This paper presents seven strategies that can be implemented today to counter common exploitable weaknesses in “as-built” control systems. Length is 6 pages.
CRASHOVERRIDE Analysis of the Threat to Electric Grid Operations. Cyber-attac...Muhammad FAHAD
Dragos, Inc. was notified by the Slovak anti-virus firm ESET of an ICS tailored malware on June 8th, 2017. The Dragos team was able to use this notification to find samples of the malware, identify new functionality and impact scenarios, and confirm that this was the malware employed in the December 17th, 2016 cyber-attack on the Kiev, Ukraine transmission substation which resulted in electric grid operations impact. This report serves as an industry report to inform the electric sector and security community of the potential implications of this malware and the appropriate details to have a nuanced discussion
Have some customers who have made decision to go for cloud, but lack controls. Here are some of the slides I used in an alignment session the other day.
NetStandard CTO John Leek presents 20 Critical Security Controls for the Cloud at Interface Kansas City. This presentation is based on controls set forth by the SANS Institute. Learn more at http://www.netstandard.com.
The Critical Security Controls and the StealthWatch SystemLancope, Inc.
As today’s cyber-attackers become more sophisticated and nefarious, organizations must adopt the right mix of conventional and next-generation security tools to effectively defend their infrastructure from advanced threats. The Critical Security Controls effort is a growing movement that has been helping government agencies and large enterprises prioritize their cyber security spending accordingly.
By leveraging NetFlow and other types of flow data, Lancope’s StealthWatch System delivers continuous network visibility to fulfill a number of the highest priority controls, enhancing timely detection of targeted threats and improving incident response.
Learn the latest about the Critical Security Controls and hear how the StealthWatch System fits in.
CRASHOVERRIDE Analysis of the Threat to Electric Grid Operations. Cyber-attac...Muhammad FAHAD
Dragos, Inc. was notified by the Slovak anti-virus firm ESET of an ICS tailored malware on June 8th, 2017. The Dragos team was able to use this notification to find samples of the malware, identify new functionality and impact scenarios, and confirm that this was the malware employed in the December 17th, 2016 cyber-attack on the Kiev, Ukraine transmission substation which resulted in electric grid operations impact. This report serves as an industry report to inform the electric sector and security community of the potential implications of this malware and the appropriate details to have a nuanced discussion
Have some customers who have made decision to go for cloud, but lack controls. Here are some of the slides I used in an alignment session the other day.
NetStandard CTO John Leek presents 20 Critical Security Controls for the Cloud at Interface Kansas City. This presentation is based on controls set forth by the SANS Institute. Learn more at http://www.netstandard.com.
The Critical Security Controls and the StealthWatch SystemLancope, Inc.
As today’s cyber-attackers become more sophisticated and nefarious, organizations must adopt the right mix of conventional and next-generation security tools to effectively defend their infrastructure from advanced threats. The Critical Security Controls effort is a growing movement that has been helping government agencies and large enterprises prioritize their cyber security spending accordingly.
By leveraging NetFlow and other types of flow data, Lancope’s StealthWatch System delivers continuous network visibility to fulfill a number of the highest priority controls, enhancing timely detection of targeted threats and improving incident response.
Learn the latest about the Critical Security Controls and hear how the StealthWatch System fits in.
A Buyers Guide to Investing in Endpoint Detection and Response for Enterprise...Kaspersky
A key business goal of any organization is to maintain the constant availability of data and systems that can be trusted for decision-making purposes. The evolving threat landscape has resulted in increasing focus, right to board level, on cybersecurity. IT operational and security teams should demonstrate a comprehensive, cohesive approach in their response to security incidents and data breaches.
The Top 20 Cyberattacks on Industrial Control SystemsMuhammad FAHAD
Executive Summary
No industrial operation is free of risk, and different industrial enterprises may legitimately have different “appetites” for certain types of risks. Evaluating cyber risk in industrial control system (ICS) networks is difficult, considering their complex nature. For example, an evaluation can consider (explicitly or implicitly) up to hundreds of millions of branches of a complex attack tree modelling of cyberattacks interaction with cyber, physical, safety and protection equipment and processes. This paper was written to assist cyber professionals to understand and communicate the results of such risk assessments to non-technical business decision-makers.
