The document summarizes research on synthesizing various silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) molecular sieves. It discusses synthesizing SAPO-35 using different inorganic promoters in non-aqueous media to reduce crystallization time. Characterization techniques like PXRD, SEM, and NMR confirmed the successful synthesis of SAPO-35. Promoter-assisted samples showed similar catalytic activity to the standard in methanol-to-olefins reactions. The document also examines synthesizing SAPOs like SAPO-16 using microwave irradiation and their application in benzaldehyde acetalization reactions.
Undergraduate Laboratory Development: Finding Cost-Effective Catalysts for th...Logan Fenimore
-Developed an undergraduate organic or inorganic chemistry laboratory experiment to showcase the catalytic coupling reaction between waste carbon dioxide and epoxides to yield value-added cyclic carbonate materials
-Focused on maximizing the reaction yield and reducing experiment costs by employing bimetallic salen complexes and zinc octoate in the catalytic system
-Aided in the optimization of system conditions of coupling reaction in simple polypropylene centrifuge tubes and synthesis of bimetallic aluminum salen catalyst
-Presented poster named "Undergraduate Laboratory Development: Finding Cost-Effective Catalysts for the Coupling of Epoxides and CO2" at the 257th American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting & Exposition in Orlando, FL
Synthesis and Characterization of cyclohexylidene containing novel cardo pol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Influence of Synthesis Route on the Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Properties of Ni...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: NiO nanostructures can be used as materials for semiconductor gas sensors to detect formaldehyde, an indoor pollutant gas, at low concentrations (< 1 ppm). In this paper, the effect of the morphology of the synthesized NiO nanostructures on gas sensing properties is reported and discussed. The NiO nanostructures were synthesized by thermal decomposition of precursors obtained by two different chemical precipitation methods, a hydrothermal route and a sol-gel technique. Thick films (8-10 µm) of the synthesized NiO nanostructures were deposited by spray coating on alumina substrates fitted with gold interdigitated electrodes and a platinum heater. The gas sensing properties of these NiO layers were studied for low concentrations of formaldehyde gas at different working temperatures. A clear difference in response characteristics was observed between the samples prepared by the different synthesis routes employed. These differences can be ascribed to the surface microstructure of materials.
Undergraduate Laboratory Development: Finding Cost-Effective Catalysts for th...Logan Fenimore
-Developed an undergraduate organic or inorganic chemistry laboratory experiment to showcase the catalytic coupling reaction between waste carbon dioxide and epoxides to yield value-added cyclic carbonate materials
-Focused on maximizing the reaction yield and reducing experiment costs by employing bimetallic salen complexes and zinc octoate in the catalytic system
-Aided in the optimization of system conditions of coupling reaction in simple polypropylene centrifuge tubes and synthesis of bimetallic aluminum salen catalyst
-Presented poster named "Undergraduate Laboratory Development: Finding Cost-Effective Catalysts for the Coupling of Epoxides and CO2" at the 257th American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting & Exposition in Orlando, FL
Synthesis and Characterization of cyclohexylidene containing novel cardo pol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Influence of Synthesis Route on the Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Properties of Ni...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: NiO nanostructures can be used as materials for semiconductor gas sensors to detect formaldehyde, an indoor pollutant gas, at low concentrations (< 1 ppm). In this paper, the effect of the morphology of the synthesized NiO nanostructures on gas sensing properties is reported and discussed. The NiO nanostructures were synthesized by thermal decomposition of precursors obtained by two different chemical precipitation methods, a hydrothermal route and a sol-gel technique. Thick films (8-10 µm) of the synthesized NiO nanostructures were deposited by spray coating on alumina substrates fitted with gold interdigitated electrodes and a platinum heater. The gas sensing properties of these NiO layers were studied for low concentrations of formaldehyde gas at different working temperatures. A clear difference in response characteristics was observed between the samples prepared by the different synthesis routes employed. These differences can be ascribed to the surface microstructure of materials.
