This document is the first chapter of the textbook "Database System Concepts, 6th Ed." by Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan. It introduces databases and database management systems. It discusses the need for databases, data models, relational databases, database design, storage management, query processing, and transaction management. It also provides a brief history of database systems and an overview of database system architecture.
This document provides an overview of Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) which is a type of database normalization. It explains that BCNF was developed in 1974 and aims to eliminate redundant data and ensure data dependencies make logical sense. The document outlines the five normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, and 4NF. It provides examples of converting non-BCNF tables into BCNF by identifying and removing overlapping candidate keys and grouping remaining items into separate tables based on functional dependencies.
This document is a student assignment on joins and their types in database management systems. It defines joins as combining related tuples from two relations based on matching conditions. The main types of joins discussed are inner joins (theta, equi, natural), and outer joins (left, right, full). Inner joins return only tuples that satisfy the condition, while outer joins return all tuples from one or both relations whether or not they match. Examples are provided to illustrate each join type.
This document discusses different file organization techniques for conventional database management systems. It describes sequential file organization where records are stored consecutively. Indexed sequential file organization is introduced to improve query response time for sequential files by adding an index. Direct file organization and multi-key file organization are also mentioned, which allow accessing records using different keys. Trade-offs among these techniques are discussed.
The document discusses different methods of organizing computer files, including heap files, sequential files, indexed-sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It provides details on each method, such as how records are stored and accessed, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples. Key aspects covered include unordered storage in heap files, ordered storage and efficient sequential access in sequential files, indexed access for both sequential and random access in indexed-sequential files, and direct calculation of record locations in direct files.
The document discusses query processing and optimization. It describes the basic concepts including query processing, query optimization, and the phases of query processing. It also explains relational algebra operations like selection, projection, joins, and additional operations. The document then covers topics like query decomposition, analysis, normalization, simplification, and restructuring during query optimization. It discusses cost estimation and algorithms for implementing relational algebra operations and file organization.
This document provides an overview of scripting languages. It defines a script as a program or sequence of instructions interpreted by another program rather than the processor. Scripting languages are programming languages that support scripts and can interpret and automate tasks. The document discusses server-side scripting, which connects to databases on the web server and can access the file system. It also covers client-side scripting, which executes in the browser, and compares the advantages of server-side and client-side scripting. Popular scripting languages for each are also listed.
The document discusses SQL commands and concepts. It begins by explaining the different types of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for creating and modifying database objects, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for manipulating data, Data Retrieval Language (DRL) for querying data, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for managing user access. It then provides examples of key DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP TABLE and DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. It concludes by introducing aggregate functions in SQL like COUNT for summarizing data.
This document provides an overview of Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) which is a type of database normalization. It explains that BCNF was developed in 1974 and aims to eliminate redundant data and ensure data dependencies make logical sense. The document outlines the five normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, and 4NF. It provides examples of converting non-BCNF tables into BCNF by identifying and removing overlapping candidate keys and grouping remaining items into separate tables based on functional dependencies.
This document is a student assignment on joins and their types in database management systems. It defines joins as combining related tuples from two relations based on matching conditions. The main types of joins discussed are inner joins (theta, equi, natural), and outer joins (left, right, full). Inner joins return only tuples that satisfy the condition, while outer joins return all tuples from one or both relations whether or not they match. Examples are provided to illustrate each join type.
This document discusses different file organization techniques for conventional database management systems. It describes sequential file organization where records are stored consecutively. Indexed sequential file organization is introduced to improve query response time for sequential files by adding an index. Direct file organization and multi-key file organization are also mentioned, which allow accessing records using different keys. Trade-offs among these techniques are discussed.
The document discusses different methods of organizing computer files, including heap files, sequential files, indexed-sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It provides details on each method, such as how records are stored and accessed, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples. Key aspects covered include unordered storage in heap files, ordered storage and efficient sequential access in sequential files, indexed access for both sequential and random access in indexed-sequential files, and direct calculation of record locations in direct files.
The document discusses query processing and optimization. It describes the basic concepts including query processing, query optimization, and the phases of query processing. It also explains relational algebra operations like selection, projection, joins, and additional operations. The document then covers topics like query decomposition, analysis, normalization, simplification, and restructuring during query optimization. It discusses cost estimation and algorithms for implementing relational algebra operations and file organization.