This paper proposes that cyber risk be communicated as a Design Basis Threat (DBT) line drawn through a representative “Top 20” set of cyberattacks spread across a spectrum of attack sophistication. These Top 20 attacks have been selected to represent cyber threats to industrial sites across a wide range of circumstances, consequences and sophistication. Many industrial cyber risk practitioners will find the list useful as-is, while expert practitioners may choose to adapt the list to their more detailed understanding of their own sites’ circumstances.
RSAC 2021 Spelunking Through the Steps of a Control System HackDan Gunter
Ever wonder what a hack on an industrial process using real-world Tactics Techniques and Procedures (TTP) really looks like? This session will demonstrate an attack step by step from the initial discovery, to the physical impact to reducing the chance of the attack in the first place.
Learn the 6 practical steps every IT admin should take to ensure SIEM success in your environment. The promise of SIEM is clearly an essential one–better security visibility. Aggregate, correlate, and analyze all of the security-relevant information in your environment so that you can:
• Identify exposures
• Investigate incidents
• Manage compliance
• Measure your information security program
Unfortunately, going from installation to insight with a SIEM is a challenge. Join us for this 45-minute session to learn tricks for getting the most out of your SIEM solution in the shortest amount of time.
Network Architecture review in context of Information security helps to understand how to actually review the components of network with respect to best practices.
Hands on Security, Disrupting the Kill Chain, SplunkLive! AustinSplunk
Splunk for Security Workshop
Join our Splunk Security Experts and learn how to use Splunk Enterprise in a live, hands-on incident investigation session. We'll use Splunk to disrupt an adversary's Kill Chain by finding the Actions on Intent, Exploitation Methods, and Reconnaissance Tactics used against a simulated organization. Data investigated will include threat list intelligence feeds, endpoint activity logs, e-mail logs, and web access logs. This session is a must for all security experts! Please bring your laptop as this is a hands-on session.
Extending the 20 critical security controls to gap assessments and security m...John M. Willis
Extending the 20 critical security controls to gap assessments and security maturity modeling.
Specifically, the controls are decomposed into Base Practices from a Process perspective.
Implementation approaches are viewed from a Robustness perspective.
Proatively Engaged: Questions Executives Should Ask Their Security TeamsFireEye, Inc.
Jim Aldridge from FireEye discusses what executives should ask their security teams. This is available on the FireEye Blog www.fireeye.com/blog/executive-perspective/2015/11/proactively_engaged.html
AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIE...IJNSA Journal
End users are increasingly vulnerable to attacks directed at web browsers which make the most of popularity of today’s web services. While organizations deploy several layers of security to protect their systems and data against unauthorised access, surveys reveal that a large fraction of end users do not utilize and/or are not familiar with any security tools. End users’ hesitation and unfamiliarity with security products contribute vastly to the number of online DDoS attacks, malware and Spam distribution. This work on progress paper proposes a design focused on the notion of increased participation of internet service providers in protecting end users. The proposed design takes advantage of three different detection tools to identify the maliciousness of a website content and alerts users through utilising Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) by an In-Browser cross-platform messaging system. The system also incorporates the users’ online behaviour analysis to minimize the scanning intervals of malicious websites database by client honeypots. Findings from our proof of concept design and other research indicate that such a design can provide a reliable hybrid detection mechanism while introducing low delay time into user browsing experience.
Network security for automation solutions is a concept that has been getting increased attention over the last decade. In the past, security was not a major concern because automation systems utilized proprietary components and were isolated from other networks within the business.
Today, many automation systems are comprised of commercial off the shelf components, including Ethernet networking and Windows operating systems. In addition, legacy products are being updated to operate in these new network environments.
The consequence is that formerly closed systems are suddenly connected to open enterprise networks and the Internet, exposing improperly protected systems to modern IT threats.
A Buyers Guide to Investing in Endpoint Detection and Response for Enterprise...Kaspersky
A key business goal of any organization is to maintain the constant availability of data and systems that can be trusted for decision-making purposes. The evolving threat landscape has resulted in increasing focus, right to board level, on cybersecurity. IT operational and security teams should demonstrate a comprehensive, cohesive approach in their response to security incidents and data breaches.
The Top 20 Cyberattacks on Industrial Control SystemsMuhammad FAHAD
Executive Summary
No industrial operation is free of risk, and different industrial enterprises may legitimately have different “appetites” for certain types of risks. Evaluating cyber risk in industrial control system (ICS) networks is difficult, considering their complex nature. For example, an evaluation can consider (explicitly or implicitly) up to hundreds of millions of branches of a complex attack tree modelling of cyberattacks interaction with cyber, physical, safety and protection equipment and processes. This paper was written to assist cyber professionals to understand and communicate the results of such risk assessments to non-technical business decision-makers.
