This document discusses mapping poverty in the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin using small area estimation techniques. It notes that direct survey estimates have large standard errors for small areas due to small sample sizes. Small area estimation methods "borrow strength" from related areas through statistical models linking variables of interest to supplementary census and survey data. Commonly used SAE techniques include empirical Bayes, hierarchical Bayes, and empirical best linear unbiased prediction procedures. The document indicates these methods will be used to estimate poverty at the district level in the river basin.
Area description of Kabe (Dagnu) watershed, EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Minota at the Stakeholders’ Workshop on Enhancing Communities’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Induced Water Scarcity in Kabe Watershed, South Wollo Zone, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, 24-25 November 2011.
3 operation & maintenance costs of rwss in sa presentationIRC
The document summarizes a study on the operation and maintenance costs of rural water supply schemes in South Africa. It finds that the actual annual costs per household were higher in Chris Hani DM (USD 76.91) than in Alfred Nzo DM (USD 33.05) due to Chris Hani having larger infrastructure and a greater number of households served. Engineering cost estimation methods significantly underestimated actual costs compared to activity-based costing. Costs were highly influenced by support, transportation, materials, and repairs. Economies of scale were observed but schemes remained sensitive to infrastructure types.
How to reduce the water footprint and improve food security in mountain communities. Presented by Hans Schreier at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
This document presents a study that developed a Water Poverty Index (WPI) to compare water resources and access to water services across four counties in Kenya - Nairobi, Kiambu, Murang'a, and Nyandarua. The study calculated components of the WPI, including water availability, use, capacity, access, and environment for each county. It found that counties with more available water resources did not necessarily have higher access to water and sanitation. The study provides policy recommendations to improve water management and sharing of resources between counties.
This document discusses the development and application of the Water Poverty Index (WPI) as a tool for monitoring progress on water issues and prioritizing investments. The WPI is calculated based on 5 components - resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. It has been applied at national, provincial, and local levels in over 148 countries. The WPI provides a simple yet comprehensive way to assess water poverty situations and identify areas needing the most attention.
Conservation biology of freshwater and marine ecosystemsMarco Pautasso
Conservation biology of freshwater and marine ecosystems, river catchments and deadwood, river restoration projects, stream macro-invertebrates, pond biodiversity in golf courses, agriculture intensity, land sharing vs. land sparing, integrating terrestrial and freshwater conservation
Rethinking Poverty and Inequality Measurement in Arab CountriesUnicefMaroc
Présentation de Khalid Abu Ismail, Conseiller en pauvreté et macroéconomie, Bureau régional du PNUD Caire, Egypte, à la Conférence Internationale d'Experts sur la mesure et les approches politiques pour améliorer l'équité pour les nouvelles générations dans la région MENA à Rabat, Maroc du 22 au 23 mai 2012.
Jeremy Bird, Director General of IWMI, discusses the huge water management challenges facing India and shows how IWMI’s research can contribute to effective and sustainable solutions.
Area description of Kabe (Dagnu) watershed, EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Minota at the Stakeholders’ Workshop on Enhancing Communities’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Induced Water Scarcity in Kabe Watershed, South Wollo Zone, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, 24-25 November 2011.
3 operation & maintenance costs of rwss in sa presentationIRC
The document summarizes a study on the operation and maintenance costs of rural water supply schemes in South Africa. It finds that the actual annual costs per household were higher in Chris Hani DM (USD 76.91) than in Alfred Nzo DM (USD 33.05) due to Chris Hani having larger infrastructure and a greater number of households served. Engineering cost estimation methods significantly underestimated actual costs compared to activity-based costing. Costs were highly influenced by support, transportation, materials, and repairs. Economies of scale were observed but schemes remained sensitive to infrastructure types.
How to reduce the water footprint and improve food security in mountain communities. Presented by Hans Schreier at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
This document presents a study that developed a Water Poverty Index (WPI) to compare water resources and access to water services across four counties in Kenya - Nairobi, Kiambu, Murang'a, and Nyandarua. The study calculated components of the WPI, including water availability, use, capacity, access, and environment for each county. It found that counties with more available water resources did not necessarily have higher access to water and sanitation. The study provides policy recommendations to improve water management and sharing of resources between counties.
This document discusses the development and application of the Water Poverty Index (WPI) as a tool for monitoring progress on water issues and prioritizing investments. The WPI is calculated based on 5 components - resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. It has been applied at national, provincial, and local levels in over 148 countries. The WPI provides a simple yet comprehensive way to assess water poverty situations and identify areas needing the most attention.
Conservation biology of freshwater and marine ecosystemsMarco Pautasso
Conservation biology of freshwater and marine ecosystems, river catchments and deadwood, river restoration projects, stream macro-invertebrates, pond biodiversity in golf courses, agriculture intensity, land sharing vs. land sparing, integrating terrestrial and freshwater conservation
Rethinking Poverty and Inequality Measurement in Arab CountriesUnicefMaroc
Présentation de Khalid Abu Ismail, Conseiller en pauvreté et macroéconomie, Bureau régional du PNUD Caire, Egypte, à la Conférence Internationale d'Experts sur la mesure et les approches politiques pour améliorer l'équité pour les nouvelles générations dans la région MENA à Rabat, Maroc du 22 au 23 mai 2012.
