The document describes the architecture of a GSM network. It is divided into three main subsystems: the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) which handles call connectivity and mobility management; the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) which handles radio communication; and the Network Management Subsystem (NMS) which handles operations and maintenance. The key components of the NSS are the Home Location Register (HLR), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Visitor Location Register (VLR), and Authentication Center (AUC). The BSS contains the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC). The NMS contains components like the Operation and Support System.
The document describes the basic components and structure of a GSM mobile network. It outlines the key nodes: mobile stations, base station systems including base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), the switching system including the mobile switching center (MSC), and databases like the home location register (HLR) and visitor location register (VLR). It also explains the geographical areas like the public land mobile network (PLMN), MSC service area, location area, and cell. Simplified call setup and location updating processes are provided as examples.
CEPT began developing the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network in 1982 with the objectives of pan-European roaming and compatibility with ISDN. The first commercial GSM system was implemented in Germany in 1992. GSM consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, a network and switching subsystem, and an operation subsystem. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously. GSM has undergone 35 revisions to accommodate unexpected rapid growth in cellular services.
The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module (SIM) card, the base station system provides radio connectivity between mobile stations and switching equipment and includes base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the core network components include the mobile switching center for call routing, home location register for subscriber data, visitor location register for temporary subscriber data, and equipment identity register for validating mobile equipment.
presentation on gsm architecture and fixed assignmentFabiha Ain
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture and fixed assignment schemes. It discusses the key elements of GSM architecture including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, mobile station, and operations and support system. It then covers three fixed assignment schemes - frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) - and describes how channel access is allocated based on frequency, time, or code under each scheme.
This document provides an abstract and contents for a study on information society and mobile communication. It discusses the definition of information society and the key characteristics, including information empowerment, information consciousness, use of information as an economic resource, and the development of the information sector. It also defines global system for mobile communication (GSM) and describes the main components of the GSM network, including the switching system, base station system, and operation and support system. It provides details on network areas like cells, location areas, and public land mobile network areas. Finally, it outlines some key specifications and characteristics of GSM, such as frequency band, duplex distance, channel separation, and access and speech coding methods.
GSM is a standard for digital cellular networks that allows subscribers to use their phones globally. It uses FDMA to divide the spectrum into channels and TDMA to divide each channel into timeslots. The network consists of MSCs, HLRs, VLRs, BSCs, BTSs and cells. The MSC handles calls and interfaces with other networks. HLRs store subscriber data and VLRs temporarily store data for subscribers in the local area. BSCs control BTSs which transmit signals to mobile devices within cells. Key identifiers include IMSI, IMEI, MSISDN and MSRN.
The document describes the architecture of GSM networks. It discusses the key components including the mobile station, base station subsystem (BSS), and network subsystem (NSS). The mobile station consists of mobile equipment and a subscriber identity module (SIM) card. The BSS comprises base transceiver stations and a base station controller. The NSS combines switches like the mobile switching center with databases like the home location register and visitor location register that track subscriber locations and identities.
The document describes routing concepts in multimedia switching subsystem (MSS), including:
1. Call control, user plane control, and multimedia gateway control are separated in MSS. Call control handles routing and call setup. User plane control selects gateways and bearer types. MSS controls external gateways using H.248 protocol.
2. Routing definitions are needed for ISUP, BICC, and SIP connections to test routing features. ISUP uses loops within one MSS. BICC and SIP use loops across MSSs without relating user plane to control plane routing.
3. Digit analysis routes mobile-terminated calls via loops based on called number digits.
The document describes the basic components and structure of a GSM mobile network. It outlines the key nodes: mobile stations, base station systems including base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), the switching system including the mobile switching center (MSC), and databases like the home location register (HLR) and visitor location register (VLR). It also explains the geographical areas like the public land mobile network (PLMN), MSC service area, location area, and cell. Simplified call setup and location updating processes are provided as examples.
CEPT began developing the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network in 1982 with the objectives of pan-European roaming and compatibility with ISDN. The first commercial GSM system was implemented in Germany in 1992. GSM consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, a network and switching subsystem, and an operation subsystem. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously. GSM has undergone 35 revisions to accommodate unexpected rapid growth in cellular services.
