The document discusses defining problems, identifying causes, and making recommendations. It is an organizational behavior textbook that takes a practical, problem-solving approach to developing effective problem solvers and leaders. The textbook covers topics such as problem identification and solving, understanding individual and group behavior in organizations, and applying core concepts to become valuable organizational members and managers.
Book Review by Teddi A. Joyce, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 133-135
Book Title: Real World Career Preparation: A Guide to Creating a University Student-Run Communications Agency
By: Douglas J. Swanson (2017)
"Score! How Collegiate Athletic Departments Are Training Student-Athletes About Effective Social Media Use" by Smith and Watkins in Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 4, Issue 1, Spring 2018
ABSTRACT:
The primary responsibility of student-athletes is to represent
their institution on the field, but because of social media, that
role has evolved so that now student-athletes are considered
representatives of the institution to a larger public. As such,
athletic departments have implemented social media policies
and/or training programs to guide student-athletes’ online activity.
Drawing on digital literacy, this study investigates motivations
behind the development of social media policies, how student
athletes are trained about effective social media use, and how
social media policies for student athletes are enforced from the
perspective of the institution. In-depth interviews (N = 17) with
representatives from collegiate athletic departments in the U.S.
revealed social media policies were designed primarily to educate,
rather than punish, and that training about the policy helps reduce social media violations. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.
"Media Relations Instruction and Theory Development: A Relational Dialectical Approach" by Pettigrew in Journal of Public Relations Education (JPRE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 Spring 2018
ABSTRACT:
There has been almost no research in the area of media relations
instruction in the public relations literature. This study seeks to fill a
gap in theory-building in the area of media relations and examines
the state of media relations instruction in today’s public relations
curriculum through a survey of public relations professors. The
author suggests relational dialectical theory as a way to better
understand the relationship between public relations practitioners
and journalists, and proposes a relational dialectical approach
to theory-building and in teaching media relations in today’s
changing landscape.
Ming Wang, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 96-109
http://aejmc.us/jpre/2017/12/29/using-crisis-sim…role-of-presence/
Abstract
"Simulation-based training (SBT) is a useful pedagogical tool used in crisis management training. This paper explores the effects of a crisis simulation activity on students’ crisis management competencies. Pre- and post-test surveys indicated that students significantly improved crisis management competencies after the crisis simulation activity. Moreover, presence was found to be positively associated with post-simulation crisis management competencies, suggesting that presence is critical in designing an effective simulation activity."
"Public Relations Ethics, “Alternative Facts,” and Critical Thinking, with a Side of Tuna" by Lambiase in Journal of Public Relations Education (JPRE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 Spring 2018
Book Review by Teddi A. Joyce, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 133-135
Book Title: Real World Career Preparation: A Guide to Creating a University Student-Run Communications Agency
By: Douglas J. Swanson (2017)
"Score! How Collegiate Athletic Departments Are Training Student-Athletes About Effective Social Media Use" by Smith and Watkins in Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 4, Issue 1, Spring 2018
ABSTRACT:
The primary responsibility of student-athletes is to represent
their institution on the field, but because of social media, that
role has evolved so that now student-athletes are considered
representatives of the institution to a larger public. As such,
athletic departments have implemented social media policies
and/or training programs to guide student-athletes’ online activity.
Drawing on digital literacy, this study investigates motivations
behind the development of social media policies, how student
athletes are trained about effective social media use, and how
social media policies for student athletes are enforced from the
perspective of the institution. In-depth interviews (N = 17) with
representatives from collegiate athletic departments in the U.S.
revealed social media policies were designed primarily to educate,
rather than punish, and that training about the policy helps reduce social media violations. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.
"Media Relations Instruction and Theory Development: A Relational Dialectical Approach" by Pettigrew in Journal of Public Relations Education (JPRE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 Spring 2018
ABSTRACT:
There has been almost no research in the area of media relations
instruction in the public relations literature. This study seeks to fill a
gap in theory-building in the area of media relations and examines
the state of media relations instruction in today’s public relations
curriculum through a survey of public relations professors. The
author suggests relational dialectical theory as a way to better
understand the relationship between public relations practitioners
and journalists, and proposes a relational dialectical approach
to theory-building and in teaching media relations in today’s
changing landscape.
Ming Wang, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 96-109
http://aejmc.us/jpre/2017/12/29/using-crisis-sim…role-of-presence/
Abstract
"Simulation-based training (SBT) is a useful pedagogical tool used in crisis management training. This paper explores the effects of a crisis simulation activity on students’ crisis management competencies. Pre- and post-test surveys indicated that students significantly improved crisis management competencies after the crisis simulation activity. Moreover, presence was found to be positively associated with post-simulation crisis management competencies, suggesting that presence is critical in designing an effective simulation activity."
"Public Relations Ethics, “Alternative Facts,” and Critical Thinking, with a Side of Tuna" by Lambiase in Journal of Public Relations Education (JPRE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 Spring 2018
Thomasena Shaw, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 59-77
Abstract
"Internships have significant early career advantages for undergraduates including less time finding a first employment position, increased monetary compensation and greater overall job satisfaction. Considerable professional and scholarly evidence highlights the important role of undergraduate internships, as well as gaps that exist between students and supervisors regarding the relative importance of specific job skills and professional characteristics. While previous studies have explored the underlying feelings and expectations of the two groups in professional and academic contexts, this exploratory case study uses coorientation as the theoretical framework to examine the levels of agreement, congruency and accuracy that exist between them in relation to key jobs skills and professional characteristics linked with career success; it also provides insight into the extent to which respondents perceive that the internship improved students’ college-learning outcomes. The key findings of this study indicate that the majority of respondents believed that the experience improved performance in relation to college learning outcomes. The study also found that students and supervisors are accurately cooriented with one another in relation to job skills items, but less so when it comes to professional characteristics. This could be particularly problematic for student interns as misperceptions and misunderstanding can potentially lead to missed opportunities for collaboration and integration, and/or a self-fulfilling prophecy where supervisors’ lack of coorientation damages the possibility of a cooperative relationship with current and future student interns, and the academic programs that bring them together."