Jeremy Bird, Director General of IWMI, discusses the huge water management challenges facing India and shows how IWMI’s research can contribute to effective and sustainable solutions.
The document summarizes a Seattle Food System Enhancement Project conducted from 2005-2007. It involved assessing the food systems and greenhouse gas emissions related to food in two Seattle neighborhoods. Key findings included that a local plate of food emits 33% less greenhouse gases than imported food. Recommendations focused on promoting local food and educating about its environmental benefits.
FLE2012 - 8nov: Lucas Simons (voedselschaarste)MVO Nederland
This document summarizes challenges facing the agricultural sector and strategies for promoting sustainability. It notes that agriculture is an unsustainable sector due to factors like ineffective policies, low productivity, and lack of market demand for sustainable products. This leads to problems like environmental degradation. The document then discusses how Douwe Egberts coffee company could use its position to increase consumer demand for sustainable coffee and help prevent issues like food scarcity. Finally, it outlines a 4-step model for creating an efficient agricultural finance market that could help boost investment and sustainability.
This document provides an overview of Indonesia's agricultural sector development from 1961 to 2001 and beyond. It analyzes growth in output, inputs, and total factor productivity during different periods. The Old Order era from 1961-1965 saw a focus on machinery expansion that did not lead to steady growth. The New Order era from 1966-1998 brought government intervention and 5-year plans that supported steady input and output increases. The reform era saw a drop in inputs and productivity during the financial crisis of 1999-2001 but efforts to stabilize the economy and support farmers. Productivity reached record highs after 2003.
The team characterized the reservoir and found an original oil in place (OOIP) of 63.31 million stock tank barrels (MMSTB). Current recovery is 41.3% of the OOIP, leaving 37.14 MMSTB remaining. The team recommends expanding injector lines to improve the ineffective waterflood and recover more of the remaining 6% of OOIP valued at $410 million.
The document summarizes population trends in Pakistan from 1950 to 2030. It shows that the urban population has steadily increased over time, growing from 6.5 million in 1950 to an projected 49.8% of the total population by 2030. Meanwhile, the rural population and total population have also increased overall. The urbanization rate increased significantly from 22.1% in 1950 to a projected 49.8% in 2030, with the largest cities like Karachi experiencing the most growth.
The document analyzes population trends in Pakistan from 1950 to 2030, showing that the urban population has increased dramatically from 6.5 million in 1950 to an estimated 125 million in 2030, while the rural population has remained relatively steady. It also examines the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, which has grown from 22.1% in 1950 to an estimated 49.8% in 2030, as well as the average annual growth rates of the urban population in different time periods. Major urban centers like Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad have also increased their share of the total urban population over time.
Managing Risk and Low Productivity of Rainfed Agriculture through Nationwide Water Harvesting Initiative in India
Bharat R Sharma
IWMI, New Delhi
International Conference on “Water- Harvesting, Storage and Conservation”,
November 23-24, 2009; IIT, Kanpur, India
Climate Change and Agriculture: Building Resilience Through Better Water Management in Southern Africa
David Molden
International Water
Management Institute
The document provides an overview of viewership for morning shows across various channels from January 2010 to March 2011. Some key findings include:
1) The morning time slot (9:00-12:00) had significantly higher viewership than other time bands and remained in the third or fourth position each quarter.
2) Geo Entertainment gained the highest average viewership for morning shows, followed by ARY Digital and TV One in 2011.
3) Special theme weeks, like wedding celebrations, saw a significant jump in viewership for channels compared to regular weeks.
Climate Change Indicators and Impacts: Bangladesh Scenario_Saeed Ahmed SiddiqueeJahangirnagar University
This document discusses climate change indicators and impacts in Bangladesh. It analyzes trends in seasonal variation, natural hazards, climate/water patterns, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, food intake, migration, income/poverty in three regions of Bangladesh prone to cyclones, floods, and drought. Recommended adaptation measures are provided for agriculture, water resources, fisheries, health/hygiene, disaster risk reduction, food security. The conclusion cites a Cree Indian proverb about environmental protection.
This document provides an overview of key environmental trends and projections to 2050 according to the OECD Environmental Outlook. It finds that global population and GDP will continue growing significantly by 2050, increasing pressure on natural resources and the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions are projected to rise substantially by 2050 under a business as usual scenario, threatening the goal of limiting global warming to 2°C. Water demand is also expected to increase sharply, exacerbating water stress in many regions. The document examines policy scenarios that could help put the world on a more sustainable path through actions like pricing pollution and improving resource efficiency.
The multi-sector needs assessment found that over 5 million people in Sindh and Balochistan provinces were affected by the floods, with millions displaced. Key challenges included damaged infrastructure like bridges and roads, loss of crops and livestock, and lack of access to services. In both provinces, floods and flash floods were major hazards. Recommended measures included building flood protection infrastructure, improving drainage, and making communities more disaster resilient. Over half of surveyed villages in Sindh reported floods the prior year as well.
