The document discusses Enel X's focus on sustainable battery storage applications through various projects, including optimizing the end-of-life process for batteries by developing recycling technologies and utilizing second-life batteries in stationary storage applications to provide grid services. It provides an overview of Enel X's projects in the IPCEI Batteries and EuBatIn programs, which aim to advance recycling technologies and integrate battery storage with renewable energy and electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

1. Optimizing Battery End-of-life By
Stationary Applications and
Recycling
Luigi Lanuzza
06 September 2022

2. INTERNAL
2
Energy revolution is fuelled by the transition to
a more sustainable and decarbonized planet
SoSource: IEA Sustainable Development Scenario (IEA-SDS) and IEA NZE, BNEF
Electricity is the winner in this transition
Global RES Capacity (TW)
Electrified energy consumption (kTWh)
23
33
36
39
-3
2
7
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
2019 2040
Old SDS
2040
New
SDS
IEA NZE
2,7
12,0
14,7
21
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
2019 2040
Old SDS
2040
New
SDS
IEA NZE
+23%
+10%

3. INTERNAL
We belong to a Group leading this
transformation
1. It Includes managed capacity
2. Power and gas customers
54 GW
RES capacity1
69 mn
customers2
75 mn
end users
54
38
32
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Enel 2nd 3rd
RES capacity3
75
38
31
20
30
40
50
60
70
Enel 2nd 3rd
End users3
69
51
37
20
30
40
50
60
70
Enel 2nd 3rd
Customers3
(GW) (mn) (mn)
3. 2021 data for Enel; 2019 data for comps
7.7
2,8 2,7
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
Enel 2nd 3rd
Demand
Response3
(GW)
35%
21%
44%
EBITDA
2021E
18.8 €bn
3

4. INTERNAL
Background: European Framework for R&D&I supporting the
rising industry of batteries
IPCEI: State aids for € 3.2 + 2,9 Bln for highly innovative EU projects

5. INTERNAL
OBJECTIVE
ENEL X focus on sustainable digital battery storage applications both in Summer IPCEI and in EUBatIn
ESS integration with
HPC
• Integrate ESS in ultra-fast
charging stations for EVs
• Provisioning of grid services
to grid operators contributing
to grid stability
• Full DC-architecture
• Field test of second life
batteries
FtM ESS
• Development of an optimal bidding
system for Front-of-The-Meter
(“FTM“) network services and
storage dispatching.
• Test 2nd life batteries
usage/degradation for FTM.
• Promoting massive deployment of
BESS to increase grid
resiliency/stability allowing
penetration of renewable
resources energy generation.
End of Life Batteries
• Industrial initiative within a framework
of Italian Projects, focus on R&D
activities in collaboration with Italian
Research and companies:
• Dismantling automation
development
• Pre-treatment processes
optimization
• Safe logitics and storage of exhaust
packs
• Economical optimization of
exhausted batteries
EuBatIn
(Autumn IPCEI)
IPCEI Batteries
(SUMMER IPCEI)
Anomaly detection
system development
• Development of predictive SW
for ESS:
• Digital Twin of storage
systems
• Critical faults prediction
• Degradation model of
batteries
• Development of Storage X-
LABs
• Validation of SW models
together with IPCEI
partners
Overview of Enel X IPCEIs projects

6. 6
INTERNAL
Enel X IPCEI end of life project : Recycling
HIGHLIGHTS
• Circular Batteries: Project
aiming to promote the Italian
supply chain for recycling
• Focus on research and
development activities with
support of ENEA
• Partnership with Midac and
other Italian companies
active in the industrial
battery sector
Circular and sustainable end-of-life value chain for large volumes of Li-Ion batteries from electric vehicles and
stationary storage
WORK PACKAGES
WP2
WP1 WP3 WP4
• Analysis of
mechanical
pretreatment
processes to
qualitatively and
quantitatively
optimize the
black mass
produced.
• Definition of the
methodology and
evaluation of the
economic
feasibility of
recycling
processes, with
qualitative and
quantitative
analysis of all
recoverable
materials.
• Development of
a working cell to
reduce the
manual
disassembly
times of the
batteries.
• Identification of all
the potential risk at
all stages of the value
chain. Development
of best practices in
order to minimize the
probability of
accidents and
damage.
• Execution of tests
with extinguishers,
fire-fighting
equipment, sensors
and battery transport
and storage devices.