Magnetic Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH composite grafted with cobalt phthalocyanine as an ef...Pawan Kumar
Magnetically separable layered double hydroxide MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4 composite supported cobalt
phthalocyanine catalyst was synthesized and used for the aerobic oxidation of mercaptans to corresponding
disulfides under alkali free conditions. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of
mercaptans using molecular oxygen as an oxidant which can be effectively recovered by using an external
magnetic field. In addition, the covalent immobilization of cobalt phthalocyanine to MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4
support prevents the leaching of the catalyst and improves its activity and stability
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
Synthesis and characterization of atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing have been carried out. The catalyst was synthesized by loading of small amount of Ni and Mo metals onto the Indonesian natural zeolite from Klaten (ZA sample). The natural zeolite was treated with 3M HCl solution to produce the ZAA sample. The Ni and Mo metal was impregnated onto the ZAA sample using (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O followed by Ni(NO3)2.6H2O precursor solution, then calcined at 450ºC for 5 h and reduced at 400ºC for 3 h produced the NiMo/ZAA catalyst. The zeolite samples were characterized by means of total acid amount determined by pyridine vapour adsorption, the TO4 site (T = Si or Al) analyzed by Infra Red Spectrometer (IR), Crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and surface performance by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and metal content measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The catalyst activity was tested in hydrodemetalization process using nickel porphyrin, tiophene or pyridine as petroleum residue model compounds carried out at 360, 370, 380 and 390ºC, LHSV 0.2 h-1. The HCl treatment to the ZA sample caused dealumination, did not defect the crystalline matter and increased total acid amount. Loading of Ni and Mo metal onto the ZAA sample increased acidity, did not defect the crystalline of mordenite and also did not block the zeolite pore. Nickel removal from nickel porphyrin (Np) was easier than N remofal from pyridine; on the other hand, nickel removal from nickel porphyrin was more difficult than S removal from pyridine. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition and it can be regenerated and reused
Undergraduate Inorganic Laboratory Development: Epoxides & CO2 Coupling Under...Logan Fenimore
-Developed an undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratory experiment to showcase the catalytic coupling reaction between waste carbon dioxide and epoxides to yield value-added cyclic carbonate materials
-Currently focused on maximizing the reaction yield and reducing experiment costs by employing bimetallic salen complexes in the catalytic system
-Aided in the optimization of system conditions of coupling reaction in simple polypropylene centrifuge tubes and synthesis of bimetallic aluminum salen catalyst
-Presented attached poster named "Undergraduate Inorganic Laboratory Development: Epoxides & CO2 Coupling Under Mild Conditions with Bimetallic [(salen)Al]2O" at the 259th American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting & Exposition through SciMeetings
It contains introduction, homogeneous, heterogenous, transition metal, organometallic, enzymatic and phase transfer catalysis part with certain aspect of greener approach.
It cover approximately all topic according to M.pharm Organic chemistry syllabus, not in advance but for general and basic purpose of understanding.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of some pyrazolo-pyrimidine deriv...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion performance of three pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives, namely, 4-amino pyrazolo-pyrimidine
(APP), 4-hydroxy pyrazolo-pyrimidine (HPP), and 4-mercapto pyrazolo-pyrimidine (MPP) on copper in 0.5M
H2SO4 solution have been investigated using electrochemical, surface analysis, as well as theoretical techniques.
The results indicate that these inhibitors have largely inhibited the corrosion of copper and the inhibition efficiency
increased with increasing concentration. Moreover, the inhibitors adsorb on copper surface following
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS analysis were performed for describing the bonding characteristics between
inhibitors and copper substrate. Furthermore, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation calculations were applied
to further explain the anti-corrosion mechanism.
Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology, Hao Liu, University of Nottingham - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Modification & Application of Borate Zirconia CatalystRanjeet Kumar
Solid catalysts are of great advantages in alkylation reaction due to heterogenous reaction which makes separation of catalysts very easy and environment friendly. Here, sulfated and borate zirconia catalysts are used to search for ortho-xylene with Toluene & methanol. To find a new path to get o-xylene, catalysts surface was studied and a new mesoporous borate zirconia catalyst was prepared. Mesoporous Borate Zirconia had showed a very efficient path to manufature o-xylene.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
Magnetic Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH composite grafted with cobalt phthalocyanine as an ef...Pawan Kumar
Magnetically separable layered double hydroxide MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4 composite supported cobalt
phthalocyanine catalyst was synthesized and used for the aerobic oxidation of mercaptans to corresponding
disulfides under alkali free conditions. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of
mercaptans using molecular oxygen as an oxidant which can be effectively recovered by using an external
magnetic field. In addition, the covalent immobilization of cobalt phthalocyanine to MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4
support prevents the leaching of the catalyst and improves its activity and stability
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
Synthesis and characterization of atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing have been carried out. The catalyst was synthesized by loading of small amount of Ni and Mo metals onto the Indonesian natural zeolite from Klaten (ZA sample). The natural zeolite was treated with 3M HCl solution to produce the ZAA sample. The Ni and Mo metal was impregnated onto the ZAA sample using (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O followed by Ni(NO3)2.6H2O precursor solution, then calcined at 450ºC for 5 h and reduced at 400ºC for 3 h produced the NiMo/ZAA catalyst. The zeolite samples were characterized by means of total acid amount determined by pyridine vapour adsorption, the TO4 site (T = Si or Al) analyzed by Infra Red Spectrometer (IR), Crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and surface performance by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and metal content measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The catalyst activity was tested in hydrodemetalization process using nickel porphyrin, tiophene or pyridine as petroleum residue model compounds carried out at 360, 370, 380 and 390ºC, LHSV 0.2 h-1. The HCl treatment to the ZA sample caused dealumination, did not defect the crystalline matter and increased total acid amount. Loading of Ni and Mo metal onto the ZAA sample increased acidity, did not defect the crystalline of mordenite and also did not block the zeolite pore. Nickel removal from nickel porphyrin (Np) was easier than N remofal from pyridine; on the other hand, nickel removal from nickel porphyrin was more difficult than S removal from pyridine. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition and it can be regenerated and reused
Undergraduate Inorganic Laboratory Development: Epoxides & CO2 Coupling Under...Logan Fenimore
-Developed an undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratory experiment to showcase the catalytic coupling reaction between waste carbon dioxide and epoxides to yield value-added cyclic carbonate materials
-Currently focused on maximizing the reaction yield and reducing experiment costs by employing bimetallic salen complexes in the catalytic system
-Aided in the optimization of system conditions of coupling reaction in simple polypropylene centrifuge tubes and synthesis of bimetallic aluminum salen catalyst
-Presented attached poster named "Undergraduate Inorganic Laboratory Development: Epoxides & CO2 Coupling Under Mild Conditions with Bimetallic [(salen)Al]2O" at the 259th American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting & Exposition through SciMeetings
It contains introduction, homogeneous, heterogenous, transition metal, organometallic, enzymatic and phase transfer catalysis part with certain aspect of greener approach.
It cover approximately all topic according to M.pharm Organic chemistry syllabus, not in advance but for general and basic purpose of understanding.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of some pyrazolo-pyrimidine deriv...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion performance of three pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives, namely, 4-amino pyrazolo-pyrimidine
(APP), 4-hydroxy pyrazolo-pyrimidine (HPP), and 4-mercapto pyrazolo-pyrimidine (MPP) on copper in 0.5M
H2SO4 solution have been investigated using electrochemical, surface analysis, as well as theoretical techniques.
The results indicate that these inhibitors have largely inhibited the corrosion of copper and the inhibition efficiency
increased with increasing concentration. Moreover, the inhibitors adsorb on copper surface following
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS analysis were performed for describing the bonding characteristics between
inhibitors and copper substrate. Furthermore, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation calculations were applied
to further explain the anti-corrosion mechanism.
Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology, Hao Liu, University of Nottingham - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Modification & Application of Borate Zirconia CatalystRanjeet Kumar
Solid catalysts are of great advantages in alkylation reaction due to heterogenous reaction which makes separation of catalysts very easy and environment friendly. Here, sulfated and borate zirconia catalysts are used to search for ortho-xylene with Toluene & methanol. To find a new path to get o-xylene, catalysts surface was studied and a new mesoporous borate zirconia catalyst was prepared. Mesoporous Borate Zirconia had showed a very efficient path to manufature o-xylene.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
ThesisPresentation.pptx
1. Research Supervisor
Dr. N. Venkatathri
Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry
DSC Members
Prof. K. Laxma Reddy, Dept. of Chemistry
Prof. K. V. Gobi, Dept. of Chemistry
Dr. T. V. Appa Rao, Dept. of Physics
S. Suresh
716192
1
2. Chapter –VII: Summary and Conclusions
Chapter-l: Introduction
Chapter-II: Experimental
Chapter-III: Investigation on the Promoter-Induced Rapid Non-Aqueous
Media Synthesis of SAPO-35 and Methanol-to-Olefin Reaction
Chapter-V: New Porous High Surface Area, TiO2 Anatase/SAPO‐35 Mild
Brønsted Acidic Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization and
Studies on its Enhanced Photocatalytic activity
Chapter–VI: Pd/SAPO-35: Synthesis, Characterization and its Catalytic
application studies on Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction
Chapter-IV: Synthesis of SAPO molecular sieve in non-aqueous medium by
microwave method using hexamethyleneimine as a template
2
5. Petro Chemistry
• Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Adsorbents (Purification)
Environmental Protection
• Water decontamination
• Heavy Metal Adsorption
Medicine
• Pharmaceuticals
• Cosmetic Products
Agriculture
• Biofuels
• Carrier for Agrochemicals
Construction
• Concrete Additives
• Water Softening
5
7. P Source
Solvent
Stirring to form
Homogeneous Solution
Al Source
Template + Si
Source
Stirring to form
Homogeneous Solution
Centrifuged and dried at ambient air
temperature followed by calcination at 550 oC
Crystallization @
high temperature
7
8. Most of the SAPOs are synthesized in presence of
aqueous media.