This document provides an overview of scripting languages. It defines a script as a program or sequence of instructions interpreted by another program rather than the processor. Scripting languages are programming languages that support scripts and can interpret and automate tasks. The document discusses server-side scripting, which connects to databases on the web server and can access the file system. It also covers client-side scripting, which executes in the browser, and compares the advantages of server-side and client-side scripting. Popular scripting languages for each are also listed.
The document discusses SQL commands and concepts. It begins by explaining the different types of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for creating and modifying database objects, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for manipulating data, Data Retrieval Language (DRL) for querying data, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for managing user access. It then provides examples of key DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP TABLE and DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. It concludes by introducing aggregate functions in SQL like COUNT for summarizing data.
in this presentation the commands let you help to understand the basic of the database system software. how to retrieve data, how to feed data and manipulate it very efficiently by using this commands.
This document provides an introduction to NoSQL databases. It discusses the history and limitations of relational databases that led to the development of NoSQL databases. The key motivations for NoSQL databases are that they can handle big data, provide better scalability and flexibility than relational databases. The document describes some core NoSQL concepts like the CAP theorem and different types of NoSQL databases like key-value, columnar, document and graph databases. It also outlines some remaining research challenges in the area of NoSQL databases.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in databases including:
1. It defines what a database is and examples of databases like a phone book. It also defines what a database refers to in computers as a collection of organized data.
2. It explains the functions of a database to store, delete, organize, use and present data. It provides an example of data stored in an Access database.
3. It defines what a DBMS is and its purpose to create, manage and query databases. It lists examples of common DBMS like Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle.
4. It outlines different database models including hierarchical, network, object-oriented, and relational models and provides examples
PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) that is cross-platform and implements the majority of the SQL:2011 standard. It uses a client-server model with a postmaster daemon process that manages connections to backend server processes. PostgreSQL supports features like ACID compliance, transactions, complex queries, user-defined objects, and built-in replication. It allows custom indexing and inheritance between tables. To get started, users can create databases and tables, populate them with data, and perform queries.
This document provides an overview of XML, including what it is, its syntax and structure, common technologies used with XML, and advantages of using XML. XML is a markup language that uses tags to structure information to make it readable, unambiguous, and extensible. It allows data exchange between applications and includes elements, attributes, and comments. Related technologies include DTDs, schemas, and stylesheets.
The DBMS schema defines the overall logical structure and description of a database. A sub-schema allows different personalized views of the same underlying data. A DBMS instance refers to the specific set of data stored in a database at a particular moment in time.
Relational Algebra is a procedural query language consisting of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation as output. The fundamental operations in Relational Algebra are selection, projection, union, set difference, cartesian product, and join. Selection chooses tuples that meet a selection condition, projection chooses attributes from a relation, union includes all tuples from two relations, set difference includes tuples from one relation not in another, cartesian product creates all combinations of tuples from two relations, and join compounds similar tuples from two relations.
The document discusses different types of databases and database applications, including numeric/textual databases, multimedia databases, geographic information systems, data warehouses, and real-time databases. It also defines key database concepts such as database, data, mini-world, and database management system. Database systems are used to store and manage large volumes of structured data and provide functionality for defining data structures, querying and manipulating data, concurrent access, security, and more. Examples of database applications include a university student information system and a large tax filing database.
The document discusses different types of databases including relational, document oriented, embedded, graph, hypertext, operational, distributed, and flat file databases. It provides details on relational databases describing their use of tables, rows, columns, primary keys, and foreign keys. Document oriented databases are described as storing documents similar to records in relational databases but without uniform field sizes. Graph databases use graph structures with nodes and edges to represent data.
The document provides an overview of the Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) process. It defines ETL as extracting data from databases, transforming the format or cleaning the data, and loading it into a data warehouse or data mart. It contrasts ETL tools, which move data between databases, from business intelligence (BI) tools, which allow querying and visualization of data. Key aspects of ETL covered include source and target mapping, data validation and quality checks, and testing approaches. Challenges and best practices for ETL are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of basic database concepts including:
- Definitions of data, information, and databases
- Components of database systems like users, software, hardware, and data
- Data models including entity-relationship, hierarchical, network, and relational models
- Database architecture types such as centralized, client-server, and distributed
- Advantages and disadvantages of database management systems
This document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses different data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It also covers database languages, interfaces, utilities and centralized versus distributed (client-server) architectures. Specifically, it describes hierarchical and network data models, the three schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages like DDL and DML, and different DBMS classifications including relational, object-oriented and distributed systems.
