Delivery of electrical current to a specific subcortical grey matter target to stimulate a desired group of nerve cells which results in specific modulation the output of the involved neurocirciut.
Delivery of electrical current to a specific subcortical grey matter target to stimulate a desired group of nerve cells which results in specific modulation the output of the involved neurocirciut.
This presentation looks at EEG signal generation, pyramidal cells, recording of EEG, source localisation, polarity, analysis of dipole, derivations, montages,
Vagal Nerve stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. It is used as an add-on treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression. Frequent side effects include coughing and shortness of breath. Serious side effects may include trouble talking and cardiac arrest.
Event Related Potentials, Cognitive Evoked Potentials. These are stimulus unrelated potentials, which depend on the patient's ability to differentiate between a rare stimulus and a common stimulus.
This presentation looks at EEG signal generation, pyramidal cells, recording of EEG, source localisation, polarity, analysis of dipole, derivations, montages,
Vagal Nerve stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. It is used as an add-on treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression. Frequent side effects include coughing and shortness of breath. Serious side effects may include trouble talking and cardiac arrest.
Event Related Potentials, Cognitive Evoked Potentials. These are stimulus unrelated potentials, which depend on the patient's ability to differentiate between a rare stimulus and a common stimulus.
Peripheral nerve injuries-ASSESSMENT AND TENDON TRANSFERS IN RADIAL NERVE PALSYsuchitra_gmc
A presentation to understand peripheral nerve injuries assessment, evaluation and management. Includes principles of tendon transfer and techniques of tendon transfer for radial nerve palsy. Also, post operative rehabilitation is included.
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS IMMH San Antonio 2014Louis Cady, MD
In this talk, Dr. Cady covers a remarkable new treatment for depression: transcranial magnetic stimulation. The historical roots of this treatment are traced, followed by a review of the literature in terms of the proven efficacy of this treatment. A comparison with ECT shows that TMS has a very favorable profile, with remarkably fewer side effects and incredibly better tolerated side effects compared to ECT. Given that this was a "CME" talk, off-label uses of TMS were reviewed, including stepping stones for future avenues to explore
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. History of PD's
• In 1817 an English doctor, James Parkinson, published his essay reporting six cases of paralysis
agitans.
• An Essay on the Shaking Palsy described the characteristic resting tremor, abnormal posture and
gait, paralysis and diminished muscle strength, and the way that the disease progresses over
time.
• Jean-Martin Charcot studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of
the disease. Among other advances, he made the distinction between rigidity, weakness and
bradykinesia.
• He also championed the renaming of the disease in honor of James Parkinson.
3. Parkinson's disease
• Parkinson's disease (PD, also known as
idiopathic or primary parkinsonism,
hypokinetic rigid syndrome (HRS), or paralysis
agitans) is a degenerative disorder of the central
nervous system mainly affecting the motor
system.
• Parkinson's disease is more common in older
people, with most cases occurring after the age
of 50; when it is seen in young adults, it is called
young onset PD (YOPD).
4. Symptoms
• Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are
movement-related:
• Shaking
• rigidity
• slowness of movement and difficulty with walking
• gait.
• Later thinking and behavioral problems may arise, with dementia
commonly occurring in the advanced stages of the disease
• whereas depression is the most common psychiatric symptom.
5. Management
• There is no cure for Parkinson's disease but medications, surgery and multidisciplinary
management can provide relief from the symptoms.
• The Anticholinergics and surgery were the only treatments until the arrival of levodopa,
which reduced their use dramatically.
• Levodopa was first synthesized in 1911 by Casimir Funk, but it received little attention
until the mid 20th century.
• It entered clinical practice in 1967 and brought about a revolution in the management
of PD.
• Levodopa has been the most widely used treatment for over 30 years. L-DOPA is
converted into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by dopa decarboxylase.
• Since motor symptoms are produced by a lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra, the
administration of L-DOPA temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms.
6. • Dopamine agonists
• MAO-B inhibitors
• Other drugs
• Surgery
• Lesional and deep brain stimulation.
