This document is the Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide, which describes how to design, build, manage and maintain a data warehouse using Oracle9i. It covers topics such as data warehousing concepts, logical and physical design, hardware considerations, parallelism and partitioning, indexes, integrity constraints, materialized views, dimensions, extraction, transformation and loading, maintaining the warehouse environment, and change data capture.
This document describes features in Oracle General Ledger for Latin American countries, including inflation adjustment, journal entry reconciliation, and journal allocation. It provides instructions for setting up and using these features, such as defining price indexes, submitting the inflation adjustment process, and creating journal allocations. Reports related to these features are also outlined.
This document provides installation instructions for Oracle9i Database on Windows. It includes information on planning the installation, reviewing system requirements, installing Oracle components like the database, client, and management tools, and post-installation configuration tasks. The document has several chapters that cover pre-installation planning, installing Oracle components, reviewing the contents of a starter database, and post-installation configuration. It also includes appendices that describe individual Oracle components and provide additional installation guidance for features like Oracle Real Application Clusters and transparent gateways to other databases.
High availability overview: Oracle Database 12cFemi Adeyemi
This document provides an overview of Oracle Database high availability features. It discusses key high availability concepts like recovery time objective and recovery point objective. It also describes several Oracle high availability solutions like Oracle Data Guard, Oracle GoldenGate, Oracle Real Application Clusters, and Oracle Automatic Storage Management. The document is intended to help readers understand how to maximize availability and protect against planned and unplanned downtime.
This document provides an overview of Oracle Data Guard Broker 12c Release 1 (12.1), including its components, user interfaces, benefits, and how it manages Oracle Data Guard configurations. It describes how the Oracle Data Guard Broker installs and works with Control File and Oracle Automatic Storage Management (ASM). The document outlines the management cycle of a broker configuration, state transitions, properties, and redo transport services.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + real application clusters guidebupbechanhgmail
This document provides a guide for deploying an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment. It covers preparing the cluster, installing Oracle Grid Infrastructure and Oracle RAC, administering database instances and cluster databases, managing Oracle Clusterware components, and backup and recovery of Oracle RAC databases. The guide is intended for database administrators deploying Oracle RAC and includes instructions for installing and configuring Oracle RAC using tools like Oracle Universal Installer and SRVCTL.
This document is the user guide for Oracle Assets Release 12. It describes how to setup and maintain assets in the Oracle Assets application. Key sections include adding assets individually or in bulk via the mass additions process, defining asset details and depreciation rules, performing adjustments, and adding assets in short tax years. The guide provides instructions for common asset management tasks in Oracle Assets.
Oracle Database Client Installation Guide provides instructions for installing Oracle Database Client on Microsoft Windows. It discusses installation overview, preinstallation tasks, installing Oracle Database Client, postinstallation tasks, removing Oracle Database Client software, and troubleshooting. The guide includes appendices on installing Java Access Bridge and using response files for silent or unattended installations.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + java developer's guidebupbechanhgmail
- This document is the Oracle Database 2 Day + Java Developer's Guide for Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1). It provides instructions for developing Java applications that connect to and query an Oracle database.
- The guide explains how to install the necessary software, including Oracle Database, JDK, and an IDE like JDeveloper. It then demonstrates how to connect to the database from JDeveloper and from a Java application using JDBC. Sample code is provided to connect, query for data, and display the results.
- Resources like sample applications and documentation on JDBC and Java APIs for Oracle Database are referenced to aid in application development.
This document describes features in Oracle General Ledger for Latin American countries, including inflation adjustment, journal entry reconciliation, and journal allocation. It provides instructions for setting up and using these features, such as defining price indexes, submitting the inflation adjustment process, and creating journal allocations. Reports related to these features are also outlined.
This document provides installation instructions for Oracle9i Database on Windows. It includes information on planning the installation, reviewing system requirements, installing Oracle components like the database, client, and management tools, and post-installation configuration tasks. The document has several chapters that cover pre-installation planning, installing Oracle components, reviewing the contents of a starter database, and post-installation configuration. It also includes appendices that describe individual Oracle components and provide additional installation guidance for features like Oracle Real Application Clusters and transparent gateways to other databases.
High availability overview: Oracle Database 12cFemi Adeyemi
This document provides an overview of Oracle Database high availability features. It discusses key high availability concepts like recovery time objective and recovery point objective. It also describes several Oracle high availability solutions like Oracle Data Guard, Oracle GoldenGate, Oracle Real Application Clusters, and Oracle Automatic Storage Management. The document is intended to help readers understand how to maximize availability and protect against planned and unplanned downtime.
This document provides an overview of Oracle Data Guard Broker 12c Release 1 (12.1), including its components, user interfaces, benefits, and how it manages Oracle Data Guard configurations. It describes how the Oracle Data Guard Broker installs and works with Control File and Oracle Automatic Storage Management (ASM). The document outlines the management cycle of a broker configuration, state transitions, properties, and redo transport services.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + real application clusters guidebupbechanhgmail
This document provides a guide for deploying an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment. It covers preparing the cluster, installing Oracle Grid Infrastructure and Oracle RAC, administering database instances and cluster databases, managing Oracle Clusterware components, and backup and recovery of Oracle RAC databases. The guide is intended for database administrators deploying Oracle RAC and includes instructions for installing and configuring Oracle RAC using tools like Oracle Universal Installer and SRVCTL.