"This assignment was developed to address the task of policy development with practical training that foregrounds professional ethical communication guidance, legal precedent, and collaboration with organizational stakeholders. Researching and crafting the policy also prepares students for the emergent public relations role of social media policy maker and manager (Neill & Moody, 2015)." Melissa Adams, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 123-127
Tiffany Derville Gallicano, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 128-132
"The purpose of this assignment is to adopt a strategic planning approach to the task of creating engaging social media content in a real-world context. For this assignment, students work as a class to set a weekly research-based objective and work in teams to plan the communication department’s Facebook fan page content for every day of a work week (Monday-Friday) during the semester. Other fan page account administrators can post important departmental content throughout the semester without disrupting the week-by-week student takeovers of the fan page. This assignment has been popular in social media and public relations strategy classes. This assignment provides an experiential way for students to apply basic statistical concepts, assessment data, and message design theories. In addition, it has the benefit of serving as a potential resume item and portfolio sample."
What do Employers Want? What Should
Faculty Teach? A Content Analysis of
Entry-Level Employment Ads
in Public Relations
ABSTRACT
Public relations remains a popular major at the undergraduate level;
faculty want to provide the best educational experience for their
students to help them secure jobs. This research explores entrylevel
employment ads in public relations as a way to understand
what skills employers want and expect new graduates to have. A
content analysis of 199 entry-level employment ads posted to the
Public Relations Society of America Job Center was conducted.
Major findings include the need for graduates to possess not
only hard skills such as writing but also soft skill abilities, such
as time management, deadline orientation, and collaboration. In
addition, it was found that few job ads specifically request that
future employees have a public relations degree. Finally, although
many of the ads that were examined call for a future employee to
have the skills traditionally associated with the technician role, the
authors suggest a new practitioner role has come into existence.
This role, which bridges the technician and manager, is called
the manager’s apprentice, and it requires knowledge of tactics
and writing, as well as familiarity with measurement, social media
strategy, and data collection.
Teaching Digital and
Social Media Analytics:
Exploring Best Practices and Future
Implications for Public Relations Pedagogy
ABSTRACT
One of the growing areas within public relations is digital and social
media analytics. Teaching the use of analytics to communication
students is not new, but studying what is being taught is almost
non-existent. The public relations research literature has supported
exploring the value of data analysis to gain audience insights, to
measure communication strategies, and to evaluate campaign
efforts. The purpose of this study is to explore the ways in which
faculty are teaching social media analytics. Two content analyses
were conducted to explore trends of digital and social media
analytics training. Authors analyzed related course syllabi and a
Twitter chat on the subject sponsored by the AEJMC PR Division
and PRSA Educators Academy. Findings and future implications
in teaching digital and social media analytics for educators and
public relations practitioners are discussed.
Millennial Learners and Faculty Credibility:
Exploring the Mediating Role of
Out-of-Class Communication
ABSTRACT
Every generation experiences distinct events and develops unique
values. As Millennial learners enter classrooms, they bring with
them new views about education, learning and faculty/student
communication. This study explores the mediating role of out-ofclass
communication (OCC) in relation to the historical dimensions
known to compose faculty credibility. Findings indicate that OCC
has a positive, mediating influence that enhances two of the three
key dimensions of credibility for faculty members: trustworthiness
and perceived caring. In addition, this study suggests that there
is a fourth potential dimension that composes the construct
of faculty credibility in the perspectives of Millennial learners:
sociability, which should be included alongside the three historical
dimensions scholars have used in previous studies.
Journal of Public Relations Education, Volume 3, Issue 2
2017
JPRE – Volume 3, Issue 2
Research Articles:
Thomasena Shaw, Bridgewater State University
Mind the gap: An exploratory case study analysis of public relations student intern and on-site supervisors’ perceptions of job skills and professional characteristics
Diana C. Sisson, Auburn University
Tara M. Mortensen, University of South Carolina
Educating students for the social, digital & information world: Teaching public relations infographic design
Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Using crisis simulation to enhance crisis management competencies: The role of presence
Laura E. Willis, Quinnipiac University
A dam(n) failure: Exploring interdisciplinary, cross-course group projects on STEM-Translation In Crisis Communication
GIFT Articles:
Mary E. Brooks and Emily S. Kinsky, West Texas A&M University
Who Will Get Chopped? Mystery Basket PR Challenge
Melissa Adams, North Carolina State University
How Do Social Media Managers “Manage” Social Media? A Social Media Policy Assignment
Tiffany Derville Gallicano, University of North Carolina Charlotte
Math, Message Design and Assessment Data: A Strategic Approach to the Facebook Assignment
Review:
Teddi Joyce, University of South Dakota
Review of Douglas J. Swanson’s “Real world career preparation: A guide to creating a university student-run communications agency”
Published by the Public Relations Division of AEJMC
Chuck Lubbers, Ph.D., Professor
Editor, Journal of Public Relations Education
Media & Journalism
The University of South Dakota
Diana C. Sisson and Tara M. Moretensen, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 78-95
Educating students for the social, digital and information world: Teaching public relations infographic design
Abstract
"This study employs an exploratory content analysis of current public relations information graphics to examine variables within two concepts pertaining to public relations: transparency and clarity. These two concepts were chosen because they apply to both traditional public relations practice and are also widely taught amongst contemporary infographics design experts. The subjects of the study are nonprofit organizations’ online informational graphics (N = 376) that have been released on Twitter. Findings suggest that nonprofit organizations are not applying traditional public relations principles to their design of online information graphics, demonstrating difficulty in translating these principles to visual design, a skill that is becoming more important. While the study is not intended to generalize, this snapshot of current practice is used to offer improvements in preparing public relations students for communication with information visualizations. This exploration illuminates the need for public relations education geared toward the social, visual, and data-driven environment. To this end, the study uses these findings to develop an initial set of practices for infographic design that can be implemented into current public relations education."
http://aejmc.us/jpre/2017/12/29/educating-studen…fographic-design/
This research examines how popular editions of public relations principles texts and public relations writing texts address media relations. The study consisted of a content analysis of six principles texts and six PR writing texts. One research question was posed,“How do public relations texts address media relations and the journalist/ PR practitioner interaction?” and one hypothesis was posited, “When discussing media relations, PR textbooks focus on relationship building more than specific communication tactics.”The study found that while most texts address media relations from a tactical standpoint, few texts go beyond that to address deeper relational issues, answering the research question and leading to the rejection of the authors’ hypothesis.
