This document provides instructions for basic Linux commands and tasks such as changing directories, viewing files, editing files, compressing/uncompressing files, shutting down/restarting, adding users, viewing IP addresses, and installing software. Key commands covered include pwd, cd, vi, wq, cp, history, gzip, gunzip, init, ifconfig, useradd, passwd, rpm, and mounting/unmounting CDROMs. Levels for booting into different system states like single user mode are also explained.

1. # {Root user}
$ {Normal User}

2. pwd=Print working directory
cd=Change directory
vi=vim-editor
wq=write and quite

3. Some simple command:
●
To copy some file from one directory to another:
cp /root/directoryname/filename /root/directorynam
●
To see history:
history
history |more
●
To compress the file:
gzip <<filename>>
●
To uncompress the file:
gunzip <<filename>>
●

4. ●
To shutdown:
init 0
shutdown -h now
●
To restart:
init 6

5. ➔
1=safe mode (single user mode) or (maintenance
mode)
➔
2=ma Networking hudaina aaru chai sabai huncha
➔
3=multiuser,networking and text base
➔
5=multiuser,networking,text base & graphical base
➔
6=restart
➔
0=shutdown

6. To add new Normal User:
➔
useradd <<username>>
➔
passwd <<username>>
➔
init 6
Now you can login as new normal user and
password

8. To see ip address of an computer:
➔
ifconfig
To change ip address of the computer:
➔
cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
➔
pwd
➔
ls
➔
vi ifcfg-eth0
and then write

9. ➢
BOOTPROTO=dhcp lai delete garne ani “static”
write garne
➢
IPADDR=192.168.1.100
➢
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
& save it now

10. And then
➔
ifup eth0
➔
ifdown eth0
➔
ifup eth0
➔
ifconfig

12. To make network between vmware
player and outside computer
➔
Go to VM
➔
Setting
➔
Network Adapter
➔
Click on Host-only:A private network
➔
Then power on the virtual machine

13. Again
➔
Go to network properties
➔
Change adapter setting
➔
“VMware Network Adapter VMNet1”-Enable it
➔
Go to its properties
➔
Go to “Internet protocol version 6(TCP/IPV4)”
➔
Go to its properties
➔
Now change the IP address and click ok

14. Now go to command prompt
●
Ping “IP address of Linux”
●
If its pings...your network will be ready

16. To check weather the software is
installed or not
➔
rpm -q “rpm package name”
For example:
➔
rpm -q samba
rpm -q http

17. To install software
At first we have to mount our cdrom
●
mkdir /mnt/nikesh
●
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/nikesh
then after to mounting complete:
●
cd /mnt/nikesh
●
ls
●
cd Centos

18. ●
Ls
●
Ls samba *
To install:
●
rpm -ivh samba-3....click tab
●
rpm -q samba
To uninstall:
●
rpm -Uvh samba-3...click tab