This paper proposes that cyber risk be communicated as a Design Basis Threat (DBT) line drawn through a representative “Top 20” set of cyberattacks spread across a spectrum of attack sophistication. These Top 20 attacks have been selected to represent cyber threats to industrial sites across a wide range of circumstances, consequences and sophistication. Many industrial cyber risk practitioners will find the list useful as-is, while expert practitioners may choose to adapt the list to their more detailed understanding of their own sites’ circumstances.
RSAC 2021 Spelunking Through the Steps of a Control System HackDan Gunter
Ever wonder what a hack on an industrial process using real-world Tactics Techniques and Procedures (TTP) really looks like? This session will demonstrate an attack step by step from the initial discovery, to the physical impact to reducing the chance of the attack in the first place.
Learn the 6 practical steps every IT admin should take to ensure SIEM success in your environment. The promise of SIEM is clearly an essential one–better security visibility. Aggregate, correlate, and analyze all of the security-relevant information in your environment so that you can:
• Identify exposures
• Investigate incidents
• Manage compliance
• Measure your information security program
Unfortunately, going from installation to insight with a SIEM is a challenge. Join us for this 45-minute session to learn tricks for getting the most out of your SIEM solution in the shortest amount of time.
Network Architecture review in context of Information security helps to understand how to actually review the components of network with respect to best practices.
Hands on Security, Disrupting the Kill Chain, SplunkLive! AustinSplunk
Splunk for Security Workshop
Join our Splunk Security Experts and learn how to use Splunk Enterprise in a live, hands-on incident investigation session. We'll use Splunk to disrupt an adversary's Kill Chain by finding the Actions on Intent, Exploitation Methods, and Reconnaissance Tactics used against a simulated organization. Data investigated will include threat list intelligence feeds, endpoint activity logs, e-mail logs, and web access logs. This session is a must for all security experts! Please bring your laptop as this is a hands-on session.
Extending the 20 critical security controls to gap assessments and security m...John M. Willis
Extending the 20 critical security controls to gap assessments and security maturity modeling.
Specifically, the controls are decomposed into Base Practices from a Process perspective.
Implementation approaches are viewed from a Robustness perspective.
Proatively Engaged: Questions Executives Should Ask Their Security TeamsFireEye, Inc.
Jim Aldridge from FireEye discusses what executives should ask their security teams. This is available on the FireEye Blog www.fireeye.com/blog/executive-perspective/2015/11/proactively_engaged.html
AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIE...IJNSA Journal
End users are increasingly vulnerable to attacks directed at web browsers which make the most of popularity of today’s web services. While organizations deploy several layers of security to protect their systems and data against unauthorised access, surveys reveal that a large fraction of end users do not utilize and/or are not familiar with any security tools. End users’ hesitation and unfamiliarity with security products contribute vastly to the number of online DDoS attacks, malware and Spam distribution. This work on progress paper proposes a design focused on the notion of increased participation of internet service providers in protecting end users. The proposed design takes advantage of three different detection tools to identify the maliciousness of a website content and alerts users through utilising Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) by an In-Browser cross-platform messaging system. The system also incorporates the users’ online behaviour analysis to minimize the scanning intervals of malicious websites database by client honeypots. Findings from our proof of concept design and other research indicate that such a design can provide a reliable hybrid detection mechanism while introducing low delay time into user browsing experience.
Network security for automation solutions is a concept that has been getting increased attention over the last decade. In the past, security was not a major concern because automation systems utilized proprietary components and were isolated from other networks within the business.
Today, many automation systems are comprised of commercial off the shelf components, including Ethernet networking and Windows operating systems. In addition, legacy products are being updated to operate in these new network environments.
The consequence is that formerly closed systems are suddenly connected to open enterprise networks and the Internet, exposing improperly protected systems to modern IT threats.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Evasion Streamline Intruders Using Graph Based Attacker model Analysis and Co...Editor IJCATR
Network Intrusion detection and Countermeasure Election in virtual network systems (NICE) are used to establish a
defense-in-depth intrusion detection framework. For better attack detection, NICE incorporates attack graph analytical procedures into
the intrusion detection processes. We must note that the design of NICE does not intend to improve any of the existing intrusion
detection algorithms; indeed, NICE employs a reconfigurable virtual networking approach to detect and counter the attempts to
compromise VMs, thus preventing zombie VMs. NICE includes two main phases: deploy a lightweight mirroring-based network
intrusion detection agent (NICE-A) on each cloud server to capture and analyze cloud traffic. A NICE-A periodically scans the virtual
system vulnerabilities within a cloud server to establish Scenario Attack Graph (SAGs), and then based on the severity of identified
vulnerability toward the collaborative attack goals, NICE will decide whether or not to put a VM in network inspection state. Once a
VM enters inspection state, Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) is applied, and/or virtual network reconfigurations can be deployed to the
inspecting VM to make the potential attack behaviors prominent.
