The clock is ticking. Fact is the Dead Sea is drying up. Something must be done. Sooner is better.
The Red Sea Canal/pipeline is simply not viable. I am amazed the proposed project has gotten as far is it has.
Hydro potential in pakistan wapda 2008zubeditufail
This document provides information on the Diamer Basha Dam Project in Pakistan. The key points are:
- The Diamer Basha Dam Project will construct a 272m high dam on the Indus River, impounding 8.1 million acre feet of water.
- The dam will generate 4,500 MW of hydropower, increasing Pakistan's electricity capacity and reducing reliance on thermal power.
- In addition to power, the dam will support irrigation, extend the life of the Tarbela Dam, and create new infrastructure and employment.
- Construction will require resettling over 28,000 people and impact agricultural land, roads, and prehistoric rock carvings at the site. Ext
Preliminary plans for pumped storage at Columbia GorgeNate Sandvig
Clean Power Development has applied for a preliminary permit for the proposed Columbia Gorge Renewable Energy Balancing Project in the US. This 1200MW closed-loop pumped storage facility will be a sustainable brownfield redevelopment of the
former Columbia Gorge Aluminium smelter that closed in 2003.
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world, located on the Yangtze River in China. It took over 17 years and 40,000 workers to build the 2,335 meter long and 181 meter tall dam. The dam provides significant benefits like flood control, clean electricity generation, and improved navigation on the Yangtze River. However, building the dam also had large social and environmental impacts, such as the relocation of over 1.2 million people and submergence of important archaeological sites.
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, flowing over 6,300 km through 11 Chinese provinces and municipalities. With a drainage area of 1.8 million square kilometers, it is the third largest river by water volume in the world. The Yangtze River valley is one of China's most developed and prosperous regions due to its fertile land and natural resources. The Three Gorges Dam, built along the Yangtze River, has had a significant impact on China's economic and social development through flood control and hydropower generation.
The document discusses the proposed Kalabagh Dam project in Pakistan. It would be an earth-fill dam 265 feet high on the Indus River, providing 6.1 MAF of water storage and 3,600 megawatts of hydropower. Supporters argue it would reduce flooding and power shortages, but it faces opposition from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh provinces over environmental and displacement concerns. Specifically, there is worry that the Nowshera city in KPK could be flooded, and low river flows could increase sea water intrusion into the Indus if the dam is built. While the dam may provide national benefits, the presenters do not support the project due to the disadvantages for
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world, built on the Yangtze River in China. Construction took place from 1993 to 2009 in three phases and involved building a 2.3 km long, 185 meter tall concrete dam. The dam provides flood control, electricity generation, navigation and irrigation benefits but also caused massive relocation of over 1.2 million people and submerged cultural sites. It is equipped with a 5-step ship lock and ship lift to aid river transportation.
Hydro potential in pakistan wapda 2008zubeditufail
This document provides information on the Diamer Basha Dam Project in Pakistan. The key points are:
- The Diamer Basha Dam Project will construct a 272m high dam on the Indus River, impounding 8.1 million acre feet of water.
- The dam will generate 4,500 MW of hydropower, increasing Pakistan's electricity capacity and reducing reliance on thermal power.
- In addition to power, the dam will support irrigation, extend the life of the Tarbela Dam, and create new infrastructure and employment.
- Construction will require resettling over 28,000 people and impact agricultural land, roads, and prehistoric rock carvings at the site. Ext
Preliminary plans for pumped storage at Columbia GorgeNate Sandvig
Clean Power Development has applied for a preliminary permit for the proposed Columbia Gorge Renewable Energy Balancing Project in the US. This 1200MW closed-loop pumped storage facility will be a sustainable brownfield redevelopment of the
former Columbia Gorge Aluminium smelter that closed in 2003.
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world, located on the Yangtze River in China. It took over 17 years and 40,000 workers to build the 2,335 meter long and 181 meter tall dam. The dam provides significant benefits like flood control, clean electricity generation, and improved navigation on the Yangtze River. However, building the dam also had large social and environmental impacts, such as the relocation of over 1.2 million people and submergence of important archaeological sites.
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, flowing over 6,300 km through 11 Chinese provinces and municipalities. With a drainage area of 1.8 million square kilometers, it is the third largest river by water volume in the world. The Yangtze River valley is one of China's most developed and prosperous regions due to its fertile land and natural resources. The Three Gorges Dam, built along the Yangtze River, has had a significant impact on China's economic and social development through flood control and hydropower generation.
The document discusses the proposed Kalabagh Dam project in Pakistan. It would be an earth-fill dam 265 feet high on the Indus River, providing 6.1 MAF of water storage and 3,600 megawatts of hydropower. Supporters argue it would reduce flooding and power shortages, but it faces opposition from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh provinces over environmental and displacement concerns. Specifically, there is worry that the Nowshera city in KPK could be flooded, and low river flows could increase sea water intrusion into the Indus if the dam is built. While the dam may provide national benefits, the presenters do not support the project due to the disadvantages for
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world, built on the Yangtze River in China. Construction took place from 1993 to 2009 in three phases and involved building a 2.3 km long, 185 meter tall concrete dam. The dam provides flood control, electricity generation, navigation and irrigation benefits but also caused massive relocation of over 1.2 million people and submerged cultural sites. It is equipped with a 5-step ship lock and ship lift to aid river transportation.
The Three Gorges Dam on China's Yangtze River, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world, has caused significant environmental impacts. It has disrupted the ecosystem by blocking fish migration, decreased water quality by preventing pollutants from washing downstream, and increased the risk of landslides by requiring deforestation. Resettling over 1 million people displaced by the dam's reservoir has also faced challenges.