7. 7
INTERNAL
PIONEER: airPort sustaInability secONd lifE battEry storage
• Small scale Innovation Fund, supports cross-cutting
projects, with tot. capital costs under €7.5mln, on
innovative low-carbon solutions that lead to emission
reductions in multiple sectors.
• The Project: it aims to take the Leonardo da Vinci
international Airport a significant step towards the
net-Zero climate goal,
• Adding to a large scale PV power plant a BESS
exploiting 2nd life batteries
• 5 MW power and 10 MWh energy storage
capacity
• Covering the peak-demand of airport facilities
during evenings and providing grid services.
• Partnership:
• Status: Grant Agreement signed on December 6th
Project at a glance
• Total GHG emission avoided:~ 16000 tCO2,
10 years
• More than 700 battery packs from 3
different OEMs
• Cost efficiency and modularity
• Average TRL(s): Tech 6-7 to 8-9,Business
Plan 7 to 9

8. 8
INTERNAL
PIONEER: airPort sustaInability secONd lifE battEry storage
Innovation & Rationale
• The Innovations expected from the project shall allow to define how to optimally integrate into a same common power-supply
system batteries of different size, voltage, capacity, brands, technologies at different ageing levels.
• Lessons learned as a guidance for applicable business-models.
• Characterization procedures and new portable equipment allowing to determine the ageing level of adopted batteries and of
ensuing economics, both at the beginning and during the remaining battery lifetime, will be developed.
• Optimization of system integration cost, development of optimization SW
Project at a glance

9. INTERNAL
New EU legislation on batteries’ end of life is currently being
drafted and expected to be published early next year
Current Directive
EU Directive 2006/66/EC
EC Regulation proposal
2020/0353 (COD), Dec’ 2020
Collection
rates
Recycling
efficiency
(Li-ion)
Recovery
rates
(recovered materials from
waste batteries and
separated for reuse)
Min. share of
recycled
content
45% of batteries placed
on market
50% of total battery weight
None
None
65% by 2025 and 70% by
2030 of batteries placed on
market2
65% by 2025 and 70% by
2030 of total battery weight
70% by 2025 and 80% by
2030 of batteries placed on
market
European Parliament
10 Mar 2022
Council of the EU
11 Mar 2022
65% by 72 months and 70%
by 96 months of batteries
placed on market
Kept EC proposal
65% by 36 mth and 70% by
96 mth of total battery weight
By [2026,2030] for
Li[35%,70%], Pb [90%,
95%], Co[90%,95%],
Ni[90%,95%], Cu[90%,95%]
By [2026,2030] for
Li[70%,90%], Pb [90%,
95%], Co[90%,95%],
Ni[90%,95%], Cu[90%,95%]
By [48mth,96mth] for
Li[35%,70%], Pb [90%,
95%], Co[90%,95%],
Ni[90%,95%], Cu[90%,95%]
By [2030,2035] for
Li[4%,10%], Pb [85%, 85%],
Co[12%,20%], Ni[4%,12%]
Kept EC proposal
By [96mth,156mth] for
Li[4%,10%], Pb [85%, 85%],
Co[12%,20%], Ni[4%,12%]
NEW REGULATION WILL LEAD TO MANDATORY MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS AND HIGHER DECOMMISSIONING FEES

10. INTERNAL
Currently announced recycling capacity is not meeting projected
demand due to battery manufacturing
51k 65k 43k 43k 43k
103k
158k
349k
2022 2023 2025
20k
2030
2021
33k
2024 …
101k
155k
259k
407k
660k
1) Announced capacity might not reflect operational or utilized capacity
In the short-term battery manufacturing scrap will be the main source of feedstock for recyclers, in the proximity of Italy announced
recycling capacity is not sufficient
Battery manufacturing scrap
Europe, metric tons / year
Announced1 battery recycling capacity
Europe, metric tons / year
84k 84k 102k
40k
102k 102k
102k
8k
2021 2022 2025
2023
106k
8k
369k
2024 … 2030
116k
189k 204k 204k
Rest of Europe
Italy
Countries close to Italy

11. INTERNAL
The overall battery recycling process can be differentiated in four high level steps. The material extraction step is
technologically regarded as the most challenging
Recycling value chain at a glance
 Collection and transportation of batteries to treatment
facilities
 Sorting of batteries according to chemistries
 Spent batteries are first discharged
 Then the packs are dismantled to modules and
disassembled into separate spent cells
Preparation
Pre-treatment
Material
extraction
 Dedicated process varies by technology used and by
recycler
 Four different methods exist to extract valuable metal in
this process; often used sequentially
Hydrometallurgy
Using chemical and solvent to extract metals,
typically requires physical disassembly pre-treatment
Mechanical separation
Separating valuable metal from other component
using physical separation process such as magnetism
Pyrometallurgy
Using heat to melt and separate metal in the
furnace, including pyrolysis, smelting, distillation and
refining
Steps Description
Most challenging step
Utilization
 Usage of recovered materials in new batteries or
application of reselling materials
Competing metal extraction methods
Li-ion battery recycling value chain
Direct recycling
Instead of breaking down batteries to individual
components, active materials are refreshed or
reactivated
Low technology readiness level
1
2
3
4

12. INTERNAL
Each company adopts a specific combinations of technologies to recover raw materials
Players and Processes
 Pre-treatment (discharging and disassembly) has safety risks and currently requires certain manual work, with some automation potential
but still in early research phase:Automation initiatives are still in research phase
 Some companies avoid discharging by processing in submerged aqueous conditions. This however incurs in the need to manage/recover
potentially toxic waste stream.
 Some companies perform discharging before mechanical separation. This adds a process step but recovered energy can be used in the
plant.
 Some processes enable electrolyte recovery, also reducing need for lower toxic waste gas recovery while having a better CO2 emissions
footprint
Process