Keywords: media relations; public relations education; public relations writing texts; public relations principles texts; public relations introductory texts
Thomasena Shaw, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 59-77
Abstract
"Internships have significant early career advantages for undergraduates including less time finding a first employment position, increased monetary compensation and greater overall job satisfaction. Considerable professional and scholarly evidence highlights the important role of undergraduate internships, as well as gaps that exist between students and supervisors regarding the relative importance of specific job skills and professional characteristics. While previous studies have explored the underlying feelings and expectations of the two groups in professional and academic contexts, this exploratory case study uses coorientation as the theoretical framework to examine the levels of agreement, congruency and accuracy that exist between them in relation to key jobs skills and professional characteristics linked with career success; it also provides insight into the extent to which respondents perceive that the internship improved students’ college-learning outcomes. The key findings of this study indicate that the majority of respondents believed that the experience improved performance in relation to college learning outcomes. The study also found that students and supervisors are accurately cooriented with one another in relation to job skills items, but less so when it comes to professional characteristics. This could be particularly problematic for student interns as misperceptions and misunderstanding can potentially lead to missed opportunities for collaboration and integration, and/or a self-fulfilling prophecy where supervisors’ lack of coorientation damages the possibility of a cooperative relationship with current and future student interns, and the academic programs that bring them together."
"This assignment was developed to address the task of policy development with practical training that foregrounds professional ethical communication guidance, legal precedent, and collaboration with organizational stakeholders. Researching and crafting the policy also prepares students for the emergent public relations role of social media policy maker and manager (Neill & Moody, 2015)." Melissa Adams, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 123-127
Tiffany Derville Gallicano, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 128-132
"The purpose of this assignment is to adopt a strategic planning approach to the task of creating engaging social media content in a real-world context. For this assignment, students work as a class to set a weekly research-based objective and work in teams to plan the communication department’s Facebook fan page content for every day of a work week (Monday-Friday) during the semester. Other fan page account administrators can post important departmental content throughout the semester without disrupting the week-by-week student takeovers of the fan page. This assignment has been popular in social media and public relations strategy classes. This assignment provides an experiential way for students to apply basic statistical concepts, assessment data, and message design theories. In addition, it has the benefit of serving as a potential resume item and portfolio sample."
What do Employers Want? What Should
Faculty Teach? A Content Analysis of
Entry-Level Employment Ads
in Public Relations
ABSTRACT
Public relations remains a popular major at the undergraduate level;
faculty want to provide the best educational experience for their
students to help them secure jobs. This research explores entrylevel
employment ads in public relations as a way to understand
what skills employers want and expect new graduates to have. A
content analysis of 199 entry-level employment ads posted to the
Public Relations Society of America Job Center was conducted.
Major findings include the need for graduates to possess not
only hard skills such as writing but also soft skill abilities, such
as time management, deadline orientation, and collaboration. In
addition, it was found that few job ads specifically request that
future employees have a public relations degree. Finally, although
many of the ads that were examined call for a future employee to
have the skills traditionally associated with the technician role, the
authors suggest a new practitioner role has come into existence.
This role, which bridges the technician and manager, is called
the manager’s apprentice, and it requires knowledge of tactics
and writing, as well as familiarity with measurement, social media
strategy, and data collection.
Teaching Digital and
Social Media Analytics:
Exploring Best Practices and Future
Implications for Public Relations Pedagogy
ABSTRACT
One of the growing areas within public relations is digital and social
media analytics. Teaching the use of analytics to communication
students is not new, but studying what is being taught is almost
non-existent. The public relations research literature has supported
exploring the value of data analysis to gain audience insights, to
measure communication strategies, and to evaluate campaign
efforts. The purpose of this study is to explore the ways in which
faculty are teaching social media analytics. Two content analyses
were conducted to explore trends of digital and social media
analytics training. Authors analyzed related course syllabi and a
Twitter chat on the subject sponsored by the AEJMC PR Division
and PRSA Educators Academy. Findings and future implications
in teaching digital and social media analytics for educators and
public relations practitioners are discussed.
Millennial Learners and Faculty Credibility:
Exploring the Mediating Role of
Out-of-Class Communication
ABSTRACT
Every generation experiences distinct events and develops unique
values. As Millennial learners enter classrooms, they bring with
them new views about education, learning and faculty/student
communication. This study explores the mediating role of out-ofclass
communication (OCC) in relation to the historical dimensions
known to compose faculty credibility. Findings indicate that OCC
has a positive, mediating influence that enhances two of the three
key dimensions of credibility for faculty members: trustworthiness
and perceived caring. In addition, this study suggests that there
is a fourth potential dimension that composes the construct
of faculty credibility in the perspectives of Millennial learners:
sociability, which should be included alongside the three historical
dimensions scholars have used in previous studies.
Journal of Public Relations Education, Volume 3, Issue 2
2017
JPRE – Volume 3, Issue 2
Research Articles:
Thomasena Shaw, Bridgewater State University
Mind the gap: An exploratory case study analysis of public relations student intern and on-site supervisors’ perceptions of job skills and professional characteristics
Diana C. Sisson, Auburn University
Tara M. Mortensen, University of South Carolina
Educating students for the social, digital & information world: Teaching public relations infographic design
Ming Wang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Using crisis simulation to enhance crisis management competencies: The role of presence
Laura E. Willis, Quinnipiac University
A dam(n) failure: Exploring interdisciplinary, cross-course group projects on STEM-Translation In Crisis Communication
GIFT Articles:
Mary E. Brooks and Emily S. Kinsky, West Texas A&M University
Who Will Get Chopped? Mystery Basket PR Challenge
Melissa Adams, North Carolina State University
How Do Social Media Managers “Manage” Social Media? A Social Media Policy Assignment
Tiffany Derville Gallicano, University of North Carolina Charlotte
Math, Message Design and Assessment Data: A Strategic Approach to the Facebook Assignment
Review:
Teddi Joyce, University of South Dakota
Review of Douglas J. Swanson’s “Real world career preparation: A guide to creating a university student-run communications agency”
Published by the Public Relations Division of AEJMC
Chuck Lubbers, Ph.D., Professor
Editor, Journal of Public Relations Education
Media & Journalism
The University of South Dakota
Diana C. Sisson and Tara M. Moretensen, Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 78-95
Educating students for the social, digital and information world: Teaching public relations infographic design
Abstract
"This study employs an exploratory content analysis of current public relations information graphics to examine variables within two concepts pertaining to public relations: transparency and clarity. These two concepts were chosen because they apply to both traditional public relations practice and are also widely taught amongst contemporary infographics design experts. The subjects of the study are nonprofit organizations’ online informational graphics (N = 376) that have been released on Twitter. Findings suggest that nonprofit organizations are not applying traditional public relations principles to their design of online information graphics, demonstrating difficulty in translating these principles to visual design, a skill that is becoming more important. While the study is not intended to generalize, this snapshot of current practice is used to offer improvements in preparing public relations students for communication with information visualizations. This exploration illuminates the need for public relations education geared toward the social, visual, and data-driven environment. To this end, the study uses these findings to develop an initial set of practices for infographic design that can be implemented into current public relations education."