The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module (SIM) card, the base station system provides radio connectivity between mobile stations and switching equipment and includes base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the core network components include the mobile switching center for call routing, home location register for subscriber data, visitor location register for temporary subscriber data, and equipment identity register for validating mobile equipment.
presentation on gsm architecture and fixed assignmentFabiha Ain
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture and fixed assignment schemes. It discusses the key elements of GSM architecture including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, mobile station, and operations and support system. It then covers three fixed assignment schemes - frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) - and describes how channel access is allocated based on frequency, time, or code under each scheme.
This document provides an abstract and contents for a study on information society and mobile communication. It discusses the definition of information society and the key characteristics, including information empowerment, information consciousness, use of information as an economic resource, and the development of the information sector. It also defines global system for mobile communication (GSM) and describes the main components of the GSM network, including the switching system, base station system, and operation and support system. It provides details on network areas like cells, location areas, and public land mobile network areas. Finally, it outlines some key specifications and characteristics of GSM, such as frequency band, duplex distance, channel separation, and access and speech coding methods.
GSM is a standard for digital cellular networks that allows subscribers to use their phones globally. It uses FDMA to divide the spectrum into channels and TDMA to divide each channel into timeslots. The network consists of MSCs, HLRs, VLRs, BSCs, BTSs and cells. The MSC handles calls and interfaces with other networks. HLRs store subscriber data and VLRs temporarily store data for subscribers in the local area. BSCs control BTSs which transmit signals to mobile devices within cells. Key identifiers include IMSI, IMEI, MSISDN and MSRN.
The document describes the architecture of GSM networks. It discusses the key components including the mobile station, base station subsystem (BSS), and network subsystem (NSS). The mobile station consists of mobile equipment and a subscriber identity module (SIM) card. The BSS comprises base transceiver stations and a base station controller. The NSS combines switches like the mobile switching center with databases like the home location register and visitor location register that track subscriber locations and identities.
The document describes routing concepts in multimedia switching subsystem (MSS), including:
1. Call control, user plane control, and multimedia gateway control are separated in MSS. Call control handles routing and call setup. User plane control selects gateways and bearer types. MSS controls external gateways using H.248 protocol.
2. Routing definitions are needed for ISUP, BICC, and SIP connections to test routing features. ISUP uses loops within one MSS. BICC and SIP use loops across MSSs without relating user plane to control plane routing.
3. Digit analysis routes mobile-terminated calls via loops based on called number digits.
This document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture. It describes the key components and their functions, including cells, location areas, MSC service areas, PLMN service areas, and the GSM service area. It also discusses the relationships between these areas. Additionally, it explains the roles of key network elements like the mobile station, base station subsystem, visitor location register, home location register, equipment identity register, authentication center, and operations and maintenance center.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including its history, standards, architecture, entities, interfaces, addresses and identifiers. The main points are:
- GSM is a cellular network standard used by mobile phones that aims to support international roaming, good call quality, and low terminal/service costs.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, a network switching subsystem, an operations support subsystem, and data infrastructure.
- Key entities include the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register.
- GSM
The document discusses various topics related to mobile network architecture including:
- 2G network elements like BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, GMSC, SMSC and their functions.
- 2.5G network elements like SGSN, GGSN that enabled packet-switched data access over GSM networks.
- 3G network architecture including UTRAN, NodeB, RNC, core network elements.
- Frequency reuse techniques used in cellular networks to optimize spectrum usage and increase capacity.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) including its key objectives, services offered, network architecture and components, operations, signaling, and other aspects. The main points are:
GSM aims to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low-cost devices, high-quality voice calls, and support for new data services. The core network consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and operation support subsystems. GSM uses TDMA/FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously and efficiently. Signaling in GSM networks allows for call establishment, management, and control between different network elements.
UMTS is the 3G cellular technology standardized in Europe. It uses W-CDMA for its air interface and builds upon the existing GSM infrastructure, making it compatible with 2G networks. The basic UMTS network architecture consists of user equipment connecting to an access network, which connects to the core network and other networks. The access network uses Node B base stations and radio network controllers. The core network uses many of the same components as GSM like mobility management.