The multi-cluster needs assessment provides preliminary findings on the impact of floods in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. Key findings include:
- Over 5 million people across 16 districts in Sindh and 11 districts in Balochistan have been affected, with 4.82 million people affected in Sindh and 332,000 affected in Balochistan.
- Common challenges faced after floods include damaged/destroyed homes, lack of food and clean water, impacts to livelihoods like lost livestock and crops, and damage to community infrastructure like bridges and roads.
- Over one third of villages in some areas remain flooded and displacement remains an issue, though most have returned home. Food insecurity
Higher Education in Nepal Roundtable Discussion March 7, 2013AsianStudies At Msu
This document summarizes the role and achievements of the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) in agricultural research and development in Nepal. NARC is the apex body for agricultural research with the goal of reducing poverty through technology development. Some key points:
- NARC has developed improved varieties of major crops like rice, wheat, and maize that have increased yields and are adopted in over 80% of crop areas.
- Technologies have been developed to increase incomes through horticultural crops, livestock and fisheries.
- Climate resilient and drought/disease tolerant varieties of crops like rice, maize and wheat have been developed to adapt to climate change impacts.
- International recognition was received for developing rust
The document provides an overview of factors related to retirement planning. It discusses demographic trends such as increasing life expectancies and population aging. It also covers retirement environment factors like healthcare costs and taxes. The document reviews best practices for saving for retirement throughout one's career. It also examines considerations and trends for living in retirement, such as investing strategies and an increasing number of retirees re-entering the workforce.
Regional disparities in China have evolved significantly since the 1950s across three dimensions: overall, rural-urban, and inland-coastal. China's development strategies and economic policies, such as the focus on heavy industry in the 1950s, rural reforms in the late 1970s, and the opening up of coastal regions in the 1980s have impacted the level and nature of these disparities over time. Decentralization has also played a role by tying local government revenues more closely to performance but reducing inter-regional transfers. More recent policies like the Go West strategy have aimed to reduce disparities but uneven fiscal burdens remain a challenge.
The document discusses the author's interest in fish in the Mekong River from a food-poverty-environment perspective and questions around fish yields, demands, threats and research gaps. It notes that fish provide important food and livelihoods but yields are unclear and may be threatened by dams and other changes, and more study is needed on trends, demands, sustainability and management opportunities.
This document summarizes Utah's statewide growth trends and strategic transportation goals. It discusses preserving infrastructure through maintaining pavement and bridge conditions. It also aims to optimize mobility by reducing congestion along the Wasatch Front through projects like Mountain View Corridor and I-15 CORE. Improving safety is a priority, with the goal of zero fatalities and installing cable barriers. The document also discusses strengthening the economy through transportation projects that support thousands of private sector jobs.
Monitoring small piped water services in West AfricaIRC
This document summarizes monitoring of small piped water services in West Africa. It discusses how monitoring collects both technical and economic data, analyzes it using performance indicators, and reports results to stakeholders. Monitoring is required by law and conducted by private operators chosen through bids. It improves areas like preventive maintenance, water consumption, bill collection, and savings for system renewals. Challenges include supporting local stakeholders and facilitating dialogue. Monitoring should boost access to loans, private investment, and trust with donors while pooling resources across schemes.
John Njord and Carlos Braceras gave the this presentation to the Infrastructure and General Government Appropriations Subcommittee on January 31, 2012.
El documento presenta un índice de ambiente institucional para evaluar las instituciones relacionadas con los recursos hídricos en cuatro países andinos. Define las instituciones y describe cómo se estructuran las relaciones sociales. Explica cómo se puede observar el comportamiento institucional a nivel nacional y describe las variables consideradas en el cálculo del índice para cada país.
Este documento resume las principales conclusiones de un estudio sobre la pobreza y su relación con el acceso al agua en los Andes. Indica que los niveles más altos de pobreza se encuentran en las zonas andinas secas de Bolivia y Perú en comparación con las zonas costeras. También muestra que la pobreza está más concentrada en las zonas aguas arriba de las cuencas y que el acceso al riego reduce la probabilidad de pobreza. Finalmente, recomienda abordar la pobreza de manera multifacética y
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The document summarizes a Seattle Food System Enhancement Project conducted from 2005-2007. It involved assessing the food systems and greenhouse gas emissions related to food in two Seattle neighborhoods. Key findings included that a local plate of food emits 33% less greenhouse gases than imported food. Recommendations focused on promoting local food and educating about its environmental benefits.
FLE2012 - 8nov: Lucas Simons (voedselschaarste)MVO Nederland
This document summarizes challenges facing the agricultural sector and strategies for promoting sustainability. It notes that agriculture is an unsustainable sector due to factors like ineffective policies, low productivity, and lack of market demand for sustainable products. This leads to problems like environmental degradation. The document then discusses how Douwe Egberts coffee company could use its position to increase consumer demand for sustainable coffee and help prevent issues like food scarcity. Finally, it outlines a 4-step model for creating an efficient agricultural finance market that could help boost investment and sustainability.