This document is the user guide for Oracle Assets Release 12. It describes how to setup and maintain assets in the Oracle Assets application. Key sections include adding assets individually or in bulk via the mass additions process, defining asset details and depreciation rules, performing adjustments, and adding assets in short tax years. The guide provides instructions for common asset management tasks in Oracle Assets.
Oracle Database Client Installation Guide provides instructions for installing Oracle Database Client on Microsoft Windows. It discusses installation overview, preinstallation tasks, installing Oracle Database Client, postinstallation tasks, removing Oracle Database Client software, and troubleshooting. The guide includes appendices on installing Java Access Bridge and using response files for silent or unattended installations.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + java developer's guidebupbechanhgmail
- This document is the Oracle Database 2 Day + Java Developer's Guide for Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1). It provides instructions for developing Java applications that connect to and query an Oracle database.
- The guide explains how to install the necessary software, including Oracle Database, JDK, and an IDE like JDeveloper. It then demonstrates how to connect to the database from JDeveloper and from a Java application using JDBC. Sample code is provided to connect, query for data, and display the results.
- Resources like sample applications and documentation on JDBC and Java APIs for Oracle Database are referenced to aid in application development.
Oracle database 12c 2 day developer's guide 123bupbechanhgmail
This document provides an introduction and overview of Oracle Database and development tools. It discusses connecting to Oracle Database using SQL*Plus and SQL Developer. It also covers exploring database objects, querying data, manipulating data using DML statements, managing schema objects using DDL statements, developing stored subprograms and packages using PL/SQL, using triggers, and working in a global environment.
This document provides an overview and instructions for setting up and using Oracle's Supplier Scheduling application. It includes information on defining approved supplier statuses and bucket patterns, configuring scheduling options, and enabling resource authorizations. The scheduler's workbench allows building new schedules manually or reviewing existing item schedules. Authorizations control what users can view or change on schedules by item, unit of measure, quantity, date, and days.
The document is the Oracle Database Client Installation Guide for Linux which provides instructions on installing Oracle Database Client 12c Release 1 (12.1) on Linux systems. It covers topics such as planning the installation, system requirements, preinstallation tasks, installing Oracle Database Client, and postinstallation tasks. The guide has several appendixes that discuss installing using response files, configuring globalization support, and troubleshooting. It is intended for anyone responsible for installing Oracle Database Client 12cR1.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide. It was authored by Lance Ashdown and Maria Colgan, and is dedicated to Mark Townsend. The guide contains information about SQL processing, the query optimizer, query transformations, access paths, join methods, generating and reading execution plans, and more. It is intended to help database administrators and developers tune SQL statements for optimal performance.
Here are the key steps to set up Oracle Engineering:
1. Set profile options - Required
2. Enter employee information - Required
3. Define ECO types (optional but recommended)
4. Define ECO departments (optional)
5. Define ECO autonumbering sequences (optional)
6. Define ECO approval lists (optional but recommended)
7. Define material dispositions (optional)
8. Define ECO reasons (optional)
9. Define ECO priorities (optional)
10. Start the AutoImplement Manager (optional)
You'll also need to complete some prerequisite setup in Oracle Inventory and Bills of Material. Let me know if you need any clarification or have
Oracle database 12c 2 day + performance tuning guidebupbechanhgmail
This document provides a 2 day performance tuning guide for Oracle Database 12c. It describes how to use the Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) and Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) to proactively and reactively tune database performance. Tools covered include the ADDM reports, AWR reports, Active Session History (ASH) reports and real-time monitoring pages in Oracle Enterprise Manager. The guide also discusses identifying and tuning high-load SQL statements.
This document provides an implementation guide for Oracle Financials Release 12. It outlines considerations for designing accounting setups, including whether to use one or multiple legal entities. It describes how to create accounting setups using the Accounting Setup Manager, including defining legal entities, ledgers, reporting currencies, and journal conversion rules. It also provides examples of different accounting setup structures and comparisons of feature support across different setup options.
This document provides an implementation guide for Oracle iSupplier Portal Release 12, outlining the setup, configuration, and customization needed to deploy the application. It describes core features for purchase order collaboration, shipments, invoices, payments, and inventory management. The guide also details how to set up supplier and buyer user management, registration, and administration.
This document provides an administrator's guide for using Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset (DaRT) 8.0. DaRT 8.0 allows administrators to diagnose and repair computers that will not start properly or that are experiencing issues. It includes tools to recover unusable computers, diagnose problems, repair unbootable systems, restore lost files, and detect malware. The guide covers planning, deploying, operating and troubleshooting DaRT 8.0, including how to create and deploy the DaRT recovery image to recover local or remote computers.
This document provides a guide to backing up and recovering Oracle databases using Recovery Manager (RMAN) and user-managed techniques. It covers RMAN backup and recovery concepts, starting and configuring RMAN, making RMAN backups of datafiles, control files, archived redo logs and incremental backups. It also covers restoring and recovering databases using RMAN as well as features like Flashback Database and restore points.