13. INTERNAL
PLAYERS COOPERATE AND FORM STRATEGIC ALLIANCES TO COVER THE STEPS OF THE RECYCLING VALUE CHAIN –
ONLY FEW WITH AUTONOMOUS MULTI-STEP OR EVEN END-TO-END APPROACH
Players along extended LiB recycling value chain -
Europe
Source: BNEF Bloomberg, Company Websites

14. INTERNAL
Recycling: Business model approach
14
CapEx
OpEx
Recovered material revenue
Disposal fee
revenue
CapEx
Depreciation
OpEx
Mech.
OpEx
Hydro
Revenue
Disposal fee
Revenue
Secondary
material
EBIT
Revenue
Primary
material
1 2 3 4
i
Bas case assumptions
 Disposal fee
Recyclers in Europe are being paid to handle
spent batteries by OEMs, revenue is evaluated
dependent on chemistry mix
 Recovered material
Potential revenue from selling extracted
materials is dependent on e.g.
1. Technology choice
2. Chemistry mix
3. Pricing and efficiency assumptions
 OpEx
Operating costs are equal for different battery
chemistries but differ based on technology
choices
 CapEx
As with OpEx, CapEx investment requirements
are dependent on technology choices
 Initial case assumptions
Underlying assumptions (e.g. capacity) are
evaluated to structure the overall business case
1
2
3
4
i
Recycling facility business case evaluation is structured step-by-step and includes flexible revenue and
cost drivers

15. INTERNAL
Evaluation of 3 scenarios
15
Scenarios
Pessimistic Balanced Optimistic
Technology process Mech. separation Mech. separation Mech. separation
Start building 2024 2024 2023
Installed capacity Constant: 20,000t
Initial: 20,000t
Every 5 years: 20,000t expansion
Increasing with market
Discharging Yes Yes Yes
Chemistry mix 100% LFP 50% NMC / 50% LFP 50% NMC / 50% LFP
Disposal revenue Decrease 75% into 2030 Decrease 50% into 2030 Constant
Commodity prices Selective 50% price decrease Same as initial case Same as initial case
OpEx change Increased OpEx Same as initial case Same as initial case
> All scenarios resulted to be profitable in 2030

16. INTERNAL
Key Takeaways
16
Opportunity
1
Volumes/
Capacity
increase
2
• This business plays on volumes and requires to continuously invest in new production
capacity. Reaching and keeping a certain % of the EU market share over the years, requires
to increase production capacity
• Battery recycling business is going to be large in volumes and it will likely have double digit
EBITDA margins EU regulation evolution will trigger this business
Partnerships/
battery
feedstock
3
• Car manufacturers are positioned in a key role in the value chain, many of them
progressively building their own recycling capacity alongside battery manufacturing

17. Thank you
luigi.lanuzza@enel.com

18. INTERNAL
Mechanical
separation
In the recycling process, companies may decide to focus on one or more process steps that require different capabilities and
know-how
Focus on Metal Extraction
Spent
batteries
Pyrometallurgy
Black mass
Alloy
Contains Co,
Cu & Ni
Slag
Contains Al,
Mn & Li
Hydrometallurgy
Specific process
depends on input
reagents
Purified metals
Refinery
Refinery of non
battery grade rec.
material
Input/intermediary Recovered materials
Process step
Pre-treatment
Discharge and
disassembly
Companies may focus on one process step and sell intermediaries, e.g. black mass from the mechanical separation step can be sold to
hydrometallurgy plants
Most recyclers do not
integrate or do the
refining step

19. INTERNAL
Mech. separation coupled with hydrometallurgy seems currently the preferred route due to expected higher recovery rates and lower CO2
footprint
Key findings – Technology
 Overall LiB recycling process consists of preparation, pre-treatment, material extraction and utilization of recovered materials;
 The first steps of the process are likely to be more distributed and favor proximity of recyclers to spent LiB sources in order to avoid
regulatory safety concerns, reduces costs and increase appropriate sorting/disassembly;
 Pre-treatment (discharging and disassembly) has safety risks and currently requires certain manual work, with some automation
potential but still in early research phase;
 Mechanical, pyro and hydro processes have specific purposes, advantages and disadvantages, and are often used in sequence to extract
different materials effectively:
– Mechanical separation produces black mass (more easily transported to centralized hubs) that needs further hydrometallurgy
treatment and requires low CapEx investments
– Pyrometallurgy has a high flexibility tolerance in terms of input chemistries and produces alloys/slags that need refining steps, it
has lower recovery rates, is energy intensive and requires higher CapEx
– Hydrometallurgy recovers a wider range of materials but is a complex, more refined and input-sensitive process that requires
specific chemical capabilities and know-how.
 There is a variety of parallel variations (and combinations) of above processes being investigated (many only pilot scale), with
different trade-offs (complexity, energy, costs, environmental footprint..)
 Automation initiatives are still in research phase