This document provides an overview of Indonesia's agricultural sector development from 1961 to 2001 and beyond. It analyzes growth in output, inputs, and total factor productivity during different periods. The Old Order era from 1961-1965 saw a focus on machinery expansion that did not lead to steady growth. The New Order era from 1966-1998 brought government intervention and 5-year plans that supported steady input and output increases. The reform era saw a drop in inputs and productivity during the financial crisis of 1999-2001 but efforts to stabilize the economy and support farmers. Productivity reached record highs after 2003.
The team characterized the reservoir and found an original oil in place (OOIP) of 63.31 million stock tank barrels (MMSTB). Current recovery is 41.3% of the OOIP, leaving 37.14 MMSTB remaining. The team recommends expanding injector lines to improve the ineffective waterflood and recover more of the remaining 6% of OOIP valued at $410 million.
The document summarizes population trends in Pakistan from 1950 to 2030. It shows that the urban population has steadily increased over time, growing from 6.5 million in 1950 to an projected 49.8% of the total population by 2030. Meanwhile, the rural population and total population have also increased overall. The urbanization rate increased significantly from 22.1% in 1950 to a projected 49.8% in 2030, with the largest cities like Karachi experiencing the most growth.
The document analyzes population trends in Pakistan from 1950 to 2030, showing that the urban population has increased dramatically from 6.5 million in 1950 to an estimated 125 million in 2030, while the rural population has remained relatively steady. It also examines the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, which has grown from 22.1% in 1950 to an estimated 49.8% in 2030, as well as the average annual growth rates of the urban population in different time periods. Major urban centers like Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad have also increased their share of the total urban population over time.
Managing Risk and Low Productivity of Rainfed Agriculture through Nationwide Water Harvesting Initiative in India
Bharat R Sharma
IWMI, New Delhi
International Conference on “Water- Harvesting, Storage and Conservation”,
November 23-24, 2009; IIT, Kanpur, India
Climate Change and Agriculture: Building Resilience Through Better Water Management in Southern Africa
David Molden
International Water
Management Institute
The document provides an overview of viewership for morning shows across various channels from January 2010 to March 2011. Some key findings include:
1) The morning time slot (9:00-12:00) had significantly higher viewership than other time bands and remained in the third or fourth position each quarter.
2) Geo Entertainment gained the highest average viewership for morning shows, followed by ARY Digital and TV One in 2011.
3) Special theme weeks, like wedding celebrations, saw a significant jump in viewership for channels compared to regular weeks.
Climate Change Indicators and Impacts: Bangladesh Scenario_Saeed Ahmed SiddiqueeJahangirnagar University
This document discusses climate change indicators and impacts in Bangladesh. It analyzes trends in seasonal variation, natural hazards, climate/water patterns, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, food intake, migration, income/poverty in three regions of Bangladesh prone to cyclones, floods, and drought. Recommended adaptation measures are provided for agriculture, water resources, fisheries, health/hygiene, disaster risk reduction, food security. The conclusion cites a Cree Indian proverb about environmental protection.
This document provides an overview of key environmental trends and projections to 2050 according to the OECD Environmental Outlook. It finds that global population and GDP will continue growing significantly by 2050, increasing pressure on natural resources and the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions are projected to rise substantially by 2050 under a business as usual scenario, threatening the goal of limiting global warming to 2°C. Water demand is also expected to increase sharply, exacerbating water stress in many regions. The document examines policy scenarios that could help put the world on a more sustainable path through actions like pricing pollution and improving resource efficiency.
The multi-sector needs assessment found that over 5 million people in Sindh and Balochistan provinces were affected by the floods, with millions displaced. Key challenges included damaged infrastructure like bridges and roads, loss of crops and livestock, and lack of access to services. In both provinces, floods and flash floods were major hazards. Recommended measures included building flood protection infrastructure, improving drainage, and making communities more disaster resilient. Over half of surveyed villages in Sindh reported floods the prior year as well.
The multi-cluster needs assessment provides preliminary findings on the impact of floods in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. Key findings include:
- Over 5 million people across 16 districts in Sindh and 11 districts in Balochistan have been affected, with 4.82 million people affected in Sindh and 332,000 affected in Balochistan.
- Common challenges faced after floods include damaged/destroyed homes, lack of food and clean water, impacts to livelihoods like lost livestock and crops, and damage to community infrastructure like bridges and roads.
- Over one third of villages in some areas remain flooded and displacement remains an issue, though most have returned home. Food insecurity
Higher Education in Nepal Roundtable Discussion March 7, 2013AsianStudies At Msu
This document summarizes the role and achievements of the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) in agricultural research and development in Nepal. NARC is the apex body for agricultural research with the goal of reducing poverty through technology development. Some key points:
- NARC has developed improved varieties of major crops like rice, wheat, and maize that have increased yields and are adopted in over 80% of crop areas.
- Technologies have been developed to increase incomes through horticultural crops, livestock and fisheries.
- Climate resilient and drought/disease tolerant varieties of crops like rice, maize and wheat have been developed to adapt to climate change impacts.
- International recognition was received for developing rust
The document provides an overview of factors related to retirement planning. It discusses demographic trends such as increasing life expectancies and population aging. It also covers retirement environment factors like healthcare costs and taxes. The document reviews best practices for saving for retirement throughout one's career. It also examines considerations and trends for living in retirement, such as investing strategies and an increasing number of retirees re-entering the workforce.