This document provides an overview of Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) 11g Release 1 (11.1.1) and its developer's guide. It includes information about new features, documentation accessibility, related documents, and table of contents. The document is copyrighted by Oracle and describes restrictions on the use of ODI software and documentation. It also contains Oracle trademark information.
Oracle Database Advanced Replication documentation describes features for replicating data across multiple database servers. It allows for both multimaster replication where multiple sites can update data, and materialized view replication where data is replicated from a master to read-only sites. The documentation covers concepts, architecture, planning, troubleshooting and other aspects of setting up and managing an advanced replication environment.
This document provides instructions for installing Oracle Database Client on Windows systems. It discusses installation overview, types of installations, preinstallation tasks, the installation process, and postinstallation tasks. It also covers uninstalling Oracle Database Client and troubleshooting the installation process.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring Oracle Database Client software on Linux systems. It includes information on preinstallation tasks like checking hardware and software requirements, downloading and installing the Oracle software, and postinstallation tasks such as updating software and connecting clients. The document contains chapters on planning the installation, preinstallation requirements, installing and removing the software, and postinstallation tasks and configuration. It aims to help users successfully set up Oracle Database Client.
Oracle® database 2 days security guide e10575imranshahid7861
An Oracle guide for securing Oracle Database covering common security tasks such as securing user accounts, managing privileges, securing the network, encrypting data, and auditing database activity. It includes tutorials and guidelines for tasks such as creating secure application roles, enforcing row-level security with Oracle Label Security, and controlling administrator access with Oracle Database Vault. The document is intended for database administrators who want to perform common day-to-day security tasks.
This document provides an overview of Oracle's 11i Advanced Supply Chain Planning product. It discusses the traditional supply chain planning approach and its limitations. It then introduces Oracle's Advanced Planning solution, which uses optimization and constraints to help companies better plan their supply chain and more effectively meet business goals. The document outlines the key capabilities of Oracle's Advanced Planning solution and its component architecture. It also provides an overview of the planning business flow and data flow that the solution supports.
This document provides instructions for installing Oracle Database Client 12c Release 1 (12.1) on Oracle Solaris. It discusses planning the installation, reviewing prerequisites and requirements, running the installation, and performing postinstallation tasks. The document contains information about installing Oracle Database Client using response files, configuring globalization support, troubleshooting, and frequently asked questions.
The document provides an overview of installing Oracle Database Client, including planning the installation, considering hardware and software requirements, using different installation methods like interactive or response file installations, installing different client types, and ensuring interoperability between the client and database. It discusses installation types, methods, requirements and compatibility to help plan a successful Oracle Database Client deployment.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + application express developer's guidebupbechanhgmail
Oracle Application Express is a rapid web application development tool that uses a browser-based interface to access PL/SQL code and data stored in Oracle database tables, eliminating the need for separate application servers. Developers work within private database schemas called workspaces to build and test applications, while end users access deployed applications through only a web browser. The embedded PL/SQL gateway or Oracle HTTP Server with mod_plsql act as the communication broker between the web server and Oracle Application Express objects in the database.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + php developer's guidebupbechanhgmail
Here are the key steps to configure and use DRCP with PHP:
1. Configure DRCP in Oracle Database:
- Set the drc_enabled parameter to TRUE in the init.ora file
- Restart the database
2. Install the Oracle DRCP client on the PHP web server:
- This provides the necessary libraries for PHP to use DRCP
3. Configure PHP to use persistent connections:
- Set the oci8.persistent_connections setting to On in php.ini
4. Connect to the database using the DRCP connection string:
- The connection string includes the DRCP service name, e.g.
"dbname=XE service_name=drcp
The document discusses strategies for fostering organizational alignment through learning and growth. It emphasizes connecting an organization's mission, vision, strategies, and objectives to line operations to bridge the gap between strategy and execution. It also stresses the importance of capturing actual performance data, analyzing discrepancies, and using that data to modify strategies, set new targets, and ensure accountability across the organization.
Feenstra Farm To School Impacts F2 C Conf 3 09guestbbcdbd
This document summarizes research on the impacts of farm to school programs. It finds that these programs result in modest increases in farmer income through greater sales of local foods to schools. They also increase children's knowledge and consumption of local foods, and some of these impacts extend to families changing eating habits. Community awareness and support for local farming increases as well. Factors that contribute to the success of these programs include leadership, partnerships, community involvement, and leveraging local policies. Future research needs include studying the impacts on food service staff, teacher roles, sustained participation and dietary changes, farmer impacts beyond finances, and long-term health outcomes.
Oracle database 12c 2 day developer's guide 123bupbechanhgmail
This document provides an introduction and overview of Oracle Database and development tools. It discusses connecting to Oracle Database using SQL*Plus and SQL Developer. It also covers exploring database objects, querying data, manipulating data using DML statements, managing schema objects using DDL statements, developing stored subprograms and packages using PL/SQL, using triggers, and working in a global environment.
This document provides an overview and instructions for setting up and using Oracle's Supplier Scheduling application. It includes information on defining approved supplier statuses and bucket patterns, configuring scheduling options, and enabling resource authorizations. The scheduler's workbench allows building new schedules manually or reviewing existing item schedules. Authorizations control what users can view or change on schedules by item, unit of measure, quantity, date, and days.
