
23. Member states develop guidelines for
participation
2. Explore alternative funding options
3. Explore the question of semiautonomous
SNCs
4. Take advantage of regional parliamentary de
facto powers through national parliaments.
5.Build awareness and educate regional and
national civil society focused groups on the
structure, organization and operations of
SADC
6. NGOs can create their own spaces
24. 1. SNCs represent an innovative effort in African regionalism to
directly involve public in regional policy making
2. A functional SNC must also fulfil its participatory requirements.
3. SNCs have not been given priority in national and regional
governance
4. SNCs are seen to be government centric
5. Complementarity between government and civil soceity is a
prerequisite for enhanced integration and cooperation.
6. Is there a future for SNCs?
25. Views for future research:
Gauge the effectiveness of SADC national
coordination and implementation since
SADC restructuring (scrapping of SCUs)
Explore the possibilities of regional
parliaments as entry points for participation
in the continent (identify lessons from
regional Parliamentary Assemblies )
Research and develop public (citizen and
civil society) friendly manual on how SADC
works(architecture of African regionalism,
SADC structures, programmes projects,
operations etc)
26. Full report can be seen on line at
http://www.cps.org.za/cps%20pdf/RR12
2.pdf
Editor's Notes
Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference
Detailed table provided in report.
Limitations In South Africa contact was made with the SADC Desk and an interview was arranged with SA diplomat in Botswana. Although this afforded an insight into some operational aspects of SADC in relation to South Africa and some information related to SNCs it did not provide detailed information directly related to SNCs structures. The research team then dispatched letters to the Department of Foreign Affairs for more interviews and also made some phone calls, to line departments like the Department of Social Development. Telephonic conversations with the Social Development Department revealed some insights into the operation of SNCs in SA. Email replies from the department provided a clearer idea of what South Africa’s SNC environment is like. However, the needed details for research conclusions as it relates to the research questions were lacking. There was thus a sense of something rather than the details. In Botswana, official letters and telephone communication was used to fix interview appointments. Follow up letters and phone calls however, did not result in any appointments. Budgetary limitations required that field trips had to be arranged based on the number of secured interviews. However, the focus on Respondents: Interview with South African foreign Affairs official was highly limited. Inquiries at DFA and DSD reveal that SNCs are not operational although after the restructuring there were initial efforts towards this. For Botswana, the plan was to target interviews at SADC officials however, the phone calls and emails did not yield any results. There was an interview with the SADC CNGO and the BDP former women wing chairperson.
Isaksen, J. 2002. Restructuring SADC – Progress and problems. Report R 2002: 15 Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human RightsMetaCom 2005. Support to consolidation of SADC National Committees (SNCs) and the operationalisation/implementation of RISDP: Capacity needs assessment report October 2004 – March 2005. Annex 1
Specified structure:Chairperson of SNC (CH) (Minister)National Steering Committee (NSC) Sub-committee (SC) Technical Committee (TC)Sectoral clusters: (TIFI, S&HD, I&S, FANR)Department of Social Development (meetings last 5 years ago) TIFI: Trade, Industry, Finance and Development; S&HD: Social and Human Development; I&S: Infrastrcuture and Services ; FANR: Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources
SADC Structure and system: SADC is largely a multilateral institution with non-binding instrumentsThe effect of SADC restructuring The highly intergovernmental nature of regionalism in Africa, national soveriengty interests (weakness of the Secretairiat), overlapping memberships
Gender CBO members provided data for national decision making in Mozambique