Regional disparities in China have evolved significantly since the 1950s across three dimensions: overall, rural-urban, and inland-coastal. China's development strategies and economic policies, such as the focus on heavy industry in the 1950s, rural reforms in the late 1970s, and the opening up of coastal regions in the 1980s have impacted the level and nature of these disparities over time. Decentralization has also played a role by tying local government revenues more closely to performance but reducing inter-regional transfers. More recent policies like the Go West strategy have aimed to reduce disparities but uneven fiscal burdens remain a challenge.
The document discusses the author's interest in fish in the Mekong River from a food-poverty-environment perspective and questions around fish yields, demands, threats and research gaps. It notes that fish provide important food and livelihoods but yields are unclear and may be threatened by dams and other changes, and more study is needed on trends, demands, sustainability and management opportunities.
This document summarizes Utah's statewide growth trends and strategic transportation goals. It discusses preserving infrastructure through maintaining pavement and bridge conditions. It also aims to optimize mobility by reducing congestion along the Wasatch Front through projects like Mountain View Corridor and I-15 CORE. Improving safety is a priority, with the goal of zero fatalities and installing cable barriers. The document also discusses strengthening the economy through transportation projects that support thousands of private sector jobs.
Monitoring small piped water services in West AfricaIRC
This document summarizes monitoring of small piped water services in West Africa. It discusses how monitoring collects both technical and economic data, analyzes it using performance indicators, and reports results to stakeholders. Monitoring is required by law and conducted by private operators chosen through bids. It improves areas like preventive maintenance, water consumption, bill collection, and savings for system renewals. Challenges include supporting local stakeholders and facilitating dialogue. Monitoring should boost access to loans, private investment, and trust with donors while pooling resources across schemes.
John Njord and Carlos Braceras gave the this presentation to the Infrastructure and General Government Appropriations Subcommittee on January 31, 2012.
Similar to Water Poverty analysis in the Indo-Ganges BFP (20)
El documento presenta un índice de ambiente institucional para evaluar las instituciones relacionadas con los recursos hídricos en cuatro países andinos. Define las instituciones y describe cómo se estructuran las relaciones sociales. Explica cómo se puede observar el comportamiento institucional a nivel nacional y describe las variables consideradas en el cálculo del índice para cada país.
Este documento resume las principales conclusiones de un estudio sobre la pobreza y su relación con el acceso al agua en los Andes. Indica que los niveles más altos de pobreza se encuentran en las zonas andinas secas de Bolivia y Perú en comparación con las zonas costeras. También muestra que la pobreza está más concentrada en las zonas aguas arriba de las cuencas y que el acceso al riego reduce la probabilidad de pobreza. Finalmente, recomienda abordar la pobreza de manera multifacética y
The document summarizes outputs from the BFPANDES project, which include:
1. Capacity building for students, institutions, and project members through training and dissemination of tools and data.
2. Freely available reports, maps, and baseline data on water issues in the Andes, as well as the AguAAndes policy support system - a web-based tool for understanding impacts of policy options.
3. A survey of 80 water professionals found that soil erosion, agricultural livelihoods, institutional water management, access to water, and payments for ecosystem services were top priorities. Lack of available data and training were barriers to using existing policy support tools.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes basin and competing demands on land and water resources. It then summarizes baseline data on land use, GDP, irrigation and protected areas. Several key methods are discussed for analyzing water availability, including rainfall and evapotranspiration modeling. Results show areas of water deficit and surplus. Methods for analyzing water productivity through dry matter production are also summarized. The impacts of climate change, land use change, and protected areas on water resources are assessed through modeling.
The document discusses the human impacts on water quality globally and in the Andean region from agricultural, industrial, and urban activities. It notes that land use change affects hydrological processes and downstream water users. Payment for ecosystem services schemes are one way upstream land managers can be paid to provide hydrological services like water quantity, flow regulation, and quality to downstream beneficiaries. However, spatial water quality data and models are less developed than those for water quantity and flow regulation. The document then provides methods to quantify the hydrological value of protected areas and model the human footprint on water supplies to urban areas.
Este documento presenta un modelo para estimar la escasez y el costo de acceso al agua a nivel de cuencas en los Andes, considerando factores ambientales, sociales y económicos. El modelo evalúa la calidad del agua, disponibilidad, demanda y acceso para clasificar la escasez como baja, media o alta. También estima el costo de infraestructura requerida para llevar el agua a usuarios agrícolas y domésticos, considerando parámetros hidráulicos y costos asociados a tuberías
The document discusses climate change and its impacts on water resources and management. It summarizes a presentation on the Climate and Water Programme (CPWC) which started in 2001 to build awareness of climate change impacts and has since 2005 worked on operational responses. It notes that climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges facing humanity and water will be greatly impacted. The IPCC 2007 report projects significant impacts on water resources from climate change by mid-century. Adaptation is a top priority and was discussed at the Copenhagen climate summit, but commitments to mitigation and financing remain uncertain. The document emphasizes the need to mainstream climate change into water management and adaptation strategies.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes in terms of climate, land use, and competing demands on water resources. It then presents various methods and results from analyzing water availability and productivity at different spatial scales. Key findings include areas of current and potential future water deficit, the influence of dams on water storage and use, impacts of climate and land use change on hydrology, and relationships between water availability/climate factors and agricultural productivity. Complexities and uncertainties in the analyses are also acknowledged.