The document is the Oracle Database Client Installation Guide for Linux which provides instructions on installing Oracle Database Client 12c Release 1 (12.1) on Linux systems. It covers topics such as planning the installation, system requirements, preinstallation tasks, installing Oracle Database Client, and postinstallation tasks. The guide has several appendixes that discuss installing using response files, configuring globalization support, and troubleshooting. It is intended for anyone responsible for installing Oracle Database Client 12cR1.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide. It was authored by Lance Ashdown and Maria Colgan, and is dedicated to Mark Townsend. The guide contains information about SQL processing, the query optimizer, query transformations, access paths, join methods, generating and reading execution plans, and more. It is intended to help database administrators and developers tune SQL statements for optimal performance.
Here are the key steps to set up Oracle Engineering:
1. Set profile options - Required
2. Enter employee information - Required
3. Define ECO types (optional but recommended)
4. Define ECO departments (optional)
5. Define ECO autonumbering sequences (optional)
6. Define ECO approval lists (optional but recommended)
7. Define material dispositions (optional)
8. Define ECO reasons (optional)
9. Define ECO priorities (optional)
10. Start the AutoImplement Manager (optional)
You'll also need to complete some prerequisite setup in Oracle Inventory and Bills of Material. Let me know if you need any clarification or have
Oracle database 12c 2 day + performance tuning guidebupbechanhgmail
This document provides a 2 day performance tuning guide for Oracle Database 12c. It describes how to use the Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) and Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) to proactively and reactively tune database performance. Tools covered include the ADDM reports, AWR reports, Active Session History (ASH) reports and real-time monitoring pages in Oracle Enterprise Manager. The guide also discusses identifying and tuning high-load SQL statements.
This document provides an implementation guide for Oracle Financials Release 12. It outlines considerations for designing accounting setups, including whether to use one or multiple legal entities. It describes how to create accounting setups using the Accounting Setup Manager, including defining legal entities, ledgers, reporting currencies, and journal conversion rules. It also provides examples of different accounting setup structures and comparisons of feature support across different setup options.
This document provides an implementation guide for Oracle iSupplier Portal Release 12, outlining the setup, configuration, and customization needed to deploy the application. It describes core features for purchase order collaboration, shipments, invoices, payments, and inventory management. The guide also details how to set up supplier and buyer user management, registration, and administration.
This document provides an administrator's guide for using Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset (DaRT) 8.0. DaRT 8.0 allows administrators to diagnose and repair computers that will not start properly or that are experiencing issues. It includes tools to recover unusable computers, diagnose problems, repair unbootable systems, restore lost files, and detect malware. The guide covers planning, deploying, operating and troubleshooting DaRT 8.0, including how to create and deploy the DaRT recovery image to recover local or remote computers.
This document provides a guide to backing up and recovering Oracle databases using Recovery Manager (RMAN) and user-managed techniques. It covers RMAN backup and recovery concepts, starting and configuring RMAN, making RMAN backups of datafiles, control files, archived redo logs and incremental backups. It also covers restoring and recovering databases using RMAN as well as features like Flashback Database and restore points.
This document provides an overview of Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) 11g Release 1 (11.1.1) and its developer's guide. It includes information about new features, documentation accessibility, related documents, and table of contents. The document is copyrighted by Oracle and describes restrictions on the use of ODI software and documentation. It also contains Oracle trademark information.
Oracle Database Advanced Replication documentation describes features for replicating data across multiple database servers. It allows for both multimaster replication where multiple sites can update data, and materialized view replication where data is replicated from a master to read-only sites. The documentation covers concepts, architecture, planning, troubleshooting and other aspects of setting up and managing an advanced replication environment.
This document provides instructions for installing Oracle Database Client on Windows systems. It discusses installation overview, types of installations, preinstallation tasks, the installation process, and postinstallation tasks. It also covers uninstalling Oracle Database Client and troubleshooting the installation process.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring Oracle Database Client software on Linux systems. It includes information on preinstallation tasks like checking hardware and software requirements, downloading and installing the Oracle software, and postinstallation tasks such as updating software and connecting clients. The document contains chapters on planning the installation, preinstallation requirements, installing and removing the software, and postinstallation tasks and configuration. It aims to help users successfully set up Oracle Database Client.
Oracle® database 2 days security guide e10575imranshahid7861
An Oracle guide for securing Oracle Database covering common security tasks such as securing user accounts, managing privileges, securing the network, encrypting data, and auditing database activity. It includes tutorials and guidelines for tasks such as creating secure application roles, enforcing row-level security with Oracle Label Security, and controlling administrator access with Oracle Database Vault. The document is intended for database administrators who want to perform common day-to-day security tasks.
This document provides an overview of Oracle's 11i Advanced Supply Chain Planning product. It discusses the traditional supply chain planning approach and its limitations. It then introduces Oracle's Advanced Planning solution, which uses optimization and constraints to help companies better plan their supply chain and more effectively meet business goals. The document outlines the key capabilities of Oracle's Advanced Planning solution and its component architecture. It also provides an overview of the planning business flow and data flow that the solution supports.