The switching system allows calls to be set up between the mobile station (MS) and other networks. It involves switching and routing calls as well as checking various registers for location, subscription, and equipment information. The key nodes are the MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR, AUC, EIR, and SMS-C. The MSC/VLR handles call setup, authentication, and maintaining connections to moving subscribers. The GMSC routes incoming calls to the correct MSC/VLR. The HLR and VLR contain subscription and location information for routing calls and updating location.
The document discusses the architecture of a GSM network. It describes the key components including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) consisting of base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). The MS communicates with the BTS, while the BSC manages several BTS. The MSC then routes calls between the mobile network and fixed networks, assisted by the HLR for subscriber data and VLR for temporary data.
This document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture. It describes the basic network structures including cells, location areas, MSC service areas, PLMN service areas, and GSM service areas. It also describes the functions of key network elements like the mobile station, base station system, visitor location register, home location register, equipment identity register, and authentication center. Finally, it discusses the operations and maintenance center and its functions for monitoring and controlling the network.
This document describes a system for remotely controlling a captive power plant using GSM technology. The system uses a GSM modem connected to a microcontroller to send and receive SMS commands to switch a power supply between a main electricity grid and on-site generator. The user can monitor parameters like fuel level, temperature and control starting/stopping the generator via SMS messages. This provides remote control and monitoring of the power plant without needing wired connections where they may not be feasible.
The document summarizes the key elements of the GSM network architecture, including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS handles communication with mobile devices and includes base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC). The NSS provides core network functions and includes mobile switching centers (MSC), home location registers (HLR), visitor location registers (VLR), and other elements. The OSS monitors and controls the overall network.
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
SMS (Short Message Service) allows users to send and receive text messages to and from mobile devices. SMS was introduced in 1991 in Europe and is supported on major mobile networks like GSM, GPRS, and CDMA. SMS messages can contain up to 160 Latin characters or 70 Unicode characters and are sent and received via Short Message Entities and a Short Message Service Center, which stores and forwards messages between mobile stations and networks.
The document discusses Wide Band Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and provides details about its history, frequency bands used, network architecture, channels, and key components like Node B, RNC, CN, HLR, VLR, AuC, EIR, and OMC. WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication system standardized by ITU in 1985 as IMT-2000. It uses CDMA technology and allows multiple users to access the same frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique codes.
CDMA Wireless Intelligent Network for Advanced Short Messaging ServicesShameer KC
This document proposes implementing an intelligent CDMA network framework called WIN-SMS that would allow for advanced SMS services. It details trigger detection points and messaging that would need to be defined to support WIN processing for SMS scenarios. This would provide a common billing platform and ability to implement advanced SMS features similarly to voice call services. Some key benefits include easier development of new services and a unified approach to billing, though it could impact network capacity. The framework would distribute service logic across network components using standardized interfaces.
The document discusses Short Message Service (SMS) and its strengths and architecture. It describes how SMS uses signaling channels to transmit short messages of up to 160 characters globally. SMS is stateless, asynchronous, and always connected. The document outlines the SMS architecture including Short Message Mobile Terminated (SMMT) and Short Message Mobile Originated (SMMO) processes. It also discusses how SMS can be used as an information bearer and for value-added services and location-based services.
Mobile Communication Services CONTRACT NO DMS 1011 008BMike Wood
This document outlines the technical requirements for a mobile communication services contract between DMS and Sprint, including requirements for voice services, cellular wireless data services, transmitted data security, closed user groups, IP addressing schemes, IPSec VPN tunnels, wireless devices, emergency operations, security features, service monitoring tools, and customer support. Key aspects include segregating traffic into closed user groups with unique IPSec tunnels to MFN, support for public and private IP addresses assigned to devices, and failover between primary and secondary network connections.
The document provides a software requirements specification for a GSM based e-notice board system. The system allows messages to be displayed on an LCD notice board by sending SMS texts from an authorized mobile phone to a GSM receiver module. It details the required system functionality, hardware and software requirements, theoretical foundation, system specifications including models and diagrams, task analysis and schedule. The system is designed to replace manual notice boards and allow remote updating of messages in an instantaneous manner through SMS.