This document discusses strengthening scientific capacity for water resources management in developing countries facing climate change. It summarizes that developing countries lack capacity to cope with climate impacts and need to build infrastructure. Scientific capacity can be strengthened through well-defined programs involving local stakeholders, appropriate technology, and financial mechanisms with monitoring and evaluation. Such programs provide research funding, equipment, literature access, fieldwork support, training, and dissemination to generate results and inform decision-making.
Este documento resume los efectos del cambio climático en la salud pública según un experto. El cambio climático ha causado un aumento de las temperaturas globales y la concentración de CO2 en la atmósfera. Estos cambios amenazan la salud humana a través de olas de calor más frecuentes, enfermedades transmitidas por vectores como la malaria, y desastres relacionados con el clima. El cambio climático también exacerbará las desigualdades sociales y económicas. Se necesitan acciones urgentes a
1. El documento discute el impacto del cambio climático en la biodiversidad y la agrobiodiversidad en América Latina.
2. Explica que el clima se volverá más cálido y húmedo en general, aunque los modelos climáticos difieren en los detalles.
3. El escenario más pesimista predice un aumento de temperatura de 6-8°C y una disminución de precipitación de 200-1000 mm/año en algunas áreas.
This document discusses hydroinformatics and its role in addressing climate variability. It begins by noting the increasing variability in climate and need for water management strategies that account for climate uncertainties. Hydroinformatics is then defined as the application of modeling, information and communication technologies, and computer sciences to problems of the aquatic environment. The key roles of hydroinformatics include developing better observation systems, predictive models, analytical methods to handle uncertainty, and changes to design and management practices in light of climate change. Hydroinformatics aims to integrate data, models, and people to support proper water resource management decisions.
The document discusses the global water and food crisis, with several key points:
1. Population growth and increased demand for food and water are straining limited water resources, exacerbating water scarcity in many regions.
2. Analysis of 10 major river basins found four water-related factors influencing poverty levels: water availability, access to water, exposure to water-related hazards, and how effectively water is used and managed.
3. While water scarcity is a concern, it is not always the primary driver of poverty - other social and economic factors also play important roles. Access to water and how water is shared between groups can be more influential on livelihoods than absolute water availability alone.
The document discusses several topics related to water integrity, gender equity, and climate change. It notes that corruption in the water sector puts lives and livelihoods at risk, slows development, and disproportionately affects the poor. It also discusses the costs of corruption, including waste of resources and failure to lead by example. The document argues that billions of dollars of new climate change-related investments will be at high risk of corruption. It advocates for integrating anti-corruption platforms into policy agendas and streamlining corruption and environment policies. Finally, it describes the Water Integrity Network's efforts to advocate for water integrity on a global level through partnerships and country-based activities.
This background report presents the methodology for a DFID/PASS project studying the role of fisheries in poverty alleviation and growth. The study will use a case study approach in 8 countries. Section 1 introduces the objectives. Section 2 outlines the study approach, including a literature review, consultation, briefing papers, development of a study template and case study terms of reference. Section 3 synthesizes the key issues around poverty, economic growth, fisheries development, and policy. Section 4 presents the study template for case reports. Section 5 provides the case study terms of reference. The case studies will be synthesized to produce a final report identifying links between fisheries and poverty reduction under different policies.
A report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
INVESTIGATING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN FISHERIES, POVERTY AND GROWTH: A SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF EIGHT NATIONAL CASE-STUDIES INCLUDING MOROCCO, INDIA, BANGLADESH, THAILAND,
MALAWI, PACIFIC ISLANDS, MAURITANIA AND CANADA
A report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
This Bangladesh case study analyzes the linkages between fisheries, poverty, and economic growth. It examines the current status and trends in Bangladesh's fishery system to understand the key role fisheries has played in reducing poverty. The study uses various published and unpublished literature sources. It provides background on Bangladesh's population, poverty levels, economic growth, fisheries production and management, and policies around fisheries. The fisheries sector accounts for over 5% of GDP and involves millions of people. Improved aquaculture techniques have increased fish farming productivity. The study aims to inform DFID's efforts to increase fisheries' contributions to poverty reduction in Bangladesh.
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
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2. Water-Poverty Analysis
Setting the Context
IGB Riparian countries IGB
• 1.3 billion people in IGB • 605 million live in IGB in
riparian countries in 2000 2000
– 29% or 380 million are poor – 32% or 191 million are poor
• 72% or 942 million in rural • 75% or 454 million in rural
areas in 2000 areas in 2000
– 36% or 340 million are poor – 33% or 151 million are poor
3. Water-Poverty Analysis
Setting the Context
In IGB - 150 million rural population are poor!