This document provides instructions for installing Oracle Database Client 12c Release 1 (12.1) on Oracle Solaris. It discusses planning the installation, reviewing prerequisites and requirements, running the installation, and performing postinstallation tasks. The document contains information about installing Oracle Database Client using response files, configuring globalization support, troubleshooting, and frequently asked questions.
The document provides an overview of installing Oracle Database Client, including planning the installation, considering hardware and software requirements, using different installation methods like interactive or response file installations, installing different client types, and ensuring interoperability between the client and database. It discusses installation types, methods, requirements and compatibility to help plan a successful Oracle Database Client deployment.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + application express developer's guidebupbechanhgmail
Oracle Application Express is a rapid web application development tool that uses a browser-based interface to access PL/SQL code and data stored in Oracle database tables, eliminating the need for separate application servers. Developers work within private database schemas called workspaces to build and test applications, while end users access deployed applications through only a web browser. The embedded PL/SQL gateway or Oracle HTTP Server with mod_plsql act as the communication broker between the web server and Oracle Application Express objects in the database.
Oracle database 12c 2 day + php developer's guidebupbechanhgmail
Here are the key steps to configure and use DRCP with PHP:
1. Configure DRCP in Oracle Database:
- Set the drc_enabled parameter to TRUE in the init.ora file
- Restart the database
2. Install the Oracle DRCP client on the PHP web server:
- This provides the necessary libraries for PHP to use DRCP
3. Configure PHP to use persistent connections:
- Set the oci8.persistent_connections setting to On in php.ini
4. Connect to the database using the DRCP connection string:
- The connection string includes the DRCP service name, e.g.
"dbname=XE service_name=drcp
The document discusses strategies for fostering organizational alignment through learning and growth. It emphasizes connecting an organization's mission, vision, strategies, and objectives to line operations to bridge the gap between strategy and execution. It also stresses the importance of capturing actual performance data, analyzing discrepancies, and using that data to modify strategies, set new targets, and ensure accountability across the organization.
Feenstra Farm To School Impacts F2 C Conf 3 09guestbbcdbd
This document summarizes research on the impacts of farm to school programs. It finds that these programs result in modest increases in farmer income through greater sales of local foods to schools. They also increase children's knowledge and consumption of local foods, and some of these impacts extend to families changing eating habits. Community awareness and support for local farming increases as well. Factors that contribute to the success of these programs include leadership, partnerships, community involvement, and leveraging local policies. Future research needs include studying the impacts on food service staff, teacher roles, sustained participation and dietary changes, farmer impacts beyond finances, and long-term health outcomes.
This document provides an overview and agenda for the Cognos Approach best practices guide for business intelligence (BI) projects. It discusses who should use the guidebook, which includes project managers, business managers, and IT operations managers. It also outlines the contents of the guidebook, including an introduction, methodology phases, reference materials, and technical documentation. Finally, it describes the Cognos methodology framework which involves establishing goals, requirements, infrastructure needs, training needs, and an enterprise plan before designing, building, implementing, and integrating the BI solution.
Trucos y consejos en la resolución de problemas en hplcPostgradoMLCC
Este documento proporciona consejos para la resolución de problemas en cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC). Explica los pasos para identificar y solucionar problemas, como revisar el método, los parámetros del instrumento y todos los componentes del sistema HPLC. También describe los tipos más comunes de problemas relacionados con la presión, la forma de los picos y la retención, así como posibles causas y soluciones. El documento enfatiza la importancia de la prevención a través de técnicas como el uso
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
This document is the user's guide for Oracle Demand Planning Release 11i. It contains information about copyright and licensing of the software. It describes the contents and organization of the manual. The manual is intended to help users understand how to use Oracle Demand Planning to perform demand planning activities like creating worksheets, modifying data, and running batch processes.
This document is the user guide for Oracle Process Manufacturing Inventory Management, Release 11i. It describes how to use the inventory management functionality within Oracle Process Manufacturing, including setting up organizations, items, warehouses, lot control, and processing inventory transactions. The guide provides procedures for common tasks and describes the functionality and reports within inventory management.
Oracle Fusion Cloud Advanced Controls regulates activity in business applications through two components: Oracle Advanced Access Controls and Oracle Advanced Financial Controls. It includes models that establish risk logic and controls that adopt a model's logic to generate permanent incidents. Models return temporary results while controls return permanent incidents. Notifications and worklists inform users of tasks requiring attention, such as new incidents for controls where they are investigators. Records are secured by authorizing eligible users as owners, editors, or viewers.
This document provides an overview and reference for Oracle Database PL/SQL. It discusses the main features of PL/SQL including block structure, variables, constants, control structures, subprograms, collections and records. The document is copyrighted by Oracle Corporation and is intended to help users understand and effectively use the PL/SQL language to develop applications for the Oracle database.
This document provides an introduction to backup and recovery of Oracle databases using Recovery Manager (RMAN). It discusses physical database structures used for recovery like datafiles, redo logs, and control files. It also describes different forms of data recovery including datafile media recovery, complete and incomplete recovery, and crash recovery. The document outlines the files that RMAN can back up and different backup types. It explains the flash recovery area and Oracle Flashback technology alternatives to point-in-time recovery. Finally, it discusses how to match different failures to the appropriate backup and recovery techniques.