The Three Gorges Dam is located on the Yangtze River in central China. It is the largest dam in the world and took over 16 years to construct from 1994 to 2011. The dam was built to generate renewable hydroelectric power, reducing China's carbon emissions and dependence on coal. While very costly and causing the relocation of 1.24 million people, it provides huge amounts of clean energy to meet China's growing demand.
The Three Gorges Dam spans the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei Province, China. At 181m tall and 2,335m long, it is the world's largest power station with a generating capacity of 22GW. Construction began in 1994 and was completed in 2012 at a cost of $26 billion. While reducing emissions, it also caused environmental impacts like erosion, earthquakes, and disrupted wildlife habitats and migration patterns in the Yangtze River.
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world located along the Yangtze River in China. Construction began in 1994 with the goal of increasing renewable energy production and reducing China's coal consumption. However, over 1 million people had to be relocated due to flooding and landslides caused by the dam's construction. While the dam provides clean energy and jobs, critics argue that the social and environmental impacts on local communities were too high.
A compilation of case studies highlighting the advantages of a wet pond solution provided by Contech Engineered Solutions that will meet (and sometimes exceed) the TSS
mandates stipulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
The document summarizes the final consultation phase for Forewind's Dogger Bank Teesside A & B offshore wind farm project. It will include the publication of documents and plans, and three public events from November 4th to December 20th. This consultation is the result of four years of environmental and engineering surveys. Project Manager Chris Nunn said it is the main opportunity for public comment before the consent application is submitted. The consultation documents will be available to view online and at local libraries and public events.
The document summarizes key power, water, and wastewater projects underway or planned in Oman between 2016-2020. It notes that Oman's growing economy and population are increasing demand for these utilities. The government is focusing on developing renewable energy sources like solar and wind, and implementing major infrastructure projects. Key projects mentioned include expanding desalination and sewage treatment plants, constructing new independent water and power plants, and investing in transmission systems. The event aims to support Oman's long-term energy and water plans and attract investment to meet rising demand.
This document summarizes information about hydroelectric dams. It introduces two presenters and provides details about hydroelectricity, different types of dams, advantages and disadvantages of dams, impacts of dams, and examples of major dams in India and the world's largest dam in China. Key points covered include how dams generate hydroelectricity by storing water upstream, common types of dams, economic and environmental pros and cons of dams, and specifics of major Indian dams like Tehri Dam and Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Texas Natural Resources is developing the SEADOG® Pump wave energy technology. It has undergone successful sea trials and is a patented wave energy conversion device that uses the rising and falling of a buoyancy block to pump water and generate electricity via hydro turbines. The company aims to deploy an initial commercial demonstration project off the coast of Freeport, Texas to showcase the technology and attract strategic partners for further development and licensing.
The document discusses the proposed Kalabagh Dam project in Pakistan. It provides background on the dam, including its location, proposed electricity generation capacity, and estimated costs. It then discusses the project's history and importance for Pakistan's economy, agriculture, energy sector, and national income. The document outlines objections to the dam from various provinces and presents counterarguments. It also discusses the current political debates surrounding the project and losses incurred by Pakistan due to the dam not being constructed.
The Green Hydropower Solution, small hydro ,roaudet
This document discusses a new damless hydropower technology called HUG (Helical Unique Generation) that can extract energy from slow river and ocean currents between 2-4 knots. HUG consists of a helical pathway system with oval twin helical turbines that harness the natural vortex motion of water. It experiences negative pressure that attracts the flow into the system, increasing velocity and power output. This makes it economically viable for hydropower applications that conventional turbines cannot handle. The technology has potential to develop renewable energy sources from rivers, channels, tides and currents around the world in a modular and scalable way without the environmental impacts of large dams.
15. Energy sources ( Fourteen main advantages and disadvantages of tidal en...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of tides. It has several advantages, including being renewable as tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, being a green energy source that doesn't emit greenhouse gases, and having a predictable output. However, tidal energy also has disadvantages such as potentially impacting the environment, only being available when tides are surging for around 10 hours per day so requiring effective energy storage, and being an expensive new technology that is not yet cost-effective.
The document discusses the construction of a wave energy converter in Greece. It proposes building an overtopping breakwater in the harbor of Heraklion, Crete that would serve the dual purpose of protecting the harbor from waves while also producing electricity from wave energy. The breakwater would work by exploiting running-up waves that overtop into a reservoir and are then returned to the ocean through low-head turbines to generate an estimated 290 MWh of electricity per year, enough to power 83 households. The design is intended to reduce costs compared to conventional breakwaters while helping Greece achieve its renewable energy goals.
1) The document discusses 5 policies that would allow for the immediate breach of the 4 lower Snake River dams, including that the Corps' 2002 EIS provides NEPA coverage and no new authorities are needed.
2) Breaching the dams is estimated to cost $340 million, much less than the billions estimated previously, and would have benefit-cost ratios of 4-1 or higher.
3) Survival rates of wild Snake River salmon continue to decline despite over $1 billion spent on passage improvements, indicating breaching is necessary to meet recovery goals.
The document compares existing and proposed tidal power stations around the world. It describes several operational tidal barrages including La Rance in France, Sihwa Lake in South Korea, and Annapolis Royal in Canada. Additional barrages under construction or in planning stages are outlined for locations like Incheon and Garorim Bay in South Korea, as well as proposals for large projects on the Severn River in the UK and Penzhina Bay in Russia. However, projects in the UK have faced opposition due to high costs, and a smaller proposed tidal barrage at Wyre River could be a better initial option to demonstrate tidal power feasibility and address environmental concerns.