• Many depends their livelihood on agriculture
• Natural resources, especially renewable water resources are
under tremendous pressure
• Droughts and floods are recurrent phenomenon
• Spatial variation of poverty is high
• Spatial variation of natural resources is also high
• What is the extent of water-land-poverty nexus in the IGB?
4. Water-Poverty Analysis
Setting the Context
Water-Land-Poverty Nexus in the IGB
• Extent of adequate access to land and water resources helped
poverty alleviation?
• Extent of inadequate access to water and land are constraints to
poverty alleviation?
• Extent of degradation of natural resource base due to extensive
irrigated agriculture, causes poverty?
• The coping mechanisms in places under such adversity?
5. Water-Poverty Analysis
Setting the Context
Objectives of Water-Poverty Analysis in the IGB Basin
Focal project:
• Map sub-national poverty in the IGB
• Identify the determinants of poverty, with a special focus on water,
land and poverty nexus, and
• Identify the coping mechanisms of the people living under poor
conditions of water and land.
6. Water-Poverty Analysis
Setting the Context
Agreed outputs and progress
• Literature synthesis (Completed. Upali A.)
• Poverty mapping (In progress)
– Small area estimation method (R. Srinivasulu)
– Non-parametric density estimation method (Upali A.)
• Analysis of water-land-environment poverty nexus and coping
mechanisms in the IGB (In progress)
– District level (Upali A.)
– Household level (Stefanos Xenarios)
8. Water-Land-Poverty Nexus in the IGB
Literature Synthesis
Outline
• Framework
• Spatial variation of poverty in the IGB
• Linkages of agriculture growth, water and land with poverty
• Econometric analysis of the water-land-poverty nexus
• Future activities
9. Water-Poverty Analysis- Framework
Water for
agriculture
Water for
Land for
agriculture WLPN domestic
purposes
Agriculture for
livelihood and
nutritional security
10. Water-Land-Poverty Nexus in the IGB
Literature Synthesis
Agriculture and rural poverty Water for agriculture and poverty
To what extent does agriculture What are the linkages of water and
contributes to income? rural poverty?
• Availability?
Where are the potential locations? • Access?
• Quality?
Land for agriculture and poverty Water for domestic purposes
What are the linkages of land What are the linkages of drinking
and rural poverty? water/health and rural poverty?
• Access (Tenure)? • Access?
• Availability (Size)? • Availability?
• Quality (Type/soil)? • Quality?
12. Spatial variation of rural poverty
• Low poverty in the north to north-west
• High poverty in the east to north-east and west
• IGB has the both the least and the highest poverty areas in south Asia
15. 70
y = 3132 x -1.05 JH
Hypotheses 1:
60 R2 = 0.37 Strong potential for
50
y = 4398 x -1.19
CH
BI
OR poverty alleviation in
Rural HCR (%)
40 R2 = 0.59
JH MP
the IGB with agriculture
OR UT WB
30 BI CH UP
UT
growth
MP UP
MH
20 TN MH WB
TN
GU GU
10 RJ RJ HR
PU
KE HP HP HR PU
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Agriculture GDP/person (US$ in 2000 prices)
Rural HCR - 1999/00 Rural HCR - 2004/05
60
y = 109568 x -1.43
R2 = 0.42
50 OR
BI JH
40 y = 5812 x -0.96 MP
Total HCR (%)
CH OR
R2 = 0.31
UP MP UT
30 BI CH UT
WB MH
UP TN MH
20 WB
TN KE
10 HP HR GUPU
HR
HP PU
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
GDP/person (US$ in 2000 prices)
1999/2000 2004/2005
16. Hypotheses 2: Rural HCR (HCR) vs average rainfall
Head count ratio vs Ranfall
80
Water is still a strong OR
70
determinant in rural poverty BI WB
60
alleviation TN
MP
50 UP
MH MH SI
HCR (%)
AS
40 KA
RJ
GU
30 AP
HY
20 HP
PU
10
0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Average rainfall (mm)
Rural HCRcountGroundwater capita Groundwater availability
Head vs ratio (HCR) vs per availability/pc
HCR 1987-88 HCR-1999-2000
80
70 OR
WB
60
TN
50 UP MP AS
MH ARP
HCR (%)
KE
40 KA No
RJ
30
GJ
relationship
AP
20
HP HY
PU
with water
10
availability
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Replenishable groundwater resources/person ( m 3)
HCR 1987-88 HCR-1999-2000
17. Hypotheses 2:
Water is still a strong
But rural
determinant in rural poverty
poverty has a
alleviation
strong linkage
with access to
irrigation
Rural HCR vs access to irrigation
100 HCR 1999-
2000
80
HCR and % Area (%)
60
Net
irrigated
40 area-% of
net sown
area
20
Groundwat
er irrigated
0
area - % of
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Bihar
Punjab
Kerala
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
West Bengal
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Assam
Himachal Pradesh
Orissa
total
18. Hypotheses 3:
Access to land is still a strong determinant in rural poverty alleviation
Rural HCR vs land holding size
60
Rural poverty
50
India has strong
40
linkages with
HCR (%)
30
Pakistan access to Land
20
and land holding
10
size
0 Banglade
sh
e
m
m
al
ss
l
e
al
rg
rg
iu
n
iu
Sm
le
la
gi
La
ed
ed
nd
ar
ry
l-m
M
La
M
Ve
al
60
Sm
Orissa
Land holding size 50
Bihar
Assam
Madhya Pradesh
40 Uttar Pradesh
HCR (%)