Tai lieu-sql-plus-user-s-guide-and-referenceLe Thi
This document provides an overview and reference for SQL*Plus, Oracle's interactive SQL tool and command line interface. It discusses the architecture of SQL*Plus, including both the command line and graphical user interface versions. It also describes iSQL*Plus, the web-based version. The document provides information about installing and using SQL*Plus, connecting to databases, and learning SQL through the tool and Oracle's sample schemas.
This document provides an implementation guide for Oracle iSupplier Portal Release 12. It outlines prerequisites for setup, responsibilities for internal users, and steps for configuring security, profiles, and basic supplier administration functions. It also describes how to customize the user interface and workflows for key processes like purchase order acknowledgement, shipment notices, and invoicing. The guide contains information on application technology, workflow customization, and describes core business flows enabled by the iSupplier Portal.
Here are the key points about policies, assertions, expressions, and operators in Oracle Web Services Manager (Oracle WSM):
- A policy defines the capabilities and requirements of a web service, such as security, reliability, transactions, etc.
- A policy assertion is a basic unit that expresses an individual requirement, capability or property in a policy.
- A policy expression is the XML representation of a policy, consisting of policy assertions combined using policy operators.
- Common policy operators include:
- wsp:Policy - A policy consisting of a single assertion or a list of assertions combined using the AND logic.
- wsp:All - A list of assertions that must all evaluate to true (AND logic).
This document is the user guide for Oracle Manufacturing Scheduling Release 12. It contains information on setting up manufacturing scheduling, using the scheduler workbench, creating and importing jobs, reviewing exception messages, rescheduling discrete jobs, and shop floor modeling. The guide includes chapters on setup, the scheduler workbench, jobs, exceptions, rescheduling, and shop floor modeling. It provides instructions and reference information to help users schedule manufacturing jobs and resources effectively.
This document provides guidelines for building applications using Oracle Forms Developer and Oracle Reports Developer. It discusses managing application development through the software development lifecycle using Project Builder. Project Builder allows developers to associate modules with applications, create dependencies between modules, designate installation modules, and access source control. The document also covers managing projects and project documents during design, testing, and release phases. It concludes with instructions for deploying completed applications using Oracle Installer files.
This document provides an overview of how to set up Oracle SCM Cloud Backlog Management including enabling the work area, configuring planning options, collecting demand and supply data, defining demand priority and backlog planning rules, and ensuring sourcing and supply network models are configured to allow for backlog planning of sales orders from Oracle Fusion applications. It describes the key planning and analysis processes in Backlog Management for simulating fulfillment of at-risk orders and releasing planned results.
ORACLE DATABASE - Programmers Guide to the Oracle Precompilers.pdfPeter Asane
This document provides an overview and guide to using Oracle Precompilers to develop applications with embedded SQL. It describes key concepts like embedded SQL statements, static vs dynamic SQL, host and indicator variables. It outlines the steps to develop an embedded SQL application and includes an example program. It also covers required sections like the declare section and use of the SQLCA. The document aims to help programmers learn the basics of embedded SQL programming.
This document provides an overview and instructions for using Oracle Financials software, including descriptions of the applications, organizational models, accounting and reporting features, and guidelines for worldwide and compliant operations. It covers concepts for setting up the chart of accounts, handling multiple currencies and calendars, configuring intercompany accounting, and using reporting and analytics tools. The document is intended as a guide for understanding and implementing the key capabilities of Oracle Financials.
The document describes Oracle's business intelligence solution, which provides a complete and integrated set of tools to support business intelligence. It includes tools for information consumers, report developers and analysts, database administrators, and application developers. The solution allows businesses to derive critical information from their large amounts of transactional data to help decision makers improve business performance and competitiveness.
Oracle Asset Tracking integrates with various Oracle applications to track inventory items and assets throughout their lifecycle, from purchase to deployment and retirement, facilitating financial transactions. It utilizes Oracle Installed Base as its data repository to record all transactions and associated records. Oracle Asset Tracking provides a centralized view of assets and their activity across different systems for improved tracking and management.
This document introduces Oracle WebCenter Suite, which provides tools and services to help developers build applications that simplify transactions for users. Key components of WebCenter Suite include the WebCenter Framework, which enhances the Java Server Faces environment and allows portlets and content to be integrated into applications. WebCenter Services provide capabilities for communication, content management, customization, and search that can be utilized by applications to provide additional context and functionality for users. The tutorial will teach how to use the WebCenter Framework to build applications that leverage these services.
- The document is the Oracle Credit Management User Guide, which contains instructions for using Oracle's credit management software. It provides an overview of the credit review process and how the software automates various steps.
- The guide describes how to set up the credit management system by defining credit analysts, maintaining customer data, populating transaction data, and configuring system options, lookups, and customer profile classes. It also explains how to set up credit policies including credit data points, checklists, scoring models, automation rules, and credit recommendations.
- The document provides instructions for using the software to process credit reviews, collect and analyze credit data, make recommendations, and implement decisions. It also discusses periodic credit review programs and integrating credit
Oracle Application Express requires an Oracle database release 9.2 or higher, a supported browser, an HTTP server, and sufficient disk space and memory resources. It also requires that Oracle XML DB, Oracle Text, and the PL/SQL Web Toolkit are installed and configured.