This document provides an overview of tidal energy as a renewable energy resource. It discusses the relevance of tidal power, introduces different types of tidal power technologies including tidal barrages, tidal stream generators, and dynamic tidal power. It also compares tidal power plants globally and in India, outlines the pros and cons of tidal energy, and considers potential improvements and the future outlook for tidal power. The document aims to educate about tidal energy through definitions, classifications, illustrations, statistics, and considerations of economics, viability, and scope for development.
This document is a seminar report on underwater windmills presented by Jadhav Lalit Vilas. It discusses the history and working of underwater windmills, also called tidal stream turbines. These operate similar to regular wind turbines but are placed underwater to harness the kinetic energy of tidal currents. The report outlines the various components, design challenges, power generation potential, research needs, advantages and disadvantages of underwater windmills. It concludes that tidal power is a renewable source that could meet some of the future energy demands if technical and economic issues are addressed.
This proposal suggests installing a tidal and wave power plant off the coast of Southern California to supply electricity to 100,000 customers. The plant would use Deep Green tidal stream generators and WaveNet wave energy converters. 30 Deep Green DG-12 devices, rated at 500 kW each, would generate 15 MW from tidal energy. 141 WaveNet Series 24 devices, rated at 750 kW each, would harness wave power to generate 100 MW. The combined plant is expected to have a total installed capacity of 115 MW.
Harnessing renewable energy in crz territory. by-Dr Arceivala Ecotist
1) The document discusses harnessing renewable energy sources like wind and wave energy in coastal regulation zone (CRZ) territories in India.
2) It notes that constructing structures to capture this energy may conflict with existing CRZ regulations and calls for exemptions to simplify the approval process.
3) Two methods - offshore floating wind farms and wave energy devices - are highlighted as promising sources of renewable energy for India's coastline.
The Three Gorges Dam on China's Yangtze River, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world, has caused significant environmental impacts. It has disrupted the ecosystem by blocking fish migration, decreased water quality by preventing pollutants from washing downstream, and increased the risk of landslides by requiring deforestation. Resettling over 1 million people displaced by the dam's reservoir has also faced challenges.
The Three Gorges Dam is located on the Yangtze River in central China. It is the largest dam in the world and took over 16 years to construct from 1994 to 2011. The dam was built to generate renewable hydroelectric power, reducing China's carbon emissions and dependence on coal. While very costly and causing the relocation of 1.24 million people, it provides huge amounts of clean energy to meet China's growing demand.
The Three Gorges Dam spans the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei Province, China. At 181m tall and 2,335m long, it is the world's largest power station with a generating capacity of 22GW. Construction began in 1994 and was completed in 2012 at a cost of $26 billion. While reducing emissions, it also caused environmental impacts like erosion, earthquakes, and disrupted wildlife habitats and migration patterns in the Yangtze River.
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world located along the Yangtze River in China. Construction began in 1994 with the goal of increasing renewable energy production and reducing China's coal consumption. However, over 1 million people had to be relocated due to flooding and landslides caused by the dam's construction. While the dam provides clean energy and jobs, critics argue that the social and environmental impacts on local communities were too high.
A compilation of case studies highlighting the advantages of a wet pond solution provided by Contech Engineered Solutions that will meet (and sometimes exceed) the TSS
mandates stipulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
The document summarizes the final consultation phase for Forewind's Dogger Bank Teesside A & B offshore wind farm project. It will include the publication of documents and plans, and three public events from November 4th to December 20th. This consultation is the result of four years of environmental and engineering surveys. Project Manager Chris Nunn said it is the main opportunity for public comment before the consent application is submitted. The consultation documents will be available to view online and at local libraries and public events.
The document summarizes key power, water, and wastewater projects underway or planned in Oman between 2016-2020. It notes that Oman's growing economy and population are increasing demand for these utilities. The government is focusing on developing renewable energy sources like solar and wind, and implementing major infrastructure projects. Key projects mentioned include expanding desalination and sewage treatment plants, constructing new independent water and power plants, and investing in transmission systems. The event aims to support Oman's long-term energy and water plans and attract investment to meet rising demand.
This document summarizes information about hydroelectric dams. It introduces two presenters and provides details about hydroelectricity, different types of dams, advantages and disadvantages of dams, impacts of dams, and examples of major dams in India and the world's largest dam in China. Key points covered include how dams generate hydroelectricity by storing water upstream, common types of dams, economic and environmental pros and cons of dams, and specifics of major Indian dams like Tehri Dam and Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Texas Natural Resources is developing the SEADOG® Pump wave energy technology. It has undergone successful sea trials and is a patented wave energy conversion device that uses the rising and falling of a buoyancy block to pump water and generate electricity via hydro turbines. The company aims to deploy an initial commercial demonstration project off the coast of Freeport, Texas to showcase the technology and attract strategic partners for further development and licensing.
The document discusses the proposed Kalabagh Dam project in Pakistan. It provides background on the dam, including its location, proposed electricity generation capacity, and estimated costs. It then discusses the project's history and importance for Pakistan's economy, agriculture, energy sector, and national income. The document outlines objections to the dam from various provinces and presents counterarguments. It also discusses the current political debates surrounding the project and losses incurred by Pakistan due to the dam not being constructed.
