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This document discusses the concepts of "hydro-pessimism" and "hydro-optimism" in discussions around water access and justice. It examines how Johannesburg and Khartoum represent both the "pessimism of intelligence" and the "optimism of the will" in their approaches. It also analyzes challenges around water pricing, inequalities, and scarcity in urban water management. Finally, it explores how conceptions of justice could influence research programs on water issues, focusing on utilitarian, Rawlsian, Marxist, and procedural views of justice.
