2G...All about second generation of cellular networks.Muhammad Ahad
2nd generation mobile networks used digital technology to transmit voice calls and basic data via SMS. GSM was the first digital standard, using either TDMA or CDMA. GSM offered teleservices like calls and voicemail, bearer services for data transport, and supplementary services like call forwarding. It operated using TDMA, dividing frequencies into time slots for multiple access. Voice was digitized and encrypted for features like error correction. Subscriber identity was based on SIM cards containing keys and identifiers. CDMA used spread spectrum and unique codes to allow multiple devices on the same frequency band simultaneously. GSM consisted of the base station system for radio access, the network switching subsystem for call processing, and the operation and support system for
This document discusses MPEG Modern Transport over Networks and addresses three key areas: 1) Developing a transport and file format friendly stream format for peer-to-peer video streaming, 2) Enabling interoperability for cross-layer optimizations between video and transport layers, and 3) Advancing context- and content-aware networks. The document outlines challenges and opportunities for MPEG standards to support new streaming and delivery mechanisms like P2P and address the blurring line between coding and transport layers with developments like scalable video coding and media-aware networks.
El documento habla sobre Grupo Bono Incentivo, una compañía formada por dos empresas con más de 25 años de experiencia en regalos promocionales y viajes de incentivo. Ofrecen una variedad de productos como bonos de viaje, cruceros y experiencias para aumentar las ventas de otras compañías. Detalla algunos de sus productos principales como bonos para vuelos nacionales e internacionales, cruceros y paquetes de viaje a Europa. Explica el proceso de reserva para canjear los bonos.
This document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture. It describes the key components and their functions, including cells, location areas, MSC service areas, PLMN service areas, and the GSM service area. It also discusses the relationships between these areas. Additionally, it explains the roles of key network elements like the mobile station, base station subsystem, visitor location register, home location register, equipment identity register, authentication center, and operations and maintenance center.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including its history, standards, architecture, entities, interfaces, addresses and identifiers. The main points are:
- GSM is a cellular network standard used by mobile phones that aims to support international roaming, good call quality, and low terminal/service costs.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, a network switching subsystem, an operations support subsystem, and data infrastructure.
- Key entities include the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register.
- GSM
The document discusses various topics related to mobile network architecture including:
- 2G network elements like BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, GMSC, SMSC and their functions.
- 2.5G network elements like SGSN, GGSN that enabled packet-switched data access over GSM networks.
- 3G network architecture including UTRAN, NodeB, RNC, core network elements.
- Frequency reuse techniques used in cellular networks to optimize spectrum usage and increase capacity.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) including its key objectives, services offered, network architecture and components, operations, signaling, and other aspects. The main points are:
GSM aims to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low-cost devices, high-quality voice calls, and support for new data services. The core network consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and operation support subsystems. GSM uses TDMA/FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously and efficiently. Signaling in GSM networks allows for call establishment, management, and control between different network elements.
UMTS is the 3G cellular technology standardized in Europe. It uses W-CDMA for its air interface and builds upon the existing GSM infrastructure, making it compatible with 2G networks. The basic UMTS network architecture consists of user equipment connecting to an access network, which connects to the core network and other networks. The access network uses Node B base stations and radio network controllers. The core network uses many of the same components as GSM like mobility management.
The switching system allows calls to be set up between the mobile station (MS) and other networks. It involves switching and routing calls as well as checking various registers for location, subscription, and equipment information. The key nodes are the MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR, AUC, EIR, and SMS-C. The MSC/VLR handles call setup, authentication, and maintaining connections to moving subscribers. The GMSC routes incoming calls to the correct MSC/VLR. The HLR and VLR contain subscription and location information for routing calls and updating location.
The document discusses the architecture of a GSM network. It describes the key components including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) consisting of base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). The MS communicates with the BTS, while the BSC manages several BTS. The MSC then routes calls between the mobile network and fixed networks, assisted by the HLR for subscriber data and VLR for temporary data.