The Green Hydropower Solution, small hydro ,roaudet
This document discusses a new damless hydropower technology called HUG (Helical Unique Generation) that can extract energy from slow river and ocean currents between 2-4 knots. HUG consists of a helical pathway system with oval twin helical turbines that harness the natural vortex motion of water. It experiences negative pressure that attracts the flow into the system, increasing velocity and power output. This makes it economically viable for hydropower applications that conventional turbines cannot handle. The technology has potential to develop renewable energy sources from rivers, channels, tides and currents around the world in a modular and scalable way without the environmental impacts of large dams.
15. Energy sources ( Fourteen main advantages and disadvantages of tidal en...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of tides. It has several advantages, including being renewable as tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, being a green energy source that doesn't emit greenhouse gases, and having a predictable output. However, tidal energy also has disadvantages such as potentially impacting the environment, only being available when tides are surging for around 10 hours per day so requiring effective energy storage, and being an expensive new technology that is not yet cost-effective.
The document discusses the construction of a wave energy converter in Greece. It proposes building an overtopping breakwater in the harbor of Heraklion, Crete that would serve the dual purpose of protecting the harbor from waves while also producing electricity from wave energy. The breakwater would work by exploiting running-up waves that overtop into a reservoir and are then returned to the ocean through low-head turbines to generate an estimated 290 MWh of electricity per year, enough to power 83 households. The design is intended to reduce costs compared to conventional breakwaters while helping Greece achieve its renewable energy goals.
1) The document discusses 5 policies that would allow for the immediate breach of the 4 lower Snake River dams, including that the Corps' 2002 EIS provides NEPA coverage and no new authorities are needed.
2) Breaching the dams is estimated to cost $340 million, much less than the billions estimated previously, and would have benefit-cost ratios of 4-1 or higher.
3) Survival rates of wild Snake River salmon continue to decline despite over $1 billion spent on passage improvements, indicating breaching is necessary to meet recovery goals.
The document compares existing and proposed tidal power stations around the world. It describes several operational tidal barrages including La Rance in France, Sihwa Lake in South Korea, and Annapolis Royal in Canada. Additional barrages under construction or in planning stages are outlined for locations like Incheon and Garorim Bay in South Korea, as well as proposals for large projects on the Severn River in the UK and Penzhina Bay in Russia. However, projects in the UK have faced opposition due to high costs, and a smaller proposed tidal barrage at Wyre River could be a better initial option to demonstrate tidal power feasibility and address environmental concerns.
This document provides an overview of tidal energy as a renewable energy resource. It discusses the relevance of tidal power, introduces different types of tidal power technologies including tidal barrages, tidal stream generators, and dynamic tidal power. It also compares tidal power plants globally and in India, outlines the pros and cons of tidal energy, and considers potential improvements and the future outlook for tidal power. The document aims to educate about tidal energy through definitions, classifications, illustrations, statistics, and considerations of economics, viability, and scope for development.
This document is a seminar report on underwater windmills presented by Jadhav Lalit Vilas. It discusses the history and working of underwater windmills, also called tidal stream turbines. These operate similar to regular wind turbines but are placed underwater to harness the kinetic energy of tidal currents. The report outlines the various components, design challenges, power generation potential, research needs, advantages and disadvantages of underwater windmills. It concludes that tidal power is a renewable source that could meet some of the future energy demands if technical and economic issues are addressed.
This proposal suggests installing a tidal and wave power plant off the coast of Southern California to supply electricity to 100,000 customers. The plant would use Deep Green tidal stream generators and WaveNet wave energy converters. 30 Deep Green DG-12 devices, rated at 500 kW each, would generate 15 MW from tidal energy. 141 WaveNet Series 24 devices, rated at 750 kW each, would harness wave power to generate 100 MW. The combined plant is expected to have a total installed capacity of 115 MW.
Harnessing renewable energy in crz territory. by-Dr Arceivala Ecotist
1) The document discusses harnessing renewable energy sources like wind and wave energy in coastal regulation zone (CRZ) territories in India.
2) It notes that constructing structures to capture this energy may conflict with existing CRZ regulations and calls for exemptions to simplify the approval process.
3) Two methods - offshore floating wind farms and wave energy devices - are highlighted as promising sources of renewable energy for India's coastline.
This document presents a seminar on underwater windmills. It describes underwater windmills as devices that extract power from tides in a similar way that wind turbines extract power from wind. The main parts of underwater windmills are described as turbines, a gearbox, generator, cables, and support structure. Tidal currents cause the turbine rotor to spin and turn a generator to produce electricity via transmission cables. Examples of existing and planned tidal power installations are provided from locations around the world. Advantages include being a renewable source with low costs and maintenance, while disadvantages include high initial costs and difficulty of installation.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including tidal energy, wind energy, hydro power, nuclear energy, and wave energy. It provides details on calculating tidal energy and wave energy. The document also includes a poem about conservation of energy and the history of tidal energy. It concludes with an index and acknowledgements section.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including tidal energy, wind energy, hydro power, nuclear energy, and wave energy. It provides details on calculating tidal and wave energy. The document acknowledges those who helped with the project and discusses the importance of energy conservation. It describes different methods of tidal power generation such as tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, and dynamic tidal power. Overall, the document serves as a reference on renewable energy sources with a focus on tidal energy technologies.
29th October 2009
Dartmouth Wave Energy Ltd presented Searaser to community members.
The meeting was hosted by Transition Weymouth and Portland and 34 people attended.