This document discusses database languages used in database management systems (DBMS). It describes three types of database languages: data definition language (DDL) used to define and modify the database schema; data manipulation language (DML) used to insert, update, delete and retrieve data; and data control language (DCL) used to control access privileges. Examples are provided for common statements in each language type like CREATE, ALTER, DROP for DDL and INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT for DML. Case sensitivity and data types are also briefly covered.
The normal forms (NF) of relational database theory provide criteria for determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies.
Advantages and disadvantages of relational databasesSanthiNivas
The document discusses the key characteristics of a relational database. It notes that a relational database organizes data into tables with rows and columns, and establishes relationships between tables using primary and foreign keys. This allows data to be non-repetitive and accurate. Users can query any table and combine related tables using joins to retrieve the required data. Relational databases also support data integrity, easy expansion to handle more data and changes, access control through user permissions, and flexible insertion, deletion and updating of records. However, performance may be impacted if there are many tables or complex joins, and extracting meaning from hierarchical data can be slower compared to hierarchical databases.
The document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses how database management systems (DBMS) help organize and manage data in an efficient manner. A DBMS contains information about an enterprise, provides a set of programs to access the data, and creates an environment that is convenient and efficient to use. It also describes some common database applications, levels of abstraction in a database, data models, database design approaches, and the key components of a database management system like storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
The document discusses the key concepts of database management systems (DBMS). It describes how DBMS were developed to address limitations of using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, and integrity issues. It then covers database concepts like data models, relational databases, database design approaches, and the core components of a database management system including storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
in this presentation the commands let you help to understand the basic of the database system software. how to retrieve data, how to feed data and manipulate it very efficiently by using this commands.
This document provides an introduction to NoSQL databases. It discusses the history and limitations of relational databases that led to the development of NoSQL databases. The key motivations for NoSQL databases are that they can handle big data, provide better scalability and flexibility than relational databases. The document describes some core NoSQL concepts like the CAP theorem and different types of NoSQL databases like key-value, columnar, document and graph databases. It also outlines some remaining research challenges in the area of NoSQL databases.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in databases including:
1. It defines what a database is and examples of databases like a phone book. It also defines what a database refers to in computers as a collection of organized data.
2. It explains the functions of a database to store, delete, organize, use and present data. It provides an example of data stored in an Access database.
3. It defines what a DBMS is and its purpose to create, manage and query databases. It lists examples of common DBMS like Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle.
4. It outlines different database models including hierarchical, network, object-oriented, and relational models and provides examples
PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) that is cross-platform and implements the majority of the SQL:2011 standard. It uses a client-server model with a postmaster daemon process that manages connections to backend server processes. PostgreSQL supports features like ACID compliance, transactions, complex queries, user-defined objects, and built-in replication. It allows custom indexing and inheritance between tables. To get started, users can create databases and tables, populate them with data, and perform queries.
This document provides an overview of XML, including what it is, its syntax and structure, common technologies used with XML, and advantages of using XML. XML is a markup language that uses tags to structure information to make it readable, unambiguous, and extensible. It allows data exchange between applications and includes elements, attributes, and comments. Related technologies include DTDs, schemas, and stylesheets.
The DBMS schema defines the overall logical structure and description of a database. A sub-schema allows different personalized views of the same underlying data. A DBMS instance refers to the specific set of data stored in a database at a particular moment in time.
Relational Algebra is a procedural query language consisting of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation as output. The fundamental operations in Relational Algebra are selection, projection, union, set difference, cartesian product, and join. Selection chooses tuples that meet a selection condition, projection chooses attributes from a relation, union includes all tuples from two relations, set difference includes tuples from one relation not in another, cartesian product creates all combinations of tuples from two relations, and join compounds similar tuples from two relations.
The document discusses different types of databases and database applications, including numeric/textual databases, multimedia databases, geographic information systems, data warehouses, and real-time databases. It also defines key database concepts such as database, data, mini-world, and database management system. Database systems are used to store and manage large volumes of structured data and provide functionality for defining data structures, querying and manipulating data, concurrent access, security, and more. Examples of database applications include a university student information system and a large tax filing database.