This document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture. It describes the basic network structures including cells, location areas, MSC service areas, PLMN service areas, and GSM service areas. It also describes the functions of key network elements like the mobile station, base station system, visitor location register, home location register, equipment identity register, and authentication center. Finally, it discusses the operations and maintenance center and its functions for monitoring and controlling the network.
This document describes a system for remotely controlling a captive power plant using GSM technology. The system uses a GSM modem connected to a microcontroller to send and receive SMS commands to switch a power supply between a main electricity grid and on-site generator. The user can monitor parameters like fuel level, temperature and control starting/stopping the generator via SMS messages. This provides remote control and monitoring of the power plant without needing wired connections where they may not be feasible.
The document summarizes the key elements of the GSM network architecture, including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS handles communication with mobile devices and includes base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC). The NSS provides core network functions and includes mobile switching centers (MSC), home location registers (HLR), visitor location registers (VLR), and other elements. The OSS monitors and controls the overall network.
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
SMS (Short Message Service) allows users to send and receive text messages to and from mobile devices. SMS was introduced in 1991 in Europe and is supported on major mobile networks like GSM, GPRS, and CDMA. SMS messages can contain up to 160 Latin characters or 70 Unicode characters and are sent and received via Short Message Entities and a Short Message Service Center, which stores and forwards messages between mobile stations and networks.
The document discusses Wide Band Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and provides details about its history, frequency bands used, network architecture, channels, and key components like Node B, RNC, CN, HLR, VLR, AuC, EIR, and OMC. WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication system standardized by ITU in 1985 as IMT-2000. It uses CDMA technology and allows multiple users to access the same frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique codes.
CDMA Wireless Intelligent Network for Advanced Short Messaging ServicesShameer KC
This document proposes implementing an intelligent CDMA network framework called WIN-SMS that would allow for advanced SMS services. It details trigger detection points and messaging that would need to be defined to support WIN processing for SMS scenarios. This would provide a common billing platform and ability to implement advanced SMS features similarly to voice call services. Some key benefits include easier development of new services and a unified approach to billing, though it could impact network capacity. The framework would distribute service logic across network components using standardized interfaces.
The document discusses Short Message Service (SMS) and its strengths and architecture. It describes how SMS uses signaling channels to transmit short messages of up to 160 characters globally. SMS is stateless, asynchronous, and always connected. The document outlines the SMS architecture including Short Message Mobile Terminated (SMMT) and Short Message Mobile Originated (SMMO) processes. It also discusses how SMS can be used as an information bearer and for value-added services and location-based services.
Mobile Communication Services CONTRACT NO DMS 1011 008BMike Wood
This document outlines the technical requirements for a mobile communication services contract between DMS and Sprint, including requirements for voice services, cellular wireless data services, transmitted data security, closed user groups, IP addressing schemes, IPSec VPN tunnels, wireless devices, emergency operations, security features, service monitoring tools, and customer support. Key aspects include segregating traffic into closed user groups with unique IPSec tunnels to MFN, support for public and private IP addresses assigned to devices, and failover between primary and secondary network connections.
The document provides a software requirements specification for a GSM based e-notice board system. The system allows messages to be displayed on an LCD notice board by sending SMS texts from an authorized mobile phone to a GSM receiver module. It details the required system functionality, hardware and software requirements, theoretical foundation, system specifications including models and diagrams, task analysis and schedule. The system is designed to replace manual notice boards and allow remote updating of messages in an instantaneous manner through SMS.
2G...All about second generation of cellular networks.Muhammad Ahad
2nd generation mobile networks used digital technology to transmit voice calls and basic data via SMS. GSM was the first digital standard, using either TDMA or CDMA. GSM offered teleservices like calls and voicemail, bearer services for data transport, and supplementary services like call forwarding. It operated using TDMA, dividing frequencies into time slots for multiple access. Voice was digitized and encrypted for features like error correction. Subscriber identity was based on SIM cards containing keys and identifiers. CDMA used spread spectrum and unique codes to allow multiple devices on the same frequency band simultaneously. GSM consisted of the base station system for radio access, the network switching subsystem for call processing, and the operation and support system for
This document discusses MPEG Modern Transport over Networks and addresses three key areas: 1) Developing a transport and file format friendly stream format for peer-to-peer video streaming, 2) Enabling interoperability for cross-layer optimizations between video and transport layers, and 3) Advancing context- and content-aware networks. The document outlines challenges and opportunities for MPEG standards to support new streaming and delivery mechanisms like P2P and address the blurring line between coding and transport layers with developments like scalable video coding and media-aware networks.