Improvement in electrical network stability meshed with renewable Haim R. Branisteanu
A 3-page proposal that was submitted to Dr. Tatiana Mitrova
Director of the SKOLKOVO Energy Centre at (https://energy.skolkovo.ru/en/senec/team/) by e-mail over a year ago to encourage the Russian establishment to convert the Russian economy toward hydrogen. A similar request was also sent through the official website of Russian PM in Sept. 2019
1) Hydroelectric power has significant untapped potential in Pakistan to help address the country's energy needs.
2) Pakistan currently generates around 35% of its energy from hydropower but has an estimated potential of over 41,000MW, most of which remains unutilized.
3) Harnessing more of Pakistan's hydro potential through projects like Diamer-Bhasha Dam could help reduce the country's reliance on expensive and imported fossil fuels for energy generation.
The document provides information about various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It discusses the North Hoyle offshore wind farm located off the coast of Wales, including that it has 30 turbines that provide enough energy for 40,000 homes. It also discusses the Three Gorges Dam in China, the largest hydroelectric project in the world, which will generate thousands of megawatts of electricity but required the relocation of over 2 million people.
Cape Town is facing 'Day Zero', when the city's water supply will fail, because below-average rainfall for years has nearly emptied reservoirs. The city's population has grown faster than its water storage capacity, straining existing supplies. To avert disaster, Cape Town is expanding groundwater extraction, accelerating desalination plants, reusing wastewater, fixing leaks, and enforcing water restrictions to reduce daily usage to 50 liters per person. Maintaining social services like schools and hospitals is a challenge with limited water.
Tidal energy is a clean, renewable source of energy that is widely distributed around the world but not officially recognized or funded. It can be captured efficiently and cost-effectively using helical turbines. Tidal energy has benefits like powering isolated grids, supporting coral reef regrowth, and providing electricity to developing coastal nations at lower costs than other alternatives.
This presentation discusses tidal power and Abhay Ocean's work in the area. It begins with an introduction to Abhay Ocean and its experience in offshore construction. It then covers topics like the advantages of tidal power, potential tidal power sites in India like the Gulf of Kutch, the technology of tidal turbines, environmental impacts, and India's potential for tidal power development. The presentation provides an overview of tidal power technologies and Abhay Ocean's vision to help India utilize its tidal energy resources.
Similar to RESCUE THE DEAD SEA PLUS GENERATE ELECTRICITY (20)
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
2. Lawrence L Stewart, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
However the real genius is going to a tunnel, which provides essenti
route. The geological strata should present no challenge to the state of the art tunnel
boring machines.
Regarding how to proceed, one suggestion is to find a company within Israel that can
put together the proposal and present it t
good if the company were engaged in projects in Jordan. I’m thinking of a company like
Siemens.
Nevertheless, a WAG at the cost is:
If the surface area* of the sea is allowed to support a power generation o
budget for a 5 year payback at US $0.15 kwh would be about US $1.3B.
A 200MW hydroelectric station would cost around US$200M.
That would leave about US$1B for the tunnel. That would be US$22M/mile.
The Shanghai River Crossing Tunnel was bu
diameter and 4.6 miles long
tunnel should be substantially less.
The project could possibly be built for US$1.3B with a 5 year payback.
*There are things that c
allow a greater inflow and proportionally greater generation.
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
However the real genius is going to a tunnel, which provides essentially a 100% secure
route. The geological strata should present no challenge to the state of the art tunnel
The route
tunnel is the same as that
for the pipeline, 107 km.
If allowed by the politics,
the shortest tunnel
distance is 74 km,
passing essentially
beneath Jerusalem.
More can be said about
this approach in a follow
up discussion
Regarding how to proceed, one suggestion is to find a company within Israel that can
put together the proposal and present it to the appropriate authority. It would be very
good if the company were engaged in projects in Jordan. I’m thinking of a company like
Nevertheless, a WAG at the cost is:
If the surface area* of the sea is allowed to support a power generation o
budget for a 5 year payback at US $0.15 kwh would be about US $1.3B.
A 200MW hydroelectric station would cost around US$200M.
That would leave about US$1B for the tunnel. That would be US$22M/mile.
The Shanghai River Crossing Tunnel was built for US$27M. The tunnel is 50.6 ft
diameter and 4.6 miles long, US$5.37M per mile. The unit cost for a 46 mile long
tunnel should be substantially less.
The project could possibly be built for US$1.3B with a 5 year payback.
*There are things that can be done to improve the evaporation rate which would
allow a greater inflow and proportionally greater generation.
Page 2 of 11
ally a 100% secure
route. The geological strata should present no challenge to the state of the art tunnel
The route length for the
tunnel is the same as that
for the pipeline, 107 km.
If allowed by the politics,
the shortest tunnel
distance is 74 km,
passing essentially
beneath Jerusalem.
More can be said about
this approach in a follow-
up discussion
Regarding how to proceed, one suggestion is to find a company within Israel that can
o the appropriate authority. It would be very
good if the company were engaged in projects in Jordan. I’m thinking of a company like
If the surface area* of the sea is allowed to support a power generation of 200 MW, a
budget for a 5 year payback at US $0.15 kwh would be about US $1.3B.
That would leave about US$1B for the tunnel. That would be US$22M/mile.
r US$27M. The tunnel is 50.6 ft
The unit cost for a 46 mile long
The project could possibly be built for US$1.3B with a 5 year payback.
an be done to improve the evaporation rate which would
3. Lawrence L Stewart, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
In a few words, this Restoration Project is
this project will also benefit Jordan as it re
work out some arrangements of the power that is generated.
The power is really secondary to restoring the Dead Sea. The power generated can
pay for the project in 5 years.