This document provides an overview and user guide for Oracle Process Manufacturing Cost Management. It describes how to set up and use standard, actual, and lot costing methods. The document also covers period-end cost processing, copying costs between periods and organizations, and available cost management reports.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
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A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
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- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
3. iii
Contents
Send Us Your Comments ................................................................................................................. xix
Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... xxi
What’s New in Data Warehousing?........................................................................................ xxxiii
Part I Concepts
1 Data Warehousing Concepts
What is a Data Warehouse?............................................................................................................... 1-2
Subject Oriented............................................................................................................................ 1-2
Integrated....................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Nonvolatile .................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Time Variant.................................................................................................................................. 1-3
Contrasting OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments..................................................... 1-3
Data Warehouse Architectures......................................................................................................... 1-5
Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)........................................................................................ 1-5
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area).............................................................. 1-6
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts) ................................. 1-7
Part II Logical Design
2 Logical Design in Data Warehouses
Logical Versus Physical Design in Data Warehouses.................................................................. 2-2
4. iv
Creating a Logical Design ................................................................................................................. 2-2
Data Warehousing Schemas.............................................................................................................. 2-3
Star Schemas.................................................................................................................................. 2-4
Other Schemas............................................................................................................................... 2-5
Data Warehousing Objects................................................................................................................ 2-5
Fact Tables...................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Dimension Tables ......................................................................................................................... 2-6
Unique Identifiers......................................................................................................................... 2-8
Relationships ................................................................................................................................. 2-8
Example of Data Warehousing Objects and Their Relationships.......................................... 2-8
Part III Physical Design
3 Physical Design in Data Warehouses
Moving from Logical to Physical Design....................................................................................... 3-2
Physical Design................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Physical Design Structures.......................................................................................................... 3-4
Tablespaces.................................................................................................................................... 3-4
Tables and Partitioned Tables..................................................................................................... 3-5
Views .............................................................................................................................................. 3-6
Integrity Constraints .................................................................................................................... 3-6
Indexes and Partitioned Indexes ................................................................................................ 3-6
Materialized Views....................................................................................................................... 3-7
Dimensions .................................................................................................................................... 3-7
4 Hardware and I/O Considerations in Data Warehouses
Overview of Hardware and I/O Considerations in Data Warehouses ..................................... 4-2
Why Stripe the Data?.................................................................................................................... 4-2
Automatic Striping ....................................................................................................................... 4-3
Manual Striping ............................................................................................................................ 4-4
Local and Global Striping............................................................................................................ 4-5
Analyzing Striping ....................................................................................................................... 4-6
RAID Configurations ......................................................................................................................... 4-9
RAID 0 (Striping) ........................................................................................................................ 4-10
5. v
RAID 1 (Mirroring)..................................................................................................................... 4-10
RAID 0+1 (Striping and Mirroring) ......................................................................................... 4-10
Striping, Mirroring, and Media Recovery............................................................................... 4-10
RAID 5.......................................................................................................................................... 4-11
The Importance of Specific Analysis........................................................................................ 4-12
5 Parallelism and Partitioning in Data Warehouses
Overview of Parallel Execution........................................................................................................ 5-2
When to Implement Parallel Execution..................................................................................... 5-2
Granules of Parallelism..................................................................................................................... 5-3
Block Range Granules.................................................................................................................. 5-3
Partition Granules......................................................................................................................... 5-4
Partitioning Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 5-4
Types of Partitioning.................................................................................................................... 5-4
Partitioning and Data Segment Compression........................................................................ 5-17
Partition Pruning ........................................................................................................................ 5-19
Partition-Wise Joins.................................................................................................................... 5-21
Miscellaneous Partition Operations ............................................................................................. 5-31
Adding Partitions ....................................................................................................................... 5-32
Dropping Partitions.................................................................................................................... 5-33
Exchanging Partitions................................................................................................................ 5-34
Moving Partitions....................................................................................................................... 5-34
Splitting and Merging Partitions.............................................................................................. 5-35
Truncating Partitions ................................................................................................................. 5-35
Coalescing Partitions.................................................................................................................. 5-36
6 Indexes
Bitmap Indexes.................................................................................................................................... 6-2
Bitmap Join Indexes...................................................................................................................... 6-6
B-tree Indexes .................................................................................................................................... 6-10
Local Indexes Versus Global Indexes ........................................................................................... 6-10
7 Integrity Constraints
Why Integrity Constraints are Useful in a Data Warehouse ...................................................... 7-2
6. vi
Overview of Constraint States.......................................................................................................... 7-3
Typical Data Warehouse Integrity Constraints ............................................................................. 7-4
UNIQUE Constraints in a Data Warehouse ............................................................................. 7-4
FOREIGN KEY Constraints in a Data Warehouse................................................................... 7-5
RELY Constraints.......................................................................................................................... 7-6
Integrity Constraints and Parallelism........................................................................................ 7-7
Integrity Constraints and Partitioning....................................................................................... 7-7