El documento habla sobre Grupo Bono Incentivo, una compañía formada por dos empresas con más de 25 años de experiencia en regalos promocionales y viajes de incentivo. Ofrecen una variedad de productos como bonos de viaje, cruceros y experiencias para aumentar las ventas de otras compañías. Detalla algunos de sus productos principales como bonos para vuelos nacionales e internacionales, cruceros y paquetes de viaje a Europa. Explica el proceso de reserva para canjear los bonos.
CRoPs is an online personal marketing plan tool used to organize a user's top 36 key contacts which are made up of 12 key clients, 10 vital referral opportunities, and 14 coveted prospects. The tool allows users to view these contacts at a glance, position themselves as industry experts through content delivery, track deals and referrals, and monitor contact with these key relationships through a color-coded dashboard system. It provides benefits like keeping contacts and their information centralized, accountability for staying in contact with clients and prospects, and prompts for regular interaction and communication with top contacts.
Este documento describe una maqueta de la ciudad de Karnak en Egipto. La maqueta se basa en la cuidad de Karnak, un sitio religioso importante conocido por sus grandes templos. La maqueta fue construida con materiales como cartón paja, cartulina de colores, pinturas y silicona líquida para representar de manera abstracta algunos templos como símbolos religiosos y de poder.
Este documento presenta un libro sobre esoterismo que busca compartir conocimientos espirituales de manera sencilla y científica. El libro contiene 17 capítulos sobre temas como los mundos invisibles, la evolución de la vida, los cuerpos sutiles del hombre, la reencarnación, la meditación y más. El autor espera que este libro guíe a los lectores en su búsqueda de la verdad interior.
Este documento presenta una serie de actividades relacionadas con los hábitos de estudio. La primera actividad consiste en una encuesta sobre hábitos de estudio en la que los estudiantes deben indicar si siempre, a veces o nunca realizan ciertas acciones relacionadas con el estudio. La segunda actividad pide a los estudiantes que completen un mapa conceptual sobre buenos hábitos de estudio. La tercera actividad propone ejercicios de atención y concentración como subrayar letras en un texto.
La Basílica de San Apolinar in Classe es una iglesia situada en Rávena, Italia, construida en el siglo VI d.C. Presenta una planta basilical de tres naves separadas por columnas de mármol, con un ábside poligonal y dos capillas laterales. El interior destaca por sus mosaicos decorativos y su luminosidad gracias a la luz reflejada en las columnas de mármol. Actualmente es considerado un ejemplo temprano del arte bizantino en Italia.
Este documento presenta una agenda para un módulo de capacitación sobre estudios sociales que cubre temas como la democracia representativa, la estructura de gobierno, acontecimientos nacionales e internacionales clave en El Salvador desde 1900 hasta 1989, e incluye fechas importantes.
El documento describe la importancia de la estructura organizacional para las empresas. Explica que la estructura organizacional proporciona claridad sobre las relaciones de autoridad y responsabilidad, mejora la eficiencia al brindar guía a los empleados, y facilita el crecimiento de la empresa. También resume los diferentes tipos de estructuras organizacionales como la lineal, en comité, y modelos como el trébol, equipos y racimos, y adhocrático.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, describing its three main subsystems and their network elements. The Network Switching Subsystem includes elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR, AC and EIR and handles call control, mobility management, and subscriber data. The Base Station Subsystem includes the BSC, BTS and TC and manages radio resources and synchronization. The Network Management Subsystem handles operation and maintenance of the entire network. Key interfaces that connect these subsystems are also described.