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
this Restoration Project is a benefit to Israel. I am of the opinion that
this project will also benefit Jordan as it restores the Dead Sea. Israel and Jordan could
work out some arrangements of the power that is generated.
The power is really secondary to restoring the Dead Sea. The power generated can
Page 3 of 11
a benefit to Israel. I am of the opinion that
stores the Dead Sea. Israel and Jordan could
The power is really secondary to restoring the Dead Sea. The power generated can
4. Lawrence L Stewart, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
DEAD SEA
The combination of topography, geography, and climate is ideal for the
Effective, Economical Exploitation of the associated natural resources of
producing potable water and electrical power.
The Mediterranean Sea to the west is a limitless source of water.
The seacoast geography provides a constant source of wind energy.
The latitude provides favorable condition
The elevation of the Dead Sea at 1,410.8 FBLS (430 MBSL) provides hydraulic head for
power generation. The exact ele
Interior mountains and valleys
storage.
The following commentary describes a system that combines the above resources to
supply a substantial quantity of power and water to the nation of Israel
Concept. The E4 Concept comprises several phases, summarized as:
1. Dead Sea Hydro Power Generation Station
a. Electrical Power
b. Irrigation Water
c. Sea Salt Recovery
2. dZTM
Process Power Generation and Water Production
a. Wind and Solar Farms
b. dZBoilerTM
3. dPGTM
Energy Storage System
a. Energy Storage
b. Energy Transmission
c. Distributed Power Generation
d. Distributed Potable Water Production
Only Phase 1 is covered in this introductory paper.
75 MW or more of power can be generated while restoring the Dead Sea
Page 2, Table 1. If the Dead Sea is restored to 19
can exceed 100 MW.
A number of other innovations can be applied to greatly expand the benefit of Phase 1
and leading to the implementation of all phases.
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
DEAD SEA RESTORATION E4 CONCEPT
The combination of topography, geography, and climate is ideal for the E
xploitation of the associated natural resources of
producing potable water and electrical power. Hence the E4 Concept.
The Mediterranean Sea to the west is a limitless source of water.
The seacoast geography provides a constant source of wind energy.
The latitude provides favorable conditions for solar energy.
The elevation of the Dead Sea at 1,410.8 FBLS (430 MBSL) provides hydraulic head for
The exact elevation of the Dead Sea varies by published source.
and valleys provide elevations and reservoir volumes for pumped
The following commentary describes a system that combines the above resources to
supply a substantial quantity of power and water to the nation of Israel- The E4
Concept. The E4 Concept comprises several phases, summarized as:
Dead Sea Hydro Power Generation Station
Electrical Power
Irrigation Water
Sea Salt Recovery
Process Power Generation and Water Production
Wind and Solar Farms
Energy Storage System
Energy Storage
Energy Transmission
Power Generation
Distributed Potable Water Production
Only Phase 1 is covered in this introductory paper.
MW or more of power can be generated while restoring the Dead Sea
the Dead Sea is restored to 19th
Century condition, the power output
A number of other innovations can be applied to greatly expand the benefit of Phase 1
and leading to the implementation of all phases.
Page 4 of 11
Efficient,
Israel for
The elevation of the Dead Sea at 1,410.8 FBLS (430 MBSL) provides hydraulic head for
tion of the Dead Sea varies by published source.
for pumped
The following commentary describes a system that combines the above resources to
The E4
MW or more of power can be generated while restoring the Dead Sea, described on
the power output
A number of other innovations can be applied to greatly expand the benefit of Phase 1
5. Lawrence L Stewart, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
PHASE 1. DEAD SEA HYDRO POWER GENERATION STATION
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION
Fig
Fig
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
DEAD SEA HYDRO POWER GENERATION STATION
ENERATION
Hydroelectric power can be generated
flow from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead
Sea. 400+ meter elevation difference provid
ample hydraulic head to produce power, limited
only by the fill rate allowed for the Dead Sea.
The conduit must be large to minimize flow
loss. A tunnel, pipeline or combination
be used. One possible routing is
Figure 1, from Gavrieli1
above Gaza, transiting
toward Beersheba and then east to the Dead
Sea, a run of about 62 miles. Water flow via
tunnel is totally gravity driven. A pipeline or
combination would be powered by the siphon
effect. No pumping.
The conduit path can be adjusted
for economical and security factors.
two (2) hydroelectric turbine(s) are installed at
the tunnel discharge for reliability.
Table 1 shows the potential hydroelectric
power that can be generated based on
conditions of the Dead Sea described
Gavrieli2
.
* Graphs 1 and 2 show other conditions for Table 2
** Evaporation rate set at 1m per m
2
The Calculation of the hydroelectric
described as follows:
TABLE 1 – POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Dead Sea Condition, Figure 2* 20th Century
Elevation, mbsl 392
Surface Area, km2 950
Annual Water Deficit, m3 ** 913,500,000
Water Flow, m/s 30.12
Hydroelectric Power, MW 107
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Page 5 of 11
can be generated by water
flow from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead
elevation difference provides
to produce power, limited
lowed for the Dead Sea.
large to minimize flow
, pipeline or combination could
possible routing is overlaid on
Gaza, transiting
east to the Dead
62 miles. Water flow via
tunnel is totally gravity driven. A pipeline or
be powered by the siphon
adjusted as required
for economical and security factors. At least
are installed at
for reliability.
ydroelectric
based on the
ons of the Dead Sea described by
show other conditions for Table 2
of surface water.
hydroelectric power is
POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER
20th Century 21st Century
413
650
913,500,000 625,000,0003
30.12 19.82
77
6. Lawrence L Stewart, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
Hydroelectric output is calculated by the Formula:
P = ηρQgh, where:
P, power in watts
η, turbine efficiency (decimal
ρ, water density, kg/m3
Q, water flow, m3
/sec
G, acceleration due to gravity
m/sec2
H, hydraulic head, m
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
, August 11, 2013 Original, February 23, 2018 Update
Hydroelectric output is calculated by the Formula:
decimal)
3
acceleration due to gravity.
