The document presents information on defluoridation techniques. It discusses how defluoridation removes excess fluoride from water. The Nalgonda technique developed in India is highlighted as an effective and economical household method. Various materials that can be used as defluoridating agents are listed, including activated carbon and calcium phosphate. Water samples were analyzed to determine fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium levels using different testing methods. The results found water samples to be clear with average pH of 7.4 and absence of solids.

1. Presentation on
DEFLUORIDATION
TECHNIQUE
-Mohammad Aquib
B.E. Civil Engineering
R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur
Diploma in Civil Engineering
M.S.B.T.E., Mumbai

2. INTRODUCTION
”DE fluoridation OR Defluoridation is the process of removal of excess
fluoride from water”.
The National Environment Engineering Research Institute in Nagpur, India
has evolved an economical and simple method of defluoridation, which is
referred to as the Nalgonda technique.
“The Nalgonda technique has been repeatedly proven to be an economical
and effective household defluoridation technique.”
Permissible limit of fluoride is 1 ppm and excessive is 2 ppm.

3. METHOD OF DEFLUORIDATION
1. The activated carbons prepared from various materials can be used as defluoridation
agents.
2. During lime-soda process of water softening,the fluorides are also removed along
with the removal of magnesium.
3. The water may be allowed to pass through filter beds containing fluoxide retaining
materials.
4. The materials such as calcium phosphate, bone charcoal, synthetic tricalcium
phosphate etc. may be added for removal of excess fluoride content in water.

4. ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES
1. Fluoride was analyzed using ion selective electrodes from Merck.
2. Calcium levels in the water were analyzed by the ortho-cresolpthalein
complexone method.
3. Magnesium was estimated by using the Magnon Complex method and
sodium and potassium were estimated using the flame photometer.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 All the water samples collected were found to be clear, colorless, and odorless,
tasting brackish with an absence of suspended solids and visible impurities.
 The average pH of the tap water and the drinking water was found to be 7.4 (± 0.2).

6. Thankyou!!!