http://aejmc.us/jpre/2017/12/29/educating-studen…fographic-design/
This research examines how popular editions of public relations principles texts and public relations writing texts address media relations. The study consisted of a content analysis of six principles texts and six PR writing texts. One research question was posed,“How do public relations texts address media relations and the journalist/ PR practitioner interaction?” and one hypothesis was posited, “When discussing media relations, PR textbooks focus on relationship building more than specific communication tactics.”The study found that while most texts address media relations from a tactical standpoint, few texts go beyond that to address deeper relational issues, answering the research question and leading to the rejection of the authors’ hypothesis.
Keywords: media relations; public relations education; public relations writing texts; public relations principles texts; public relations introductory texts
PSY 108 Milestone Three Guidelines and Rubric Plan Suppo.docxaryan532920
PSY 108 Milestone Three Guidelines and Rubric
Plan Support
Overview: As the final project for PSY 108, you will choose a problem or issue from a provided list to which you can apply the concepts or theories learned in this
class. You will then develop an action plan for how you will use psychological ideas and principles in addressing the problem. This assessment will help you
recognize the value of psychology, the value of supporting your claims with established views and research, and how psychology can be applied to personal
situations.
Prompt: For this milestone, you will identify two relevant psychological theories that will support your future action plan and describe how each of these can be
applied to address the problem you described in Milestone One. You will also discuss how the perspectives of psychologists in different subject areas can inform
how you approach your problem in preparation for your action plan.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
II. Plan Support: In this part of the assessment, you will identify theories and perspectives in psychology that will support your future action plan.
A. Identify relevant fundamental theories in psychology discussed in the course which could be applied to address the problem.
B. Describe how you would apply these fundamental theories in psychology to address the problem.
C. Explain how you can use the perspectives of psychologists in different subject areas within the field to approach your problem.
D. Describe the ethical implications that will need to be considered in the creation of your action plan.
Guidelines for Submission: You will upload the polished version of the Word document you downloaded from Soomo to the Blackboard submission link for
instructor grading and feedback. Please see the feedback provided by your instructor in Blackboard. Your submission for Milestone Three should be 3 to 4
paragraphs in length, with 12-point Times New Roman font and double spacing.
Instructor Feedback: This activity uses an integrated rubric in Blackboard. Students can view instructor feedback in the Grade Center. For more information,
review these instructions.
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Plan Support:
Fundamental Theories
Identifies relevant fundamental
theories discussed in the course
which could be applied to
address the problem
Identifies fundamental theories
discussed in the course but
identified theories are not
relevant or could not be applied
to the problem
Does not identify fundamental
theories discussed in the course
23
http://snhu-media.snhu.edu/files/production_documentation/formatting/rubric_feedback_instructions_student.pdf
Plan Support: Apply Describes how the fundamental
theories would be applied to
address the problem
Describes how the fundamental
theories would be applied to
address the problem but
description is cursory ...
Running head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.docxSUBHI7
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Organizational Development
Author’s Name
Course Title
Professors’ Name
Date
Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage
learning.
This book is based on organization development which is a process that is broadly applied in behavioral science practices and knowledge that helps organizations in building their capacity to achieve greater and change effectiveness. This includes employee satisfaction, environmental sustainability and increased financial performances. It also examines assumptions, models, and background of organization development, strategies and other aspects of organization development (OD). I choose this book as it has elaborated the concept of OD to detail as well as its historical evolution in the past 60 years.
Fox, H. L. (2013). The promise of organizational development in nonprofit human services
Organizations. Organization Development Journal, 31(2), 72.
The author advocates for mentally ill, sick children, domestic violence victims, and child abuse and neglect victims. Nonprofit human services organizations which function under an ideology that aims at change for the community, individual, nation, region or world through their missions of advocacy and service. Nonprofit agencies sometimes are caught up in competitive environments as they function with not enough or decreasing resources as well as increasing demand for services. The author feels that organizational development efforts will upgrade internal systems management, build organizations capacity and also develop personnel. This article can be useful because it explores some issues applicable to providing organizational development in these nonprofit agencies which serve as a primer to those thinking of issuing organizational development services.
Hartnell, C. A., Ou, A. Y., & Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational culture and organizational
effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework's theoretical suppositions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 677.
The belief behind much of this research is that organizational culture is a significant social trait that influences individual, group as well as organizational behavior .it is believed to be shared among organizational levels thus influencing the behaviors and attitudes of employees. Moreover, it a set of assumptions that an organizational or group holds which determines how it thinks, perceives or reacts to different environments.I would use this article since it has explained how organizational development is determined by beliefs, norms or values of an organization.
Lewis, R. (n.d). Strategy and Organizational Development.
Ralph Lewis refers to organizational development as a term that originated from the current thinking in management. This is because organizational development was seen as synonymous which had certain orientation o ...
Annotated Bibliography
Rasmussen College
Annette L. French
Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes class, gender, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441-464.
Acker proves useful in the entire process and provides the best information that is likely to improve management in different organizations. That is the case since it presents the best approaches that are likely to ensure the ultimate success of most operations within the organization. Acker first outlines the idea of conceptualizing intersectionality within an organization. Hence, it provides the best approaches to handling gender inequality within the society. Again, the article provides the most common ways that every management might use to identify barriers that relate to inequality within the organization. The process leads to the formation of one response, and the author suggests the need for inequality regimes as well as the existence of analytical approach that will help in understanding the formulation of differences within the organization. It is evident that the existence of inequality regime is the main reason for the emergence of differences within every organization. It is the role of the team to form the best approaches that will make them successful within the premise, and that will increase their profitability as well as reputation in any given environment.