Page 6 of 11
7. DEAD SEA RESTORATION
Lawrence L Stewart, June 18, 2018
η can range between 80% and 95%, higher efficiencies
http://www.mpoweruk.com/hydro_power.htm
although 95% is more likely applicable
The flow rate is 19.82 m3
/s, which is the am
evaporation rate stated by Gavrieli
During periods of higher evaporation, the water flow could be increased. I
Sea area is allowed to expand
output, proportional to the larger
Calculation:
Conditions are per Table 1. Sea water Density is 1
P = (0.90×1.025×19.82×9.81×
P = 74.6 MW (shown in Table 1)
Power Generation potential for different surface areas and evaporation rates
based on allowable Dead Sea
TABLE 2 – HYDROELECTRIC
Surface Elevation Surface Area
mbsl km
2
416 625
400 694
396.24 875
390 1046
380 1134
370 1217
360 1277
350 1336
340 1389
330 1436
DEAD SEA RESTORATION
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
can range between 80% and 95%, higher efficiencies apply to larger turbines ref
http://www.mpoweruk.com/hydro_power.htm . 90% is selected as a conservative figure,
pplicable.
which is the amount of water needed to matc
Gavrieli et al for the present area Dead Sea conditions
During periods of higher evaporation, the water flow could be increased. I
expand, the water flow could be increased for greater power
larger surface area and elevation.
. Sea water Density is 1025 kg/m3
. Note density can vary.
×416)/1000 MW
able 1)
Power Generation potential for different surface areas and evaporation rates
based on allowable Dead Seaiv
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATED, MW
Surface Area Power, MW
ER 1.0 m/yr ER 1.6 m/yr
74.6 119.3
79.6 127.4
99.5 159.1
1046 117.0 187.2
1134 123.6 197.8
1217 129.2 206.7
1277 131.9 211.0
1336 134.1 214.6
1389 135.5 216.8
1436 135.9 217.5
Page 7 of 11
larger turbines ref
as a conservative figure,
needed to match the 1 m/m2
conditions.
During periods of higher evaporation, the water flow could be increased. If the Dead
ased for greater power
. Note density can vary.
Power Generation potential for different surface areas and evaporation rates
8. Lawrence L Stewart, June 18, 2018
IRRIGATION WATER
Water can be routed to a Reverse Osmosis
potable water. The elevation of 330 mbsl for the
provides a head of 330 m (469 psi), more than
may require addition pumping depending on the quality of potable water required
SEA SALT RECOVERY
Reject water drained to the Dead Sea would reduce the available water for hydroelectric
generation. To avoid that reduction, the reject water could be drained to eva
ponds for sea salt production. The resulting sea salt would most likely not require
treatment to remove bromide.
Evaporation pond productions could be greatly increased by the use of solar heat
Indirectly by solar hot water system
direct by mirrors focused on the water surface
Both of the above.
OPERATION STRATEGY
Foregoing description treats the hydroelectric power generation as a
24/7/365 process. But the facility can be operated at various capacities to meet exigent
demand requirements, within the constraints of the allowable surface area/ water level.
For example it may be desirable to generate higher MW
year, accepting the consequent
generation may be preferred during the day and
Hydroelectric generation capacity
Allowed Dead Sea Surface area
Cost of higher capacity turbine
Cost of larger water conduit system.
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
routed to a Reverse Osmosis Facility for producing irrigation
n of 330 mbsl for the largest surface area shown on Graph 1
provides a head of 330 m (469 psi), more than sufficient for irrigation, potable water
ddition pumping depending on the quality of potable water required
Reject water drained to the Dead Sea would reduce the available water for hydroelectric
generation. To avoid that reduction, the reject water could be drained to eva
ponds for sea salt production. The resulting sea salt would most likely not require
treatment to remove bromide.
s could be greatly increased by the use of solar heat
Indirectly by solar hot water system,
rrors focused on the water surface,
Foregoing description treats the hydroelectric power generation as a continuous
he facility can be operated at various capacities to meet exigent
uirements, within the constraints of the allowable surface area/ water level.
For example it may be desirable to generate higher MW-Hrs during certain times
year, accepting the consequent reduced generation at other times. Or higher
y be preferred during the day and lower generation at night.
capacity can be varied as desired considering:
Allowed Dead Sea Surface area,
Cost of higher capacity turbine-generators and associated equipment,
conduit system.
Page 8 of 11
irrigation and/or
largest surface area shown on Graph 1
irrigation, potable water
ddition pumping depending on the quality of potable water required.
Reject water drained to the Dead Sea would reduce the available water for hydroelectric
generation. To avoid that reduction, the reject water could be drained to evaporation
ponds for sea salt production. The resulting sea salt would most likely not require
s could be greatly increased by the use of solar heat:
continuous
he facility can be operated at various capacities to meet exigent
uirements, within the constraints of the allowable surface area/ water level.
Hrs during certain times of the
at other times. Or higher
generation at night.
uipment,
9. Lawrence L Stewart, June 18, 2018
LAKE KINNERET
Lake Kinneret is encountering a
water for irrigation and drinking.