La alarma ChevyStar inteligente tiene un sistema de control remoto no clonable con código de seguridad de 5 dígitos. Cuenta con características como armado automático pasivo, encendido de seguridad del vehículo en caso de pérdida del control remoto ingresando la clave a través del switch de ignición, y la opción de cambiar el código de seguridad. El manejo de la alarma es fácil cuando el usuario revisa el manual y recuerda que todo se soluciona con la clave.
- GSM is a standard for 2G digital cellular networks that uses narrowband TDMA. It describes protocols for features like GPRS, EDGE, authentication, encryption, and more.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile equipment (handsets), a base station subsystem for radio network management, a network switching subsystem for call routing, and a network management subsystem.
- Key aspects include the SIM card for user identification, base transceiver stations for radio signals, transcoding between speech formats, home and visitor location registers for subscriber data, and authentication centers for security.
GSM is a digital cellular network standard that allows users to roam internationally. It has a modular architecture consisting of mobile stations, base station subsystems, and network switching subsystems. The mobile station includes a mobile equipment and SIM card. The base station subsystem comprises base transceiver stations and base station controllers. The network switching subsystem contains mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers that manage subscriber data and authentication. GSM uses cellular networks of hexagonal cells connected to base station controllers and switching centers to provide coverage over wide geographic areas.
This document provides information about the M.Tech. programs offered at IIT Madras for the year 2013, including details about admissions, programs, facilities, and research. It outlines the admission process for different categories of applicants, minimum eligibility requirements, available financial assistance, reservation of seats, program highlights by department, and research facilities. The core contents include information on M.Tech. admissions, programs offered, admission procedures and categories, eligibility, fees, departmental programs, student amenities, and research facilities.
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cip...Rui Miguel
Este documento promueve la creación de presentaciones Haiku Deck en SlideShare, ofreciendo a los usuarios inspirados la posibilidad de diseñar sus propias presentaciones en esta plataforma de manera sencilla.
Mirko Lorenz Data Driven Journalism Overview Seminar Ordine dei Giornalisti d...Massimiliano Crosato
A seminar by Mirko Lorenz @MIRKOLORENZ (EJC European Journalism Center) on Data Driven Journalism topics at Ordine dei Giornalisti del Veneto, Venezia. 14 April 2015 #DDJ
Este documento presenta ideas originales para las fotografías de una boda, incluyendo estilos como vintage, blanco y negro, sepia, y modernas. También propone sesiones de fotos "Trash the dress" después de la boda, donde la pareja puede divertirse ensuciando sus trajes sin preocuparse. El objetivo es capturar la esencia de los novios y el evento de maneras creativas y no convencionales.
1. El documento describe varias infecciones cutáneas bacterianas comunes en pediatría, incluyendo el impétigo, dermatitis perianal bacteriana, foliculitis, forúnculos y ántrax. Proporciona recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento antibiótico apropiado para cada infección.
2. En general, los antibióticos tópicos como mupirocina y ácido fusídico son adecuados para infecciones cutáneas leves, mientras que los antibióticos sistémicos como penicilina, amo
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. It discusses:
1. The key features of GSM that have led to its popularity, including international roaming, low-cost devices, high quality speech, and support for new services.
2. The different areas that make up a GSM network, including cells, location areas, MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile networks (PLMNs).
3. The main components of the GSM network architecture, which are the mobile station, base station subsystem (BSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS handles communication with
The GSM network architecture consists of four major elements: the mobile station, the base station subsystem, the network switching subsystem, and network coverage. The base station subsystem includes base transceiver stations that communicate directly with mobile stations and base station controllers that manage radio resources. The network switching subsystem contains elements like the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center that provide core network functionality and control. Together these elements allow mobile users to connect to the network and have their calls routed and managed across the coverage area.
The document summarizes the architecture of the GSM network. It is divided into four main parts: the Mobile Station, the Base Station Subsystem, the Network and Switching Subsystem, and the Operation and Support Subsystem. The Mobile Station consists of the SIM card and mobile equipment. The Base Station Subsystem provides the interface between the mobile station and the network subsystem and manages radio resources. The Network and Switching Subsystem manages communications and includes databases for subscriber information. The Operation and Support Subsystem controls and monitors the entire GSM system.
1. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, and a network switching subsystem. Mobile stations communicate with base station subsystems via radio channels. The network switching subsystem connects the GSM network to other networks like PSTN and manages subscriber data and mobility.
2. Key components include the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. The mobile station communicates with the base transceiver station via radio channels. The base station controller manages radio resources and handovers. The mobile switching center handles calls and subscriber data.
3. When a call is made, the mobile station is authenticated and a
The document describes the key components and architecture of a GSM network. It discusses the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) including base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem (NSS) including the mobile switching center (MSC). The BSS provides the radio link between the MS and MSC, while the NSS performs call switching and manages subscriber services and mobility. Together these components allow mobile users to make calls, receive calls and obtain billing within the cellular network and when roaming between networks.
GSM(Global system for mobile communication ) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
Problems on understanding old radiomobile technologies? Do you need something fast and useful for refreshing your knowledgs? Have a look on this document! Very easy and customized for everybody...from beginners to advanced engineers!
GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, and a network switching subsystem. The mobile station includes a mobile equipment and SIM card. The base station subsystem is made up of base transceiver stations that communicate with mobile stations and base station controllers that manage radio resources. The network switching subsystem contains key components like mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and an authentication center that help manage subscriber location and authentication.
Cellular telephone networks allow subscribers to have wireless connections to nearby transmitters through short-wave analog or digital telecommunication. The network is distributed over land areas divided into cells, each served by a fixed-location transceiver known as a base station. Base stations provide network coverage for transmission of voice, data, and other services within each cell using different frequencies to avoid interference. Key components of cellular networks include mobile switching centers that route calls and SMS, home location registers that store subscriber details, visitor location registers that store details of roaming subscribers, base station controllers that handle radio channels and handovers, and base transceiver stations that transmit and receive radio signals.
The GSM system architecture is divided into three major systems: the Switching System (SS), the Base Station System (BSS), and the Operation and Support System (OSS). The SS handles call processing and subscriber functions and includes the MSC, HLR, VLR, and other registers. The BSS handles radio functions and includes the BSC and BTS. The OSS manages errors, configuration, faults, and performance across the network. Key interfaces include the A interface between MSC and BSS, the B interface between MSC and VLR, and the Um interface between MS and BTS.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
The document provides an overview of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technologies and architecture. It discusses the objectives of explaining the GSM architecture and its subsystems. The key components of GSM architecture include the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the networking switching subsystem containing elements like the home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. The document also outlines the history and evolution of GSM standards, advantages like worldwide connectivity and mobility, and applications including mobile telephony and automatic meter reading.
1) 3G networks combine developments in cellular networks, fixed-line networks, and the internet to provide flexible access to any service regardless of location.
2) First generation networks provided analog voice calls with low quality and security. Second generation networks like GSM introduced digital cellular and allowed data services.
3) A GSM network includes mobile stations, a base station subsystem with base transceiver stations and base station controllers, a network switching subsystem with mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and connections to public switched telephone networks.
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
The document discusses the basics of mobile communication and GSM technology. It introduces the concept of cellular networks using small cells with frequency reuse. It describes the different types of cells used and how capacity is increased through sectorization and cell splitting. The document outlines the key components of GSM architecture including the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR and their functions. It also discusses GSM identities, frequency bands, and the evolution of mobile communication technologies.
The document describes the key components and features of a mobile station. It discusses the mobile equipment (ME) which contains the radio components and allows network access. It also describes the subscriber identity module (SIM) card which provides subscriber information to allow chargeable calls and personalize the ME. It outlines the basic, supplementary and additional features a mobile station may have such as calling number display, keypad functions and short message capabilities.
The document provides an overview of the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) network architecture. It describes the key components including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and networking switching subsystem. The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and SIM card. The base station subsystem comprises the base transceiver station and base station controller. The networking switching subsystem contains elements like the home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. The document also discusses the history and evolution of GSM technology, advantages and disadvantages of GSM, and applications of GSM networks.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile telecommunication system. It discusses the architecture and components of GSM, including the radio subsystem (RSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation subsystem (OSS). It describes the protocols and services in GSM like bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services. It also explains key concepts like connection establishment, frequency allocation bands, and mobility management in GSM networks.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
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Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.