The document discusses different types of databases including relational, document oriented, embedded, graph, hypertext, operational, distributed, and flat file databases. It provides details on relational databases describing their use of tables, rows, columns, primary keys, and foreign keys. Document oriented databases are described as storing documents similar to records in relational databases but without uniform field sizes. Graph databases use graph structures with nodes and edges to represent data.
The document provides an overview of the Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) process. It defines ETL as extracting data from databases, transforming the format or cleaning the data, and loading it into a data warehouse or data mart. It contrasts ETL tools, which move data between databases, from business intelligence (BI) tools, which allow querying and visualization of data. Key aspects of ETL covered include source and target mapping, data validation and quality checks, and testing approaches. Challenges and best practices for ETL are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of basic database concepts including:
- Definitions of data, information, and databases
- Components of database systems like users, software, hardware, and data
- Data models including entity-relationship, hierarchical, network, and relational models
- Database architecture types such as centralized, client-server, and distributed
- Advantages and disadvantages of database management systems
This document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses different data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It also covers database languages, interfaces, utilities and centralized versus distributed (client-server) architectures. Specifically, it describes hierarchical and network data models, the three schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages like DDL and DML, and different DBMS classifications including relational, object-oriented and distributed systems.
This document discusses database languages used in database management systems (DBMS). It describes three types of database languages: data definition language (DDL) used to define and modify the database schema; data manipulation language (DML) used to insert, update, delete and retrieve data; and data control language (DCL) used to control access privileges. Examples are provided for common statements in each language type like CREATE, ALTER, DROP for DDL and INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT for DML. Case sensitivity and data types are also briefly covered.
The normal forms (NF) of relational database theory provide criteria for determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies.
Advantages and disadvantages of relational databasesSanthiNivas
The document discusses the key characteristics of a relational database. It notes that a relational database organizes data into tables with rows and columns, and establishes relationships between tables using primary and foreign keys. This allows data to be non-repetitive and accurate. Users can query any table and combine related tables using joins to retrieve the required data. Relational databases also support data integrity, easy expansion to handle more data and changes, access control through user permissions, and flexible insertion, deletion and updating of records. However, performance may be impacted if there are many tables or complex joins, and extracting meaning from hierarchical data can be slower compared to hierarchical databases.
The document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses how database management systems (DBMS) help organize and manage data in an efficient manner. A DBMS contains information about an enterprise, provides a set of programs to access the data, and creates an environment that is convenient and efficient to use. It also describes some common database applications, levels of abstraction in a database, data models, database design approaches, and the key components of a database management system like storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
The document discusses the key concepts of database management systems (DBMS). It describes how DBMS were developed to address limitations of using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, and integrity issues. It then covers database concepts like data models, relational databases, database design approaches, and the core components of a database management system including storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
The document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses how database management systems (DBMS) are used to store and manage data in an organized way. A DBMS contains data about an enterprise, programs to access the data, and provides a convenient environment. It also describes common data models like relational and object-oriented models, database design approaches, and core components of a database system like storage management, query processing, and transaction management.
The document is an introductory chapter about database system concepts from the 6th edition of the textbook "Database System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan. It discusses the components and architecture of database management systems, data models, languages and system architecture. It also provides a brief history of database systems and their increasing role in applications and throughout society.
This document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses the components and architecture of database management systems including the physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction. It also summarizes data models like the relational model and object-relational models. Key concepts like schemas, instances, and data definition/manipulation languages are introduced. The document highlights challenges with using file systems to store data and how database systems address issues like data redundancy, integrity, and concurrent access.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful domain-specific language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to define, query, and manipulate data in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL consists of various commands, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enabling users to interact with databases efficiently.
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Oracle. It integrates procedural constructs with SQL, allowing for the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. PL/SQL enhances the capabilities of SQL by providing procedural programming features like loops, conditional statements, and exception handling. This enables the development of more complex and dynamic database applications.
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software suite that facilitates the creation, management, and interaction with databases. It provides an interface for users and applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval. Popular relational database management systems include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
In summary, SQL is the language used to communicate with databases, PL/SQL extends SQL by adding procedural programming capabilities, and a DBMS is the overarching software that manages databases, ensuring optimal organization and retrieval of data. Each component plays a crucial role in the efficient and secure operation of database systems. If you have specific questions or need more details on any aspect, feel free to ask!SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful domain-specific language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to define, query, and manipulate data in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL consists of various commands, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enabling users to interact with databases efficiently.