Acker offers some of the most appropriate approaches that every organization can use to embrace diversity within their premises, and that will result in the success of a wide range of instances. Additionally, the author posits on the most appropriate strategies that every premise should understand to achieve the ultimate growth.
Chapters of this article are essential in the formation as well as the implementation of the mission and vision statements of every organization. The same approaches could form the basis of the business plan that organization will use to achieve the ultimate success in various instances. Therefore, the article is useful for future research.
Stamarski, D. T., & Hing, J. C. C. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: the significant effects of organizational structures, practices, processes, and decision makers’ sexism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.
Even though organizations in the modern society strive to form the best approaches that will improve their performance in different parts of the world, it is still evident that solving gender inequality is still a complex phenomenon and premises have to devise the best approaches that will make them relevant in any given environment. That will contribute to the success in some instances and improve their reputation in the global arena. The HR plays a crucial role within the organization, and there is need to understand the personality of any given person before embarking on an activity that might affect their success within the premise. It is evident that every HR has some policies, decision-making strategies, as well .
Imagination and Innovation: Using Appreciative Inquiry to Facilitate Positive...Daniel Byerley
As contemporary organizations face challenges in the implementation of change efforts, new methods in evaluation and training and development help aid the process. Appreciative Inquiry is an affirmative research approach that focuses on the positive aspects of an organization and what makes it work rather than what problems it may have. Consortium X is composed of four individual organizations working collectively to facilitate positive organizational change. An Appreciative Inquiry evaluation was conducted with the organizations of Consortium X. The responses from the participants who completed the Appreciative Inquiry survey were analyzed and seven themes emerged: (1) interpersonal conflict; (2) managing change; (3) teamwork; (4) listening skills; (5) guest service; (6) leadership; and (7) feedback. A manual was designed to develop upon these seven themes with seven individual lesson units. These lesson units contain lessons, activities, worksheets, and evaluations pertinent to the theme. The manual was reviewed by three professionals, the Dean of Instruction from a California college, the CEO of a television production company in Los Angeles, and the CEO and Principal Consultant at a Los Angeles consulting firm. The evaluations supported the use of the manual as the product of the Appreciative Inquiry evaluation and as a tool to aid in facilitating positive organization change at Consortium X.
The first edition of the North American Communication Monitor (NACM) is a comprehensive report on strategic issues, practices and roles for communication professionals in Canada and the United States. The NACM is organized by The Plank Center for Leadership in Public Relations at the University of Alabama. It has been conducted by an academic research team consisting of Professors Bryan H. Reber, Juan Meng, Bruce K. Berger, Karla K. Gower, and Ansgar Zerfass. The study joins existing Communication Monitors in Europe, Latin America and Asia-Pacific in providing the largest and only truly global study for the profession based on sound empirical standards. The goal is to stimulate and promote the knowledge and practice of excellent communication management worldwide.
The NACM 2018/19 includes perceptions and insights from 1,020 communication professionals in North America (255 in Canada and 765 in the U.S.). The study tracks top-of-mind trends like fake news and strategies to deal with it, and identifies the most pressing strategic issues today for communicators, nearly half of whom (49.4%) said trust was the most crucial issue.
The study also explores professionals’ perceptions of their organizational cultures and their leaders’ performance, and shows how strongly culture and leaders affect employees’ work engagement, trust and job satisfaction. The NACM 2018/19 also asked the professionals about stress levels in this hyper-speed profession, and three were mentioned most often: lack of advancement opportunity (34.3%), heavy work load (33.6%) and information overload (33.3%).
Other areas in the report focus on professionals’ social media skills and management knowledge, and the contributions they make to organizational success.
Full information about the NACM is available at http://plankcenter.ua.edu/north-american-communication-monitor/
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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4. This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 21 20 19 18 17
ISBN 978-1-259-73264-5
MHID 1-259-73264-9
ISBN 978-1-259-91546-8 (Instructor’s Edition)
MHID 1-259-91546-8
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kinicki, Angelo, author. | Fugate, Mel, author.
Title: Organizational behavior : a practical, problem-solving
approach /
Angelo Kinicki, Arizona State University, Mel Fugate,
Southern Methodist
University.
Description: Second edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill
Education, [2018]
Identifiers: LCCN 2016046078 | ISBN 9781259732645 (alk.
paper) | ISBN
1259732649 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Organizational behavior.
Classification: LCC HD58.7 .K52638 2018 | DDC 658—dc23
LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046078
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the
time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill
Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these
sites.
mheducation.com/highered
DEDICATION
To Dr. Doo-Sang Cho, a true friend, my favorite golf partner,
and a great medical doctor.
I treasure our friendship.
6. — Angelo
I dedicate this work to the many outstanding students in my
career who have made the
teaching aspect of my job so rewarding. It is the high-caliber
students and professionals, like
many of you, who motivate me to always raise my own game. I
also want to thank my sweet
wife, Donna, and my wonderful family. They support me in all
that I do.
— Mel
iv
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
a
u
th
o
rs
journals. His current research interests focus
7. on the dynamic relationships among leader-
ship; organizational culture; organizational
change; and individual, group, and organiza-
tional performance. Angelo has published over
95 articles in a variety of academic journals
and proceedings and is co-author of eight
textbooks (31 including revisions) that are
used by hundreds of universities around the
world. Several of his books have been trans-
lated into multiple languages, and two of his
books were awarded revisions of the year by
McGraw-Hill.
Angelo is a busy international consultant
and is a principal at Kinicki and Associates,
Inc., a management consulting firm that works
with top management teams to create organi-
zational change aimed at increasing organiza-
tional effectiveness and profitability. He has
worked with many Fortune 500 firms as well
as numerous entrepreneurial organizations in
diverse industries. His expertise includes
facilitating strategic/operational planning
sessions, diagnosing the causes of organiza-
tional and work-unit problems, conducting
organizational culture interventions, imple-
menting performance management systems,
designing and implementing performance
appraisal systems, developing and administer-
ing surveys to assess employee attitudes, and
leading management/executive education
programs. He developed a 3600 leadership
feedback instrument called the Performance
Management Leadership Survey (PMLS) that is
used by companies throughout the world.