• Rehabilitation
• Palliative care
7. Future ahead
• Gene therapy
• Gene therapy typically involves the use of a non-infectious virus (i.e., a viral vector such as the adeno-associated virus) to
shuttle genetic material into a part of the brain.
• The gene used leads to the production of an enzyme that helps to manage PD symptoms or protects the brain from further
damage.
• Neuroprotective treatments
• Several chemical compounds such as GDNF have been proposed as neuroprotectors in PD, but their effectiveness has not been
proven.
• Neural transplantation
• Since early in the 1980s, fetal, porcine, carotid or retinal tissues have been used in cell transplants, in which dissociated cells
are injected into the substantia nigra in the hope that they will incorporate themselves into the brain in a way that replaces the
dopamine-producing cells that have been lost.
• Stem cell transplants are a recent research target although use of fetal stem cells is controversial.It has been proposed that
effective treatments may be developed in a less controversial way by use of induced pluripotent stem cells taken from adults.
8. The beginning of DBS
• The roots of DBS reach back to the 1960s,when Parkinson's disease
was commonly treated with surgery to remove or destroy certain
brain regions.
• To pinpoint which areas to target in each patient,neurosurgeons
began to experiment with electrical stimulation.
• They discovered that the delivery of rapid impulses to the basal
ganglia,including STN could markedly reduce the patients tremors.
• By the late 1980s,long term DBS started to emerge as an alternative
treatment to surgery.
9. • Chronic high frequency stimulation of the VIN of the thalamus
was first described in early 1990s by benavides ET AL.
• They implanted chronic stimulating electrodes in the VIN
connected to a subcutaneous pulse generator positioned in the
thoracic region to treat disabling tremor in 26 patients with PD
and in 6 with essential tremors.
• Improvement was maintained for up to 29 months.
• This new technique was reversible and led to renaissance in
functional neurosurgery.
10. The “Ideal” Candidate for DBS
• 1) Age: 40-70 yrs
• 2) Symptomatic for 5-10 years or more
• 3) Initial good response to L-dopa
• 4) Severe dyskinesia
• 5) Marked “on/off” phenomena
• (Minimal “on-time” without dyskinesia
• 6) Cognitively intact
• 7) Realistic expectations
• 8) Adequate social support
• 9) Access to programming of stimulators
• Final decision lies with Neurologist and Neurosurgeon
11. Deep brain stimulation
• DBS involves placing a thin
metal electrode into one of
several possible brain targets
and attaching it to a
computerised pulse
generator,which is implanted
under the skin in the chest
below the collarbone.
12. • The basic surgical method is called frame-based stereo taxis.
• A rigid frame is attached to the patients head just before
surgery,after the skin is anesthetized with local anaesthetic.
• A brain imaging study is obtained with the frame in place.
• The images of the brain and frame are used to calculate the
position of the desired brain target and guide instruments to
that target with minimal trauma to the brain
13. • The most commonly employed deep brain stimulation devices
are quadripolar electrodes produced by Medtronic, Inc.
• The devices have an impulse generator (pacemaker),
connecting wires, and a patient remote control.
• The impulse generator, whether implanted on the same day or
2 to 4 weeks later, is usually not activated until brain swelling
has subsided.
14. • Medtronic Corporation (Minneapolis, MN, USA) provides the
DBS system approved by the FDA for clinical use of Parkinson’s
disease and related movement disorders.
• The most commonly used DBS electrodes have four contacts
(Medtronic’s leads and electrode models 3389 and 3387).
• The voltage is often set at a value between 1-4 V, the
frequency is set between 130-185 Hz, the pulse width is
between 60 and 450 s.
15. METHODOLOGY OF SURGERY
• First,the target location is determined using anatomical
landmarks identified on MR imaging.
• The target is defined by using stereotactic imaging
techniques,which allow determination of coordinates relative
to stereotactic frame,positioned on the patients head.
• The stereotactic target is confirmed and modified by using
both micro electrode recordings and macro stimulator.
• It is possible to use MR imaging/CT fusion for anatomical
localizations.
16. Physiological mapping
.