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Oracle. It integrates procedural constructs with SQL, allowing for the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. PL/SQL enhances the capabilities of SQL by providing procedural programming features like loops, conditional statements, and exception handling. This enables the development of more complex and dynamic database applications.
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software suite that facilitates the creation, management, and interaction with databases. It provides an interface for users and applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval. Popular relational database management systems include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
In summary, SQL is the language used to communicate with databases, PL/SQL extends SQL by adding procedural programming capabilities, and a DBMS is the overarching software that manage database
Database management system INTRODUCTION.pptYashShirude1
This chapter introduces database systems and their components. It discusses the purpose of database systems in overcoming the limitations of file-based data storage. Key topics covered include data models, languages for data definition and manipulation, database design methodologies, storage and query processing, and transaction management. The chapter also provides a brief history of database management systems.
UNIT-1 PPT.pptCS 3492 DBMS UNIT 1 to 5 overview Unit 1 slides including purpo...SakkaravarthiS1
This document outlines the contents of a textbook on database system concepts. It includes 5 units: (1) relational databases, (2) database design, (3) transactions, (4) implementation techniques, and (5) advanced topics. For each unit, it lists the main topics that will be covered, such as the relational model, SQL, concurrency control, query processing, and distributed databases. It also provides background information on data models, views of data, and the purpose and advantages of using a database management system over file-based data storage.
The document introduces database systems and their components. A database management system contains data about an enterprise, programs to access the data, and an environment for convenient and efficient use. Examples of database applications include banking, airlines, universities, sales, manufacturing, and human resources. Early database applications used file systems directly, but this led to problems like data redundancy, difficulty accessing data, integrity issues, and inability to support concurrent access by multiple users. A database management system solves these problems.
Presentation on DBMS systems for IT ProfessionalsTushar Agarwal
This document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It introduces key topics like data models, query languages, database design, and database management system internals. The document is an excerpt from the textbook Database System Concepts, 5th Edition, which covers relational databases, SQL, storage management, query processing, and transaction management in database systems.
This document provides an overview of database system concepts, including:
- Database management systems (DBMS) are used to define, construct and manipulate databases in a convenient and efficient way.
- Databases are designed using data models and languages at the logical and physical levels, including the relational model and SQL.
- Database design involves both logical design of schemas and physical design for storage and performance.
- Database internals include storage management, query processing, and transaction management to ensure data integrity and concurrency.
- Databases have evolved from early file systems to modern systems supporting complex queries, large volumes of data, and distributed architectures.
The document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It defines a database as a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access the data. Databases are used to manage large, valuable collections of data that are accessed by multiple users simultaneously. The document outlines the components and architecture of database systems, including the storage manager, query processor, transaction manager, and database engine. It also discusses data models, languages, and applications of database systems.
The document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses database applications across various domains like banking, manufacturing, universities etc. It explains the purpose of database systems to avoid issues like data redundancy, difficulty in accessing data, integrity problems etc. that arise in traditional file-based systems. The key components of a database system include the data models, database languages (DDL, DML, SQL), database architecture, database design and the database engine. The database engine consists of storage manager, query processor and transaction manager modules.
The document discusses database systems and their applications. It provides examples of common database applications like enterprise information systems, manufacturing, banking, universities, and more. It then describes the purpose of database systems in organizing data, including solving issues like data redundancy, difficulty of access, data integrity, and concurrent access. Finally, it provides an overview of the major components of a database system like the data models, languages, architecture, and more.
The document outlines the key components of a DBMS including data models, languages for data definition and manipulation, transaction management, storage management, database users and administrators. It also discusses different levels of abstraction, data independence, and overall system architectures.
The document outlines the key components of a DBMS including data models, languages for data definition and manipulation, transaction management, storage management, database users and administrators. It also discusses different levels of abstraction, data independence, and overall system architectures.
The document outlines the key components of a DBMS including data models, languages for data definition and manipulation, transaction management, storage management, database users and administrators. It also discusses different levels of abstraction, data independence, and overall system architectures.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.