West Bengal
Strong linkage in 30
Maharashtra
TamilNadu
the poor parts of Karnataka
20 Rajasthan
the IGB Gujarat
Andhra Pradesh
10
Haryana
Kerala
0 Punjab
Small Small-medium Medium Large
Land holding size
19. Hypotheses 4:
Access to domestic water supply is a cause and effect of poverty
HCR vs access to safe sanitation and drinking water supply
90
75
60
%
45
30
15
0
a r du
H jab
Be h
n g tan
h
as t
m ka
Pr al
O r
sh
As s t
al
G h
r P htra
na
Pr l a
Ka than
sa
m
R jara
ha
N de s
es
es
y a ng
a
ep
ea
ra
sa
Ta ta
de
ri s
n
ya
M il N
Ba k is
Bi
W rad
ad
Pu
d h Ke
as
u
N
a
a
th
la
ar
rn
Pa
aj
or
M st
ah
ra
e
tta
ad
U
An
Head count ratio •No apparent
% population using latrine
linkages
% population with drinking water supply within the premices
•Data are too
aggregate to find
any relationship
20. Econometric analysis
Dependent variable- Ln (Rural head count ratio)
Coefficient Standard
Error
Constant -1.60 1.3
Ln (Water productivity) -3.42 0.5*
(Ln (Water productivity))2 -1.52 0.3*
Ln (% CWU from irrigation) -0.17 0.08*
Ln (% of groundwater irri. area) -0.18 0.1*
Ln (Net sown area/person) -0.19 0.09*
Ln (% rural population) 0.58 0.3*
R2 75%
Determinants of rural poverty
1. Water productivity, 2. irrigation quantity, 3. Reliability of irrigation,
4. Land holding size, 5. agriculture dependent population
22. Poverty Mapping of the IGB
Using Small Area Estimation
Rajendran Srinivasulu
PhD Student
23. Issue
• Can we estimate poverty mapping at district level?
Yes! But it requires more time and sufficient econometric model
• Do we have sufficient data sources?
Yes!
• What are the data sources are available? and time period?
NSS, Census and other secondary sources
• Is there any study?
India – Bigman and Srinivasan (2002), N S Sastry (2003), Indira
et al, (2002), Bigman & Deichmann, (2000), Dreze and Srinivasan
(1996)
• What are the methodology has been adopted by the literature?
Pooling Data from NSS and Census, Small Area Estimation
(SAE), other secondary data set at regional level and Primary
survey
• The present study’s methodology and future plan
24. Methodology Available
• Small Area Estimation (SAE)
• Pooling Data from Census, NSS,
Agricultural Survey, Cost of Cultivation
Survey and various Geographical
Surveys (Bigman and Srinivasan, 2002)
• Pooling Data from Census and NSS
• Region-wise Analysis
25. Small Area Estimation
• The term small area usually denote a small geographical area,
such as a county, a province, an administrative area or a census
division
• From a statistical point of view the small area is a small domain,
that is a small subpopulation constituted by specific
demographic and socioeconomic group of people, within a larger
geographical areas
• Sample survey data provide effective reliable estimators of
totals and means for large areas and domains. But it is
recognized that the usual direct survey estimators performing
statistics for a small area, have unacceptably large standard
errors, due to the circumstance of small sample size in the area
26. Small Area Estimation (SAE)
• The small area statistics are based on a collection of
statistical methods that “borrow strength” form
related or similar small areas through statistics
models that connect variables of interest in small
areas with vectors of supplementary data, such as
demographic, behavioral, economic notices, coming
from administratvive, census and specific sample
surveys records
• Small area efficient statistics provide, in addition of
this, excellent statistics for local estimation of
population, farms, and other characteristics of
interest in post-censual years
27. Type of Approaches
• The most commonly used tecniques for small area estimation are the
empirical Bayes (EB) procedures, the hierarchical Bayes (HB) and the
empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) procedures (Rao,
2003)
• Some utilization of this tecniques in agrigultural statistics are related
to the implementation of satellite data, and, in general, of differently-
oriented sumpley surveys in model-based frameworks
• There are two types of small area models that include random area-
specific effects: in the first type, the basic area level model,
connection through response and area specific auxiliary variables is
established, because the limited availability at such type of data at unit
level
• The second type are the unit level area models, in which element-
specific auxiliary data are available for the population elements (Ghosh
and Rao, 1994; Rao, 2002)
28. Bigman and Srinivasan (2002) Model
• Step 1: Econometric Estimation of the Impact of
district-specific characteristics based on the
probability that the households residing in a given
district are poor
• Step 2: predictions of the incidence of poverty in all
the districts of the country based on the
characteristics of these districts.
• Step 3: First validation of the prediction – predicted
and actual value from NSS
• Step 4: Ranking and Grouping
• Step 5: second validation of the prediction:
comparison of predicted values and actual values