View Constraints........................................................................................................................... 7-7
8 Materialized Views
Overview of Data Warehousing with Materialized Views......................................................... 8-2
Materialized Views for Data Warehouses................................................................................. 8-2
Materialized Views for Distributed Computing...................................................................... 8-3
Materialized Views for Mobile Computing.............................................................................. 8-3
The Need for Materialized Views .............................................................................................. 8-3
Components of Summary Management ................................................................................... 8-5
Data Warehousing Terminology ................................................................................................ 8-7
Materialized View Schema Design ............................................................................................ 8-8
Loading Data ............................................................................................................................... 8-10
Overview of Materialized View Management Tasks............................................................ 8-11
Types of Materialized Views .......................................................................................................... 8-12
Materialized Views with Aggregates....................................................................................... 8-13
Materialized Views Containing Only Joins ............................................................................ 8-16
Nested Materialized Views ....................................................................................................... 8-18
Creating Materialized Views.......................................................................................................... 8-21
Naming Materialized Views ..................................................................................................... 8-22
Storage And Data Segment Compression............................................................................... 8-23
Build Methods............................................................................................................................. 8-23
Enabling Query Rewrite ............................................................................................................ 8-24
Query Rewrite Restrictions ....................................................................................................... 8-24
Refresh Options........................................................................................................................... 8-25
ORDER BY Clause ...................................................................................................................... 8-31
Materialized View Logs............................................................................................................. 8-31
Using Oracle Enterprise Manager............................................................................................ 8-32
Using Materialized Views with NLS Parameters .................................................................. 8-32
7. vii
Registering Existing Materialized Views..................................................................................... 8-33
Partitioning and Materialized Views............................................................................................ 8-35
Partition Change Tracking ........................................................................................................ 8-35
Partitioning a Materialized View ............................................................................................. 8-39
Partitioning a Prebuilt Table..................................................................................................... 8-40
Rolling Materialized Views....................................................................................................... 8-41
Materialized Views in OLAP Environments............................................................................... 8-41
OLAP Cubes................................................................................................................................ 8-41
Specifying OLAP Cubes in SQL............................................................................................... 8-42
Querying OLAP Cubes in SQL................................................................................................. 8-43
Partitioning Materialized Views for OLAP ............................................................................ 8-47
Compressing Materialized Views for OLAP.......................................................................... 8-47
Materialized Views with Set Operators .................................................................................. 8-47
Choosing Indexes for Materialized Views................................................................................... 8-49
Invalidating Materialized Views................................................................................................... 8-50
Security Issues with Materialized Views..................................................................................... 8-50
Altering Materialized Views .......................................................................................................... 8-51
Dropping Materialized Views........................................................................................................ 8-52
Analyzing Materialized View Capabilities................................................................................. 8-52
Using the DBMS_MVIEW.EXPLAIN_MVIEW Procedure................................................... 8-53
MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE.CAPABILITY_NAME Details............................................... 8-56
MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE Column Details ....................................................................... 8-58
9 Dimensions
What are Dimensions?....................................................................................................................... 9-2
Creating Dimensions ......................................................................................................................... 9-4
Multiple Hierarchies .................................................................................................................... 9-7
Using Normalized Dimension Tables ....................................................................................... 9-9
Viewing Dimensions........................................................................................................................ 9-10
Using The DEMO_DIM Package.............................................................................................. 9-10
Using Oracle Enterprise Manager............................................................................................ 9-11
Using Dimensions with Constraints............................................................................................. 9-11
Validating Dimensions.................................................................................................................... 9-12
Altering Dimensions........................................................................................................................ 9-13
Deleting Dimensions....................................................................................................................... 9-14
8. viii
Using the Dimension Wizard ......................................................................................................... 9-14
Managing the Dimension Object.............................................................................................. 9-14
Creating a Dimension................................................................................................................. 9-17
Part IV Managing the Warehouse Environment
10 Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading
Overview of ETL ............................................................................................................................... 10-2
ETL Tools ............................................................................................................................................ 10-3
Daily Operations......................................................................................................................... 10-4
Evolution of the Data Warehouse ............................................................................................ 10-4
11 Extraction in Data Warehouses
Overview of Extraction in Data Warehouses............................................................................... 11-2
Introduction to Extraction Methods in Data Warehouses......................................................... 11-2
Logical Extraction Methods....................................................................................................... 11-3
Physical Extraction Methods..................................................................................................... 11-4
Change Data Capture................................................................................................................. 11-5
Data Warehousing Extraction Examples....................................................................................... 11-8
Extraction Using Data Files....................................................................................................... 11-8
Extraction Via Distributed Operations.................................................................................. 11-11
12 Transportation in Data Warehouses
Overview of Transportation in Data Warehouses ...................................................................... 12-2
Introduction to Transportation Mechanisms in Data Warehouses ......................................... 12-2
Transportation Using Flat Files ................................................................................................ 12-2
Transportation Through Distributed Operations .................................................................. 12-2
Transportation Using Transportable Tablespaces ................................................................. 12-3
13 Loading and Transformation
Overview of Loading and Transformation in Data Warehouses ............................................. 13-2
Transformation Flow.................................................................................................................. 13-2
Loading Mechanisms ....................................................................................................................... 13-5
SQL*