8. Angelo and his wife of 35 years, Joyce,
have enjoyed living in the beautiful Arizona
desert for 34 years. They are both natives of
Cleveland, Ohio. They enjoy traveling, hiking,
and spending time in the White Mountains with
Gracie, their adorable golden retriever. Angelo
also has a passion for golfing.
Angelo Kinicki is an emeritus professor of
management and held the Weatherup/Overby
Chair in Leadership from 2005 to 2015 at the
W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State
University. He joined the faculty in 1982, the
year he received his doctorate in business
administration from Kent State University. He
was inducted into the W.P. Carey Faculty Hall
of Fame in 2016.
Angelo is the recipient of six teaching
awards from Arizona State University, where
he taught in its nationally ranked MBA and
PhD programs. He also received several
research awards and was selected to serve on
the editorial review boards for four scholarly
Courtesy of Angelo Kinicki
vABOUT THE AUTHORS
Mel Fugate is an associate professor of
management in the Center for Workplace
Excellence at the University of South Australia.
He teaches executive, MBA, and postgraduate
courses. He has won seven teaching awards
9. across undergraduate and graduate levels.
Prior to the University of South Australia he
was on the faculty at the Cox School of
Business at Southern Methodist University.
He also has served as a visiting assistant
professor of Organizational Behavior at
Tulane University’s A.B. Freeman College of
Business and the EM Lyon School of Manage-
ment in Lyon, France. Before earning his
PhD in Management from Arizona State
University, Mel performed consulting services
in marketing and business development and
was a sales representative and manager in the
pharmaceutical industry. He also has a BS in
engineering and business administration from
Michigan State University.
Mel’s primary research interests involve
employee reactions to organizational change
and transitions at work. This includes but is not
limited to downsizings, mergers and acquisi-
tions, restructurings, and plant closings.
Another research stream involves the develop-
ment of a dispositional perspective of employ-
ability and its implications for employee
careers and behavior. Current interests also
include the influence of leadership, as well as
the influence of emotions at work, and
organizational culture on performance and the
influence of emotions on behavior at work.
He has published in a number of premier
management and applied psychology journals.
His current consulting work includes many
industries (e.g., health care, legal, energy,
aged care and social services, information
10. technology, and financial services) and aims
to enhance individual and organizational
performance by utilizing a variety of practical,
research-based tools.
Professor Fugate’s research and comments
have been featured in numerous media
outlets: The Wall Street Journal, The New York
Times, Financial Times, FastCompany, Dallas
Morning News, CNN, Fox, ABC, and NBC.
Mel and his wife, Donna, are both very
active and enjoy fitness, traveling, live music,
and catering to their sweet and savage Jack
Russell terrier, Mila.
Courtesy of Mel Fugate
NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION
Features
In this new edition, we have better integrated the 3-Step
Problem-Solving Approach throughout, as
well as clarified its relationship to the Organizing Framework
for Understanding and Applying OB,
(formerly called the Integrative Framework). You will also see
new boxed features in every chapter:
Connect
In our continuing efforts to help students move from
comprehension to application, and to
ensure they see the personal relevance of OB, we have added
these new application exercises
to our already robust Connect offering:
11. • Implications for Me/Implications for
Managers explains in direct terms
practical applications of chapter content
from the student’s perspective as an
employee and as a manager.
• OB in Action illustrates OB concepts or
theories in action in the real world,
featuring well-known companies and
individuals.
• Applying OB offers students “how-to”
guidance on applying OB knowledge in
professional and other arenas of their lives.
apply the 3-Step Problem-Solving
Approach on an actual situation affecting
a specific firm (Volkswagen). Because
the case examines issues at the
individual, group, and organizational
levels of analysis at Volkswagen, it can
be used in parts or as a comprehensive
assignment or exam. All told, this activity
presents students with a rich and
practical example to apply their OB
knowledge and problem-solving skills.
• iSeeIt Videos: Brief, contemporary
introductions to key course concepts
that often perplex students, this series
will enhance your student-centered
instruction by offering your students
dynamic illustrations that guide them
through the basics of core OB concepts
such as motivation, leadership,
12. socialization, and more. The idea behind
the series is if a student came to your
office and asked you to explain one of
these topics in a few minutes, how might
you explain it? Practical and applicable,
consider using these resources before
class as an introduction, during class to
launch your lecture, or even after class
as a summative assessment.
• Problem-Solving Application Case
Analyses: All problem-solving application
mini-cases and end-of-chapter cases are
now assignable as case analyses in
Connect. These exercises give students
the opportunity to analyze a situation
and to apply the 3-Step Problem-Solving
Approach. Student knowledge and
proficiency are assessed using high-level
multiple-choice questions that focus on
both the problem-solving approach and
on the key topics of each chapter.
• Self-Assessments: Self-awareness is
a fundamental aspect of professional
and personal development. Our 90
researched-based self-assessments give
students frequent opportunities to see
how organizational behavioral concepts
apply to them personally. New to this
edition is structured feedback that explains
how students should interpret their scores.
This feedback is followed immediately by
self-reflection quizzes that assess students’
understanding of the characteristics being
measured and the action steps they may
13. want to take for improvement.
• Cumulative Case: This capstone activity
provides students the opportunity to
We are pleased to share these exciting updates and new
additions to the second edition of Organizational Behavior!
vi
viiNEW TO THE SECOND EDITION
CHAPTER 1
• Clarified explanation of the problem-
solving approach, more accurately framing
it as a 3-step versus a 3-stop approach.
• Clarified the purpose and function of the
Organizing Framework for Understanding
and Applying OB, adding a new section
that summarizes the framework. Included
a comprehensive application of the
framework focusing on how to solve the
problem of employee turnover.
• Refined and increased focus on the
career implications of OB and the
importance of self-awareness.
• Expanded and updated coverage of
cheating and the importance of ethics for
employees and employers, as well as
added a new section on the ethics of
14. applying for jobs.
• Expanded and refined treatment of
person–situation distinction (instead of
person–environment).
CHAPTER 2
• Restructured content on Schwartz’s
value theory.
• Created new applications for putting
Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior into
action.