Recently some of these molecular sieves are reported to
synthesis in non-aqueous media.
Non-aqueous media synthesis is found to be superior in
many aspects, in terms of Si incorporation and
crystallinity.
However, its limitation is it requires more crystallization
time.
8
9. 9
2. To synthesize Silicoaluminophosphates in very short time through
non-aqueous media using Microwave Irradiation.
1. To synthesize Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO-35) in lesser time
using Inorganic promoters through non-aqueous media.
3. To synthesize TiO2 anatase supported SAPO-35 for photochemical
reactions.
4. To synthesize Pd/SAPO-35 for Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction.
13. To Synthesize Levyne (LEV) type microporous SAPO-35 by
hydrothermal method using different inorganic promoters in non-
aqueous media.
To Characterize the synthesized materials by using various
techniques like PXRD, SEM, BET, XPS and MAS-NMR.
To Perform the catalytic activity (Methanol-to-Olefins reaction) of
the synthesized materials.
13
14. SAPO-35 is a Levyne (LEV) type framework crystal structure.
It is a small pore molecular sieve with 8 member ring pore openings of
0.36x0.48nm
The structure of SAPO-35 is built by levyne cages, which are connected through
single six rings (S6R) and double six rings (D6R).
This material is comparatively highly efficient for methanol to olefins reaction.
14
15. Ethylene
Glycol
Allow stirring for
120 min
Al(iOPr)3
Allow stirring for
30 min
Crystallization at 200 oC
about 360 h.
Centrifuged and dried at ambient air
temperature followed by calcination at 550 oC
HEM+SiO2
H3PO4
drop wise
It is more time
What is the solution to
reduce the time
15
16. Ethylene
Glycol
Allow stirring for
120 min
Al(iOPr)3
Allow stirring for
30 min
Crystallization at 200 oC
about 72 h.
Centrifuged and dried at ambient air
temperature followed by calcination at 550 oC
HEM+SiO2
H3PO4
drop wise
Promoter
HClO4-, HF, H3PO4,
and NaNO3
16
18. According to the US Pat. 4,440,871, 1982 we conformed SAPO-35.
PXRD patterns of synthesized SAPO-35 materials
18
2 theta at 10.9, 13.3, 17.3, 21.9, 26.6, and 31.6 confirmed that Levyne type hexagonal
crystalline material of SAPO-35
19. SEM images of a) 360 h without promoter SAPO-35, in presence of b) HClO4
- c) HF d)
H3PO4 e) NaNO3 promoters and f) SAPO-35 synthesized in aqueous media.
19
20. The 29Si MAS-NMR, Peaks at -87.14 ppm and -93.22 ppm. According to the
literature, They are assigned to the SiT1(OAl)4 and SiT2(OAl)4 species in the
framework of SAPO-35, respectively.
The 27Al MAS-NMR, peaks at 41.97 and 13.97 ppm are ascribed to the tetrahedral
Al and the octahedral Al with an Al(OP)4(OH)2 environment
The 31P MAS-NMR, Peaks at -25.22 and -31.72 ppm with an intensity close to
characteristic of tetrahedral phosphorus P(OAl)4
20
27Al 31P 29Si
22. Crystallisation Kinetics of Std. SAPO-35, SAPO-35 in case of HClO4- as promoter, HF as
promoter, H3PO4 as promoter, NaNO3 as promoter and aqueous media SAPO-35.
22
HClO4->HF>H3PO4>NaNO3>without Promoter
23. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2 – 24
Depiction of the hydrocarbon-pool mechanism as originally proposed by Dahl and Kolboe.
23
24. Selectivity= weight percent of the specific product x100
weight percent of all products
S. No. Sample Selectivity Conversion rate
1 Without Promoter 99 97
2 HClO4
- 97 95.6
3 HF 94 92
4 H3PO4 94 92
5 NaNO3 90 84
6 Aq. SAPO-35 96 87
24
Time on stream = 2 h; catalyst = 1 g; WHSV = 6.5 h-1; N2/ methanol (mole) = 1.5
25. Levyne type microporous SAPO-35 synthesized through standard
hydrothermal method using inorganic promotors.
Compared all the characterization techniques data and found to be
similar results.
MTO reaction results of promoter used samples are similar that of
standard SAPO-35.
25
28. To Synthesize silicoaluminophosphates using Microwave method.
To Characterize the synthesized materials by using various
techniques like XRD, TEM, NH3-TPD, & MAS-NMR.
To Perform the catalytic activity of the synthesized materials on
benzaldehyde acetalization.
28
29. Ethylene
Glycol
Allow stirring for 30 min
Al(iOPr)3
H3PO4 drop wise
HEM+SiO2
Allow stirring for 30 min/8h
Centrifuged, allowed to dry at 100 oC & a part
of the sample is calcined at 550 oC.
Treated with
microwave irradiation (@450 W)
29
N-SAPO-16-WA
N-SAPO-16-A
31. Fig. 1: Powder XRD of SAPO-16.
According to the U. S. Pat. [ 191, 4,310,440], 1990 we conformed this as SAPO-16.
[Y. Stephen, T. Wilson, Shrub oak; brent M. Lok, New York; edith M. Flanigen.]
31
32. TEM Images of (a) and (b) N-SAPO-16-WA, (c) and (d) calcined N-SAPO-16-WA
From TEM it shows that the formation of well-defined triangle shape particles.
The particle size was found to be around 50-100 nm.
32
33. BET specific surface area of N-SAPO-16-
WA 270 m2/g, N-SAPO-16-A 286 m2/g & H-
SAPO-16 is 339 m2/g.
It was found that there are one weak
acidic, one medium/ moderate, one strong
and one very strong acidic nature of peaks
33
34. MAS-NMR spectra of, as-synthesized N-SAPO-16-WA samples of (a) 27Al, (b) 29Si and (c) 31P nuclei and calcined N-SAPO-16-
WA sample of (d) 27Al, (e) 29Si and (f) 31P nuclei
a peak centered at 37.7 ppm (strong) & at -15 ppm (weak) shoulder peak. They are assigned to the Tet-Al
& the Oct-Al with an Al(OP)4(OH2)2.
a peak at -88.06 ppm arise from Si(OAl)3(OSi) or Si(OAl)2(OSi)2 environment in td co-ord. & a broad peak
resonance at -107.0 ppm to this is related to the presence of connectivity defects (Si-O- or Si-OH groups)
and amorphous Si with Si(OSi)4.
The 31P, consisted of two peaks centered at -30.16 ppm (strong) and 2.02 ppm (weak). The peak at -
30.16 ppm is clearly indicate P is fully condensed with P(OAl)4 framework, and 2.02 ppm is due to
partially reacted P in the reaction mixture.
34
36. N-SAPO-16-WA the conversion to the product is about 80% in 8 h
S. No. Catalyst Time (h) Conversion (%)
1 SAPO-16 1; 24 71; 80
2 Cu3(BTC)2 2; 24 63; 78
3 Fe(BTC) 2; 24 49; 71
4 Al2(BDC)3 24 66
The acetalization of alcohols reaction is widely used in synthetic approaches to protect the
carbonyl group of the various aldehydes and ketones
10 mL of methanol and 0.1 g of calcined catalyst along with 1 g of benzaldehyde were allowed
to react at 80 oC under refluxing condition
36
37. a) Powder X-ray diffraction patterns b & c) SEM Image of 0 cycle and 5th cycle reused N-SAPO-
16-WA catalysts.
37
38. Successfully synthesized SAPO-16 in a short time with non-
aqueous medium and characterized in detailed.
Benzaldehyde Acetalization reaction was performed as the catalytic
activity of synthesized material with 80% of conversion.
38
41. To Synthesize SAPO-35 through non-aqueous media, anatase TiO2
by hydrothermal method and TiO2/SAPO-35 composites by simple
sol-gel method.