Secure intrusion detection and countermeasure selection in virtual system usi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Include at least 250 words in your posting and at least 250 words inmaribethy2y
Include at least 250 words in your posting and at least 250 words in your reply. Indicate at least one source or reference in your original post. Please see syllabus for details on submission requirements.
Module 1 Discussion Question
Search "scholar.google.com" for a company, school, or person that has been the target of a network
or system intrusion? What information was targeted? Was the attack successful? If so, what changes
were made to ensure that this vulnerability was controlled? If not, what mechanisms were in-place to protect against the intrusion.
Reply-1(Shravan)
Introduction:
Interruption location frameworks (IDSs) are programming or equipment frameworks that robotize the way toward observing the occasions happening in a PC framework or system, examining them for indications of security issues. As system assaults have expanded in number and seriousness in the course of recent years, interruption recognition frameworks have turned into an essential expansion to the security foundation of generally associations. This direction archive is planned as a preliminary in interruption recognition, created for the individuals who need to comprehend what security objectives interruption location components serve, how to choose and design interruption discovery frameworks for their particular framework and system situations, how to deal with the yield of interruption identification frameworks, and how to incorporate interruption recognition capacities with whatever remains of the authoritative security foundation. References to other data sources are likewise accommodated the peruse who requires particular or more point by point guidance on particular interruption identification issues.
In the most recent years there has been an expanding enthusiasm for the security of process control and SCADA frameworks. Moreover, ongoing PC assaults, for example, the Stunt worm, host appeared there are gatherings with the inspiration and assets to viably assault control frameworks.
While past work has proposed new security components for control frameworks, few of them have investigated new and in a general sense distinctive research issues for anchoring control frameworks when contrasted with anchoring conventional data innovation (IT) frameworks. Specifically, the complexity of new malware assaulting control frameworks - malware including zero-days assaults, rootkits made for control frameworks, and programming marked by confided in declaration specialists - has demonstrated that it is exceptionally hard to avert and identify these assaults dependent on IT framework data.
In this paper we demonstrate how, by joining information of the physical framework under control, we can distinguish PC assaults that change the conduct of the focused on control framework. By utilizing information of the physical framework we can center around the last goal of the assault, and not on the specific instruments of how vulnerabilities are misused, and how ...
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
Toward Continuous Cybersecurity With Network AutomationKen Flott
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as
fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are
basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad
guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John
Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there
are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and
those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question
for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but
how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat.
In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective
cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening)
and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective.
We’ll address how network automation can help minimize
cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can
improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat.
Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to
explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an
auto-securing and self-healing network.
A vulnerability scanner is a software tool that discovers and inventories all networked systems, including servers, PCs, laptops, virtual machines, containers, firewalls, switches, and printers. It attempts to identify the operating system and software installed on each device it detects, as well as other characteristics such as open ports and user accounts.
Similar to Defending industrial control systems from cyber attack (20)
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The purpose of this IEEE 1692 Abstract is to familiarize the reader with the faults that are accountable for most of the
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Lightning poses a substantial risk of damage to electrical and electronic equipment. It has been long known that grounding effectiveness is limited by lightning frequency and soil resistivity and surge protection provides limited protection.
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Defending industrial control systems from cyber attack
1. 1
INTRODUCTION
Cyber intrusions into US Critical Infrastructure systems are happening with increased
frequency. For many industrial control systems (ICSs), it’s not a matter of if an intrusion will
take place, but when. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2015, 295 incidents were reported to ICS-CERT, and
many more went unreported or undetected. The capabilities of our adversaries have been
demonstrated and cyber incidents are increasing in frequency and complexity. Simply building a
network with a hardened perimeter is no longer adequate. Securing ICSs against the modern
threat requires well-planned and well-implemented strategies that will provide network defense
teams a chance to quickly and effectively detect, counter, and expel an adversary. This paper
presents seven strategies that can be implemented today to counter common exploitable
weaknesses in “as-built” control systems.