• S it1) Magnetic resonance imaging
(x, y & z co-ordinates)
2) Intraoperative microelectrode recordings
(neurophysiological localization of target site)
3)Microstimulation
4)Macrostimulation with DBS electrode.
(stimulation of
17. Target sites
• Globus Pallidus (GPi) – The GPi is used as a deep brain stimulation target for dystonia.
• Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) – the subthalamic nucleus is frequently used as a deep brain stimulation target
to reduce symptoms of rigidity, tremor and slowness of movement (bradykinesia). Those symptoms are
generally improved by 50-70%, often with significant medication reduction.
• Ventral Intermedius Nucleus (VIM) – This area of the thalamus has been a target of choice for controlling
tremor in essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease, or other movement disorders.
18. Selecting target site
There are 3 different ways of determining the stereotactic
coordinates of the target nuclei.
1.Coordinates determined in reference to the anterior and
posterior commissures.
2.The target nucleus can be directly visualised on MR imaging.
3.It is possible to fuse MR imaging and CT data of the patient
with a stereotactic atlas.
19. • Target coordinates are often calculated with the midcommissural point (the
midpoint between AC and PC) as origin.
• Typical target coordinates in relation to the midcommissural point for DBS in
movement disorders
• Target region Coordinates
• STN 12 mm lateral, 2-4 mm posterior, 3 mm inferior
• GPi 20-22 mm lateral, 2-3 mm anterior, 3-6 mm inferior
• Thalamus 14-15 mm, lateral 3-5 mm posterior, 0-1 mm superior
20.
21. Testing
• When the correct target site is confirmed with the micro
electrode ,the permanent DBS electrode is inserted and tested
for about 20 minutes.
• Placement of electrodes is a difficult neurosurgical procedure
that demands a high degree of precision
• The testing does not focus on relief of motor symptoms but
rather on unwanted stimulation induced side effects.
22. • This is because the beneficial effects of stimulation may take
hours or days to develop whereas any unwanted effects will be
present immediately.
• The device is deliberately turned up to a higher intensity than
is normally used,in order to deliberately produce unwanted
stimulation induced side effects such as (tingling in the arm or
leg,difficulty speaking,pulling sensation in the tongue or face
or flashing light skin)
25. • DBS programming goal
– Deliver the therapy to the brain target of interest with avoiding stimulation of surrounding structures
• Typically, initial programming of DBS is 2 - 4 weeks after DBS electrode implant
• Subsequent programming can be every 2-8 weeks for the first 3 months, and then every 3-6 months
thereafter
• Commonly takes 6 months to obtain the best settings
• Many patients will require concurrent medication adjustments
26.
27. Potential complications/risks
– Hemorrhage (inherent in any stereotactic procedure);
may be silent or symptomatic
– Transient confusion
– Infection (typically occurs at neurostimulator site
in chest when it does occur)
– Device related
– Stimulation related
• Usually can be minimized or eliminated
by adjusting stimulation settings
• Reversible paresthesia, dysarthria,
muscle contraction
28. Advances in DBS
• Some reported the Use of frameless stereotaxy with a skull mounted trajectory
guide and an image guided workstation for DBS surgery.
• surgeons compared the precision achieved with frameless neuronavigation and
conventional frame based stereotaxy.
• Electrode deviations from the target were larger using the frameless technique with
a vector deviation of 2.5mm than with a frame based technique (1.2 mm vector
deviation)
• Recently procedure that allows DBS electrodes to be implanted with the patient
asleep in an MRI scanner instead of awake in the operating room is being done.
29. • Researchers are continuing to study DBS and to develop ways
of improving it.
• A two part study funded by NINDS and the department of
veterans affairs first compared bilateral DBS to best medical
therapy,including medication adjustment and physical therapy.
• Bilateral DBS showed overall superiority to best medical
therapy at improving motor symptoms and quality of life.
30.
31. conclusion
• Advances in neurosciences will continue to drive the
applications in DBS and innovations in biomedical engineering
and technology will continue to be applied in DBS.
• The ideal platform for development of these innovations is the
active collaboration between the scientist , engineers and
clinicians.