To Characterize the synthesized materials by using various
techniques like PXRD, SEM-EDAX, Photoluminescence, XPS & MAS-
NMR.
To perform the catalytic activity of synthesized materials were
tested by MB dye degradation studies.
41
42. Titanium (IV)
iso propoxide
Allow stirring for 24 h
2-propanol
Centrifuge the solid products & dried
@ 80 oC amorphous TiO2 particles
Crystallization at 200 oC
about 24 h
Centrifuged and dried at ambient air temperature
followed by calcination at 400 oC
Acetic Acid
(AcOH)
42
43. S. No. TiO2(%) SAPO-35(%)
1 100 0
2 0 100
3 50 50
4 25 75
5 75 25
TiO2
Allow stirring for 6 h
SAPO-35
Centrifuge the solid products & dried @ 80 oC
anatase TiO2/SAPO-35 composites
Centrifuged and dried at ambient air temperature
followed by calcination at 400 oC
Water
43
44. According to the JCPDS CAS No 21-1272 we conformed TiO2
According to the US Pat. 4,440,871, 1982 we conformed SAPO-35.
44
Figure b represents the calibration curve of PXRD patterns of composites, which was established
by plotting the intensity of the major TiO2 peak at 2 theta value of 25.31° of each composite and
the corresponding amount of TiO2 (w/w).
45. Uniform spherical shape crystalline Nano particles.
There are no amorphous phase and highly crystalline nature with rhombohedra
crystals in SAPO-35.
TiO2 Nano particles are deposited on the SAPO-35
From EDX the elemental weight % on the surface is Al-7.07, Si-0.42, O-48, P-4.0 and
Ti-30.
a) FE-SEM Micrograph of TiO2 SEM of b) SAPO-35 c) TiO2/SAPO-35(1:1) and d) EDX of TiO2/SAPO-35(1:1)
45
46. The 27Al MAS-NMR, peaks at 41 and 13 ppm are ascribed to the tetrahedral Al and the
octahedral Al with an Al(OP)4(OH)2 environment.
The 31P MAS-NMR, Peaks at -25 and -31 ppm with an intensity close to characteristic of
tetrahedral phosphorus P(OAl)4
The 29Si MAS-NMR, Peaks at -87 ppm and -93 ppm. According to the literature, They are
assigned to the SiT1(OAl)4 and SiT2(OAl)4 species in the framework of SAPO-35, respectively.
46
47. From these deconvolution spectras; by comparing the binding energy values with their
corresponding elemental binding Energy values we have found that Ti (IV), Al(III), Si(IV) and
P(V) oxidation states.
a) Survey spectra of TiO2/SAPO-35, b) Deconvolution Spectra of Ti c) Al, d) Si, e) P and f) O
47
48. SAPO-35 is having surface area 448 m2/g
TiO2 Surface area is 85 m2/g
TiO2/SAPO-35 (1:1) mixture surface area is 222 m2/g 48
49. Photocatalytic application a) Comparison of the photocatalytic activities of the SAPO-35, TiO2
and TiO2/SAPO-35 composites b) Kinetic plots of respective compounds c) UV-Visible spectrum
of TiO2/SAPO-35 [1:1] composite and d) Re-usability test of TiO2/SAPO-35 [1:1] composite
Parameters Conditions
Organic Dye MB
Concentration 5 ppm
Vol’ of dye soln 100 mL
Source of Light Sun Light
Amount of Catalyst 50 mg
Duration 25 min
Experimental conditions
49
50. a) Effect of scavengers on photocatalytic degradation of MB under direct sunlight irradiation
b) Photo Luminescence Spectra of .OH trapping of TiO2/SAPO-35 in TA under direct sunlight irradiation
50
holes (h+)= Ammonium oxalate (AO)
Hydroxyl radicals (.OH)= tertiary butyl alcohol (tBu-OH)
super oxide anion radicals (O2
2-)=Benzoquinone (BQ)
51. 51
TiO2 was successfully dispersed on SAPO-35 in order to increase the Methylene
Blue dye degradation under visible light condition. SEM studies revealed that
TiO2 particles are well dispersed on SAPO-35.
The application study revealed the excellent activity of the composite
(TiO2/SAPO-35) for photocatalytic dye degradation due to the synergetic effect
between SAPO-35 and TiO2.
54. To Synthesize SAPO-35 through non-aqueous media and Pd/SAPO-
35 composites Borohydride Reduction Process.
To Characterize the synthesized materials by using various
techniques like PXRD, SEM-EDAX , XPS & MAS-NMR.
To perform the catalytic activity of the synthesized materials were
tested by Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction.
54
56. 2 theta at 10.9, 13.3, 17.3, 21.9, 26.6, and
31.6 confirmed that Levyne type hexagonal
crystalline material of SAPO-35
2 theta value of 39.5 which conforms the Pd
presence in the materials.
Cyclic Volttammogram of Pd/SAPO-35 in
2mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆]+ 0.5 M KCl at 100 mV s-1
56
58. Material name Surface Area (m2/g) Pore volume (cc/g) Pore diameter (nm)
SAPO-35 493 0.90 1.94
Pd-SAPO-35(10%) 211 0.64 1.51 58
From these deconvolution spectras; by comparing the binding energy values with their corresponding
elemental binding Energy values we have found that, Al(III), Si(IV) and P(V) oxidation states.
59. Catalyst R-X Reaction
Conditions
Yield
(%)
Pd/SAPO-35 3% C6H5I 5 min @360 W 92
Pd/SAPO-35 5% C6H5I 5 min @360 W 96
Pd/SAPO-35 10% C6H5I 5 min @360 W 99
Pd/SAPO-35 3% C6H5Br 5 min @360 W 86
Pd/SAPO-35 5% C6H5Br 5 min @360 W 91
Pd/SAPO-35 10% C6H5Br 5 min @360 W 94
Reaction Conditions: 1mM of aryl halide, 20mg of K2CO3 and 10mg of calcined catalyst
without organic solvent in domestic microwave oven at 360 w about 5 min.
59
S. No Catalyst Yield (%)
1 Pd/SAPO-35 99
2 Pd/KIT-6 98
3 Pd/SAPO-31 98
4 Pd(PPh3)4 (m.w)* 98
61. Pd/SAPO-35 material successfully synthesized and characterized
in detail.
Catalytic application studies were performed for Pd/SAPO-35
material successfully on Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction.
61
64. Material SAPO-35 SAPO-16 Pd/SAPO-35 TiO2/SAPO-
35
Method Hydrothermal Microwave Hydrothermal/
Borohydride
Reduction
Process
Hydrotherm
al/ Sol-Gel
Techniques PXRD, SEM,
BET, XPS and
MAS-NMR
PXRD, TEM,
BET, and MAS-
NMR
PXRD, SEM,
BET, XPS and
MAS-NMR
PXRD, SEM,
BET, XPS and
MAS-NMR
Application MTO Acetalization
Reaction
C-C coupling
Reaction
Photo
Catalysis
64
65. 65
1. We have successfully reduced the crystallization time from 360 h to 72 h using
promoters to synthesize SAPO-35.
2. We have successfully reduced the crystallization time from 360 h to 5 min using
microwave irradiation to synthesize SAPO-16.
3. We have got an excellent photo catalytic activity for Methylene Blue dye
degradation under direct sunlight when TiO2/SAPO-35 used as catalyst compared
with TiO2 alone as catalyst.
4. We have successfully synthesized Pd/SAPO-35 material to get an excellent yield
(about 99%) for Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction.
66. 1. An Investigation on Promoter Induced Rapid Non-Aqueous Media Synthesis of SAPO-35 and MTO reaction.
Siliveri Suresh, Sai Siva Kumar Pinnepalli, Deepak Joshi, Suman Chirra, Srinath Goskula, Sripal Reddy
Gujjula, Nathan A. Oyler, Venkatathri Narayanan. (ACS Omega)
2. Synthesis of SAPO-16 molecular sieve in non-aqueous medium by microwave method using hexamethyleneimine as a
template
S Suresh, IAK Reddy, N Venkatathri (Microporous and Mesoporous Materials)
3. New Porous High Surface Area, TiO2 Anatase/SAPO‐35 Mild Brønsted Acidic Nanocomposite: Synthesis,
Characterization and Studies on its Enhanced Photocatalytic activity (ChemistrySelect)
S Siliveri, S Chirra, C Tyagi, A Gandamalla, AK Adepu, S Goskula, SR Gujjula, N Venkatathri
4. Pd/SAPO-35: Synthesis, Characterization and its Catalytic application studies on Suzuki-Miyaura Cross
Coupling Reaction. (Materials Today: Proceedings)
Suresh Siliveri, Suman Chirra, Srinath Goskula, Sripal Reddy Gujjula, Venkatathri Narayanan
5. Synthesis of new multivalent metal ion functionalized mesoporous silica and studies of their enhanced antimicrobial &
cytotoxicity activities (Journal of Mat. Chemistry B)
S Chirra, S Siliveri, R Gangalla, S Goskula, SR Gujjula, AK Adepu, Rajini Anumula, Siva Sankari Sivasoorian, Li-Fang
Wang, Venkatathri Narayanan.
6. A novel porous Fe3O4/Titanosilicate/g-C3N4 ternary nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and their
enhanced photocatalytic activity on Rhodamine B degradation under visible light
AK Adepu, S Goskula, S Chirra, S Siliveri, SR Gujjula, V Narayanan (Journal of Water Process Engineering) 66
67. 7. Rapid synthesis of a novel nano-crystalline mesoporous faujasite type metal-organic framework, ZIF-8 catalyst, and
NaBH4 assisted, enhanced catalytic Rhodamine B degradation (Materials Today Communications)
Suman Chirra, Li-Fang Wang, Himanshu Aggarwal, Ming-Fong Tsai, Siva Sankari Soorian, Siliveri Suresh, Srinath
Goskula, Sripal Reddy Gujjula, N. Venkatathri
8. Synthesis of a high-surface area V2O5/TiO2–SiO2 catalyst and its application in the visible light photocatalytic
degradation of methylene blue (RSC Advances)
AK Adepu, S Siliveri, S Chirra, S Goskula, SR Gujjula, R Anumula, N Venkatathri
9. Titanium aminophosphates: synthesis, characterization and crystal violet dye degradation studies (RSC advances)
R Anumula, AK Adepu, S Chirra, S Siliveri, V Narayanan
10. Experimental investigation of start-up dynamics for various heating effects in batch reactive distillation to produce
methyl acetate (International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering)
AK Patan, SK Thamida, S Suranani, S Siliveri, V Narayanan
11. Pd-KIT-6: synthesis of a novel three-dimensional mesoporous catalyst and studies on its enhanced catalytic
applications (Journal of Porous Materials)
S Chirra, S Siliveri, AK Adepu, S Goskula, SR Gujjula, V Narayanan
12. Magnetically separable porous titanosilicate/Fe3O4 hybrid nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic
performance under UV light (Journal of Porous Materials)
AK Adepu, S Goskula, S Chirra, S Siliveri, SR Gujjula, N Venkatathri.
67
68. 13. Synthesis of a novel bifunctional mesoporous Ti-SBA-15-SO3H catalyst and studies on their enhanced
performance and kinetic modeling of lactic acid esterification reaction with n-butanol.
S Chirra, Raju, S Siliveri, Naresh Yadav, S Goskula, SR Gujjula, V Narayanan (Materials Today: Proceedings)
14. Titanium aminophosphates as efficient, economical, and recyclable catalysts for the synthesis of
xanthenediones (Synthetic Communications)
A Rajini, C Suman, A Ajay Kumar, S Suresh, N Venkatathri
68
69. “Functional Nanomaterials in industrial & Clinical Applications: Academy- Industry-
Clinical Meet” (14th to 16th July 2020, UCLan, Preston, UK)
“Pd/SAPO-35: Synthesis, Characterization and its Catalytic application studies on Suzuki-
Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction”.
International Conference on Materials for the millennium (MATCON-2019), CUSAT,
Kochi, March 14-16th 2019.
“Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue over TiO2/SAPO-35 heterojunction”.
7th Asia Pacific Congress on Catalysis, The Hotel Lalith, Mumbai, 17-21st January 2017.
“Microwave-mediated rapid non-aqueous media synthesis of a novel Nano crystalline,
silico-aluminophosphate SAPO-16 catalyst”.
69
70. My Research Supervisor Dr. N. Venkatathri, Associate Professor
Dr. Vishnu Shanker, Head, Department of Chemistry
DSC Members Prof. K. Laxma Reddy, Department of Chemistry
Prof. K. V . Gobi, Department of Chemistry
Dr. T. V. Appa Rao, Department of Physics
The Director, NIT Warangal and The Ministry of Education, Govt. of India
DST-SERB Gov. of India for financial support.
Former Heads, Department of Chemistry
All the Faculty members of the Department of Chemistry
My Senior, Co & Junior Research Scholars
Non-Teaching Staff of the Department of Chemistry
Nathan A. Oyler, Sai Siva Kumar Pinnepalli, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA
70