Some mitigation could be realized by installing a tunnel or siphon pipe system to from
the Mediterranean Sea to the appropriate area to exploit the potential hydraulic head
energy similar to that proposed for the Dead Sea.
This fresh water body has an elevation of 251
pressure of 24.6 bar (357 psi)
of the reverse osmosis process to make irrigation
substantial increase to make potable water. Improvements in RO membrane technology
may ultimately reduce the osmotic pressur
possible at the available pressure.
Reject water would require eva
marketable.
Lake Kinneret is not suitable for
ecology would be destroyed by the attendant
MEDITERRANEAN SALINITY IMPACT ON POWER GEN
Hydroelectric power is directly proportional to the specific gravity of the seawater, which
in turn is dependent on the salinity and temperat
below the surface where the temperature and salinity are most favorable, i.e. balance of
lowest temperature highest salinity. The specific gravity of 1025 kg/m
value for ocean water. Actual eastern Mediterranean Sea salinity will be higher,
resulting in greater power generation.
CONCLUSION
Restoration schemes for the Dead Sea go back to the 19
for water from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. The innovation presented herein is to
connect the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean Sea by a tun
The above concept can be implemented
application to as summarized
CONCEPT. Details are omitted pending the disposition of the concept presented
herein.
Technological, financial and political
evaluated and accepted for further progress,
scope of this paper.
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
Lake Kinneret is encountering an issue with maintaining water level due to withdr
water for irrigation and drinking.
Some mitigation could be realized by installing a tunnel or siphon pipe system to from
Mediterranean Sea to the appropriate area to exploit the potential hydraulic head
energy similar to that proposed for the Dead Sea.
This fresh water body has an elevation of 251-209 m below sea level. The associated
(357 psi) – 20.5 bar (297 psi) may be sufficient for the application
of the reverse osmosis process to make irrigation water. Pressure would require
substantial increase to make potable water. Improvements in RO membrane technology
may ultimately reduce the osmotic pressure requirement to where potable water is
possible at the available pressure.
quire evaporation to dispose of the salt. The salt may be
for hydroelectric generation as the fresh water lake
logy would be destroyed by the attendant influx of sea water.
MEDITERRANEAN SALINITY IMPACT ON POWER GENERATION
Hydroelectric power is directly proportional to the specific gravity of the seawater, which
in turn is dependent on the salinity and temperature. The intake should be position
below the surface where the temperature and salinity are most favorable, i.e. balance of
lowest temperature highest salinity. The specific gravity of 1025 kg/m3 is
value for ocean water. Actual eastern Mediterranean Sea salinity will be higher,
resulting in greater power generation.
Restoration schemes for the Dead Sea go back to the 19th
Century, all based on a canal
for water from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. The innovation presented herein is to
connect the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean Sea by a tunnel or tunnels, or Siphon Pipe
implemented and integrated with other technology
summarized in the introductory DEAD SEA RESTORATION E4
Details are omitted pending the disposition of the concept presented
political viability of the Dead Sea Restoration
for further progress, considerations which are outside
Page 9 of 11
with maintaining water level due to withdrawal of
Some mitigation could be realized by installing a tunnel or siphon pipe system to from
Mediterranean Sea to the appropriate area to exploit the potential hydraulic head
209 m below sea level. The associated
the application
Pressure would require
substantial increase to make potable water. Improvements in RO membrane technology
e requirement to where potable water is
salt. The salt may be
esh water lake
Hydroelectric power is directly proportional to the specific gravity of the seawater, which
ure. The intake should be position
below the surface where the temperature and salinity are most favorable, i.e. balance of
an average
value for ocean water. Actual eastern Mediterranean Sea salinity will be higher,
Century, all based on a canal
for water from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. The innovation presented herein is to
or tunnels, or Siphon Pipe
other technology
RESTORATION E4
Details are omitted pending the disposition of the concept presented
Restoration must be
outside the
10. Lawrence L Stewart, June 18, 2018
NOTES:
EVAPORATION RATES
“Actual evaporation ranges from about 1,300 to 1,600 mm and varies with the salinity at
the surface of the Dead Sea, which is affected by the annual volume of freshwater
inflow. “v
CONDITIONS FOR CALCULATIONS OF TABLE 2
Water in Israel: Overview of Midd
1998)
Dead Sea Graphs were extracted from
information was used for the Electrical
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/overview
Graph 2
DEAD SEA Restoration
&
POWER GENERATION
E4 CONCEPT
Actual evaporation ranges from about 1,300 to 1,600 mm and varies with the salinity at
the surface of the Dead Sea, which is affected by the annual volume of freshwater
LATIONS OF TABLE 2vi
Water in Israel: Overview of Middle East Water Resources (Updated December
extracted from the above document and copied below.
Electrical Power Generation calculations shown
The surface area of the Dead Sea is
known to have varied between about
1,440 km2
at its historical high of
330 m below sea level, and
km2
at 410 m below sea
greater than twofold difference.
is a corresponding difference in the
volume of water lost to evaporation
each year.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/overview-of-middle-east-water
Page 10 of 11
Actual evaporation ranges from about 1,300 to 1,600 mm and varies with the salinity at
the surface of the Dead Sea, which is affected by the annual volume of freshwater
Updated December
document and copied below. The
shown in Table 2.
area of the Dead Sea is
known to have varied between about
at its historical high of about
330 m below sea level, and about 670
at 410 m below sea level, a
difference. There
difference in the
to evaporation
water-resources
Graph 1