Seven Strategies to Defend ICSs
Figure 1: Percentage of ICS-CERT FY 2014 and FY 2015 Incidents Potentially Mitigated by
Each Strategya
a. Incidents mitigated by more than one strategy are listed under the strategy ICS-CERT judged as more effective.
2. 2
If system owners had implemented the strategies outlined in this paper, 98 percent of incidents
ICS-CERT responded to in FY 2014 and FY 2015 would have been prevented. The remaining
2 percent could have been identified with increased monitoring and a robust incident response.
THE SEVEN STRATEGIES
1. IMPLEMENT APPLICATION WHITELISTING
Application Whitelisting (AWL) can detect and prevent attempted execution of malware
uploaded by adversaries. The static nature of some systems, such as database servers and
human-machine interface (HMI) computers, make these ideal candidates to run AWL.
Operators are encouraged to work with their vendors to baseline and calibrate AWL
deployments.
Example: ICS-CERT recently responded to an incident where the victim had to rebuild the
network from scratch at great expense. A particular malware compromised over 80 percent
of its assets. Antivirus software was ineffective; the malware had a 0 percent detection rate
on VirusTotal. AWL would have provided notification and blocked the malware execution.
2. ENSURE PROPER CONFIGURATION/PATCH MANAGEMENT
Adversaries target unpatched systems. A configuration/patch management program centered on
the safe importation and implementation of trusted patches will help keep control systems more
secure.
Such a program will start with an accurate baseline and asset inventory to track what patches are
needed. It will prioritize patching and configuration management of “PC-architecture” machines
used in HMI, database server, and engineering workstation roles, as current adversaries have
significant cyber capabilities against these. Infected laptops are a significant malware vector.
Such a program will limit connection of external laptops to the control network and preferably
supply vendors with known-good company laptops. The program will also encourage initial
installation of any updates onto a test system that includes malware detection features before the
updates are installed on operational systems.
Example: ICS-CERT responded to a Stuxnet infection at a power generation facility. The
root cause of the infection was a vendor laptop.
Use best practices when downloading software and patches destined for your control network.
Take measures to avoid “watering hole” attacks. Use a web Domain Name System (DNS)
reputation system. Get updates from authenticated vendor sites. Validate the authenticity of
3. 3
downloads. Insist that vendors digitally sign updates, and/or publish hashes via an out-of-bound
communications path, and use these to authenticate. Don’t load updates from unverified
sources.
Example: HAVEX spread by infecting patches. With an out-of-band communication path
for patch hashes, such as a blast email, users could have validated that the patches were not
authentic.
3. REDUCE YOUR ATTACK SURFACE AREA
Isolate ICS networks from any untrusted networks, especially the Internet.b
Lock down all
unused ports. Turn off all unused services. Only allow real-time connectivity to external
networks if there is a defined business requirement or control function. If one-way
communication can accomplish a task, use optical separation (“data diode”). If bidirectional
communication is necessary, then use a single open port over a restricted network path.
Example: As of 2014, ICS-CERT was aware of 82,000 cases of industrial control systems
hardware or software directly accessible from the public Internet. ICS-CERT has
encountered numerous cases where direct or nearly direct Internet access enabled a breach.
Examples include a US Crime Lab, a Dam, The Sochi Olympic stadium, and numerous water
utilities.
4. BUILD A DEFENDABLE ENVIRONMENT
Limit damage from network perimeter breaches. Segment networks into logical enclaves and
restrict host-to-host communications paths. This can stop adversaries from expanding their
access, while letting the normal system communications continue to operate. Enclaving limits
possible damage, as compromised systems cannot be used to reach and contaminate systems in
other enclaves. Containment provided by enclaving also makes incident cleanup significantly
less costly.c
b. ICS-ALERT-14-063-01AP, Multiple Reports of Internet Facing Control Systems, ICS-CERT 2015.
c. Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense in Depth, ICS-CERT 2009.
4. 4
Example: In one ICS-CERT case, a nuclear asset owner failed to scan media entering a
Level 3 facility. On exit, the media was scanned, and a virus was detected. Because the asset
owner had implemented logical enclaving, only six systems were put at risk and had to be
remediated. Had enclaving not been implemented, hundreds of hosts would have needed to
be remediated.
If one-way data transfer from a secure zone to a less secure zone is required, consider using
approved removable media instead of a network connection. If real-time data transfer is
required, consider using optical separation technologies. This allows replication of data without
putting the control system at risk.
Example: In one ICS-CERT case, a pipeline operator had directly connected the corporate
network to the control network, because the billing unit had asserted it needed metering
data. After being informed of a breach by ICS-CERT, the asset owner removed the
connection. It took the billing department 4 days to notice the connection had been lost,
clearly demonstrating that real-time data were not needed.
5. MANAGE AUTHENTICATION
Adversaries are increasingly focusing on gaining control of legitimate credentials, especially
those associated with highly privileged accounts. Compromising these credentials allows
adversaries to masquerade as legitimate users, leaving less evidence than exploiting
vulnerabilities or executing malware. Implement multi-factor authentication where possible.
Reduce privileges to only those needed for a user’s duties. If passwords are necessary,
implement secure password policies stressing length over complexity. For all accounts,
including system and non-interactive accounts, ensure credentials are unique, and change all
passwords at least every 90 days.
Require separate credentials for corporate and control network zones and store these in separate
trust stores. Never share Active Directory, RSA ACE servers, or other trust stores between
corporate and control networks.
Example: One US Government agency used the same password across the environment for
local administrator accounts. This allowed an adversary to easily move laterally across all
systems.
5. 5
6. IMPLEMENT SECURE REMOTE ACCESS
Some adversaries are effective at gaining remote access into control systems, finding obscure
access vectors, even “hidden back doors” intentionally created by system operators. Remove
such accesses wherever possible, especially modems as these are fundamentally insecure.
Limit any accesses that remain. Where possible, implement “monitoring only” access enforced
by data diodes, and do not rely on “read only” access enforced by software configurations or
permissions. Do not allow remote persistent vendor connections into the control network.
Require any remote access be operator controlled, time limited, and procedurally similar to
“lock out, tag out.” Use the same remote access paths for vendor and employee connections;
don’t allow double standards. Use two-factor authentication if possible, avoiding schemes
where both tokens are similar types and can be easily stolen (e.g., password and soft certificate).
Example: Following these guidelines would have prevented the BlackEnergy intrusions.
BlackEnergy required communications paths for initial compromise, installation and “plug
in” installation.
7. MONITOR AND RESPOND
Defending a network against modern threats requires actively monitoring for adversarial
penetration and quickly executing a prepared response.
Consider establishing monitoring programs in the following five key places:
1) Watch IP traffic on ICS boundaries for abnormal or suspicious communications.
2) Monitor IP traffic within the control network for malicious connections or content.
3) Use host-based products to detect malicious software and attack attempts.
4) Use login analysis (time and place for example) to detect stolen credential usage or
improper access, verifying all anomalies with quick phone calls.
5) Watch account/user administration actions to detect access control manipulation.
Have a response plan for when adversarial activity is detected. Such a plan may include
disconnecting all Internet connections, running a properly scoped search for malware, disabling
affected user accounts, isolating suspect systems, and an immediate 100 percent password reset.
Such a plan may also define escalation triggers and actions, including incident response,
investigation, and public affairs activities.
Have a restoration plan, including having “gold disks” ready to restore systems to known good
states.
6. 6
Example: Attackers render Windows®d
based devices in a control network inoperative by
wiping hard drive contents. Recent attacks against Saudi Aramco™e
and Sony Pictures
demonstrate that quick restoration of such computers is key to restoring an attacked network
to an operational state.
CONCLUSION
Defense against the modern threat requires applying measures to protect not only the perimeter
but also the interior. While no system is 100 percent secure, implementing the seven key
strategies discussed in this paper can greatly improve the security posture of ICSs.
DISCLAIMER
The information and opinions contained in this document are provided “as is” and without any
warranties or guarantees. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or
service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, and this guidance
shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This document “Seven Steps to Effectively Defend Industrial Control Systems” was written in
collaboration, with contributions from subject matter experts working at the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security
Agency (NSA).
d. Windows®
is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
e. Saudi Aramco™
is an unregistered trademark of Saudi Arabian Oil Company.
7. 7
CONTACT INFORMATION
POC Phone e-Mail
Department of Homeland Security
ICS-CERT
877-776-7585 ICS-CERT@HQ.DHS.GOV
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Cyber Division - CyWatch
855-292-3937 CyWatch@ic.fbi.gov
National Security Agency (Industry)
Industry Inquiries
410-854-6091 bao@nsa.gov
National Security Agency (Government)
IAD Client Contact Center
410-854-4200 IAD CCC@nsa.gov