• Included new research on outcomes
associated with employee engagement.
• Provided new data on U.S. levels of job
satisfaction.
• Updated statistics on telecommuting.
• Added a new section on accounting/
financial performance and customer
service/satisfaction as outcomes of job
satisfaction.
CHAPTER 3
• Added new material related to proactivity
and entrepreneurship, including multiple
new examples.
• Added new section on introversion, its
prevalence, and how to thrive as an
15. introvert at work.
• Expanded discussion and new treatment
of personality testing at work, including
reasons, prevalence, performance,
technology and methods, and advice.
• Revised section on emotional
intelligence (EI), including new Figure 3.5
that summarizes the relationships
between EI and various individual
differences and outcomes, and a take-
away application on EI.
CHAPTER 4
• Added a new Section 4.1, “Person
Perception.”
• Updated research on stereotypes.
• Updated coverage of diversity, including
new discussion of assumptions about
diversity, demographic statistics
regarding workforce diversity, barriers to
managing diversity, and how companies
are responding to diversity challenges.
• Updated research on affirmative action.
• Expanded discussion of LGBT to include
LGBTQ.
• Provided new examples of how
companies are managing millenials.
• Added a new subsection to Section 4.5
16. titled “Education Levels: Mismatch
between Education and Organizational
Needs.”
CHAPTER 5
• Provided a new illustration of extrinsic
motivation.
• Added new examples to illustrate such
key theories as Maslow’s theory,
acquired-needs theory, self-
determination theory, equity theory.
• Updated research on equity and justice
theories.
• Added new discussion on the role of
goal setting in VW emissions scandal.
• Included a new example to illustrate
application of the job characteristics
model.
• Updated research on job design, job
crafting, and ideals.
Chapters
In each chapter we have refreshed examples, research, figures,
tables, statistics, and photos, as
well as streamlined design to ease navigation and improved
readability. We have also largely
replaced the topics in such popular features as Winning at
Work, Legal/Ethical Challenges, Problem-
Solving Application Mini-Cases, and Problem-Solving
Application Cases. While the following list does
17. not encompass all the updates and revisions, it does highlight
some of the more notable changes.
viii NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION
CHAPTER 6
• Updated statistics related to negative
perceptions and flaws associated with
performance management practices.
• Dramatically revised section on
feedback: new coverage of why we don’t
get and give more more feedback, the
value of feedback, who seeks it, who
doesn’t, and whether that matters,
when to use positive versus negative
feedback, and trends in feedback today.
• Expanded section on the practices and
benefits of exit and stay interviews.
• Revised section on reward distribution
criteria.
• Added new section on alternatives to
money and promotions.
• Added new section pertaining to why
rewards often fail to motivate, including a
new Take-Away Application.
• Restructured section on pay for
performance, including coverage of
18. piece rate, commissions, aligning
objectives and awards.
• Added new section on how to make pay
for performance work.
CHAPTER 7
• New model in Section 7.1 to frame the
entire chapter, titled “A Framework of
Positive OB.”
• Updated the section titled “Doing Well
and Doing Good.”
• Added a new section on “positive
emotions are contagious.”
• Added new material and research on
mindfulness, including examples of
applications of corporate mindfulness.
• Updated the section titled “Hope =
Willpower + Waypower.”
• Added a new section on signature
strengths.
• Deepened coverage of positive climates
and added new examples of practices
that promote positive climates.
CHAPTER 8
• Significantly revised content related to
roles and norms.
19. • Added new section and material related
to punctuated equilibrium.
• Added and updated material related to
different types of teams—projects teams,
work teams, cross-functional, self-
managed, and virtual.
• Added a section on team
interdependence.
• Revised content related to social loafing.
• Significantly revised introduction to trust.
• Completely revamped introduction to
team effectiveness.
• Completely revised section related to
collaboration and team rewards, including
a new table and how to reward teams.
• Dramatically revised sections related to
self-managed and cross-functional teams.
• Updated and expanded treatment of
virtual teams.
CHAPTER 9
• Revised section on selecting the right
communication medium, including new
content related to media richness and
situation complexity.
20. • Added a set of practical tips for
improving nonverbal communication.
• Added a new brief explanation of the
neuroscience explanation of defensiveness.
• Added a new section on empathy and its
role in communication.
• Updated material on generational
differences around the role of digital
devices and communication
expectations and norms.
• Completely revamped section on cost of
social media with new statistics,
implications, and examples.
• Added examples and figure related to
crowdsourcing.
• Revised highly practical content related to
use of e-mail and managing it
productively.
• Expanded section and inserted new
material related to social media and
privacy at work.
• Added new material related to social
media etiquette (cell-phone use) and
videoconferencing.
• Substantially revised section related to
crucial conversations, including a new
Take-Away Application.
21. CHAPTER 10
• Added a new self-assessment opener
related to interpersonal conflict
tendencies.
ixNEW TO THE SECOND EDITION
• Completely restructured Section 10.1
addressing functional/dysfunctional
conflict, causes, escalation, and why
people avoid conflict.
• Rewrote the section on why people
avoid conflict.
• Substantially revised section on
personality conflicts.
• Enhanced and updated section on
psychological safety climate.
• Added new material on conflict spillover
effects.
• Updated section on bullying and cyber
bullying and harassment.
• Significantly updated section on
work–family conflict, including examples
of Sheryl Sandberg (Facebook) and
Anne-Marie Slaughter (formerly with US
State Department).
22. • Added section on when to avoid
conflict.
• Rewrote section on alternative dispute
resolution, including the benefits of
these approaches and a new table on
various forms.
• Drastically changed the section on
negotiation to reflect more current
approaches—position versus interest-
based, including a new table and “how
to apply” section.
CHAPTER 11
• Added a new section on Kahneman’s
two ways of thinking.
• Added new data on use of heuristics by
physicians.
• Added new examples of bounded
rationality, intuition, use of big data,
analytical decision making, and
creativity.
• Added new statistics about use of big
data.
• Provided data on data analytic jobs and
majors.
• Added new examples on group decision
making.
23. • Added new and updated material on
creativity, including examples on
fostering creative behavior, discussion of
person and situation factors affecting
creativity, practical recommendations for
increasing creativity, and the use of
extrinsic rewards on creativity.
CHAPTER 12
• Revised and enhanced material related
to positive and negative legitimate
power.
• Updated nearly all examples related to
bases of power.
• Revised section on psychological
empowerment at the team and
organizational levels.
• Added new section on influence in
virtual teams, including influence tactics
particular to this context.
• Substantially restructured section on
political tactics, including opening with a
self-assessment, new sections on “When
Politics Are Good” and “When Politics
Are Bad.”
• Expanded explanation of blame and
politics to include the implications for
entrepreneurs.
24. • Added new section on using politics to
tour advantage.
• Restructured and revised section on
good impressions, including a new table
for how to make a good first impression.
• Added new section on impression
management and job interviews,
including deception detection and
interviewers impressing interviewees.
• Modified and refocused content related
to apologies.
• Added new section on ethics and
impression management.
CHAPTER 13
• Added new statistics on why leadership
is critical in today’s organizations.
• Added new research and examples of
leadership prototypes.
• Added new material on “global
mind-set.”
• Updated research on leadership traits
and task and relational leadership.
• Updated material on the four ways of
creating psychological empowerment,
using Jeff Bezos as the example.
25. • Added new section on ethical
leadership.
• Added new list of suggestions for
dealing with a passive leader.
• Added new key-term material on all
components of Fiedler’s theory.
NEW TO THE SECOND EDITIONx
• Revised material on transformational
leadership, including updated research
and new illustrations of the four key
behaviors associated with
transformational leadership.
• Updated research on transformational
leadership and leader-member
exchange.
• Added new section on humility.
CHAPTER 14
• Added new illustrations on the
importance of organizational culture.
• Added illustrations on the four cultural
types in the competing values
framework.
• Added new table summarizing
meta-analytic research on organizational
26. culture.
• Added practical lessons from
organizational culture research.
• Added new section on subcultures.
• Added examples for the 12 ways to
change organizational culture.
• Included examples for the three stages
of socialization.
• Added sections on the phases and
benefits of mentoring.
• Added new section on how human and
social capital enhance the benefits of
mentoring.
CHAPTER 15
• Added new tips for working virtually.
• Updated research on learning
organizations.
• Added discussion of how to improve
organizational learning.
• Added illustrations of the seven types of
organizational structure.
• Added section on contingency design
and internal alignment, which includes
new material on contingency factors, the
six organizational characteristics of
27. internal alignment, and how to apply the
material.
• Added new section on assessing
organizational effectiveness, which
includes new material on the balanced
scorecard: a dashboard-based
approach to measuring organizational
effectiveness; strategy mapping:
visual representation of the path to
organizational effectiveness using Dr.
Pepper Snapple Group as an example.
• Added a section on organizational
innovation, which includes new material
on approaches toward innovation,
characteristics of an innovation system,
four agility techniques, and office design.
CHAPTER 16
• Completely updated section on external
and internal forces for change, using
new content and examples.
• Revamped an OB in Action feature
related to Cisco Systems.
• Restructured and rewrote section on
resistance to change, including new
table on common pitfalls of change
agents and OB in Action feature—
“Should a New Leader Clean House?”
• Revised material on stress, which
includes a refocus on job stress and
28. updated content related to good and
bad stress.
• Updated content on fatigue along with
statistics and the problems associated
with presenteeism.
• Added new closing section that pulls
together topics of change and stress.
xi
p
re
fa
ce
∙ “I want a good job, one that I like and is
fulfilling. How do I know which job and
company are a good fit for me?”
∙ “I know that this job and company provide
good opportunities for me, but what can I
do to be sure I actually realize these
opportunities?”
∙ “I can’t stand my job, but I need the money.
Should I talk to my boss or just quit?”
∙ “I am taking a class with 50 percent of the
grade due to teamwork. My team has four
members and two of us are doing all the
work. I’ve been talking to the team, but the
29. two members still aren’t doing their share.
I am at a loss for what to do.”
∙ “How do I negotiate a salary and benefits for
my new job, or a raise for the one I have?”
Each of these scenarios presents a problem.
We all are faced with problems every day, and
our ability to solve problems can set us apart
from others in our jobs and careers. In fact,
surveys consistently show that problem solving
is one of the skills most valued by employers.
For this reason, we designed Organizational
Behavior, 2e, to help students become more
effective problem solvers. Students who are ef-
fective problem solvers today become valued
leaders tomorrow.
The second edition of Organizational Be-
havior relies on three key strategies to help
students use OB knowledge to solve problems:
∙ Consistent 3-Step Problem-Solving
Approach.
∙ Applied, practical features.
∙ User-centric design.
3-Step Problem-Solving Approach
Given problem solving is one of the skills most
sought by employers, we help students develop
instead of hone this skill. We teach them to use
a 3-Step Problem-Solving Approach—
(1) define the problem, (2) identify the causes,
and (3) implement a solution. This approach is
introduced in Chapter One and used multiple
30. times in each subsequent chapter. To comple-
ment the 3-Step Approach, we also developed
the new Organizing Framework for Under-
standing and Applying OB. This framework
is used in two ways. First, it provides students
a means for organizing OB concepts into three
categories (inputs, processes, and outcomes)
as they learn them. This facilitates student
learning and shows how concepts relate to
each other. Second, it is an important and com-
plementary tool for problem solving. Problems
are often defined in terms of outcomes in the
Organizing Framework, and the causes are
commonly found in the inputs and processes
elements. Students use this framework in every
chapter to solve problems confronted by real
organizations and employees.
We provide many opportunities for students
to practice using the 3-Step Problem-Solving
Approach. Problem-Solving Application Mini-
Cases are inserted throughout each chapter.
These provide numerous opportunities for
students to apply their OB knowledge and
practice their problem solving skills to
real companies and people. The longer
Problem-Solving Application Case at the
end of each chapter presents more complex
and current business cases containing one or
more problems that illustrate OB concepts in-
cluded in a particular chapter. A version of the
Organizing Framework is presented in each
chapter and is populated with relevant con-
cepts from that chapter, which students then
use to define and solve problems presented in
the various features. This capstone Cumulative
31. Case activity provides students the opportu-
nity to apply the 3-Step Problem-Solving
Approach on an actual situation affecting a
specific firm (Volkswagen).
We carry the 3-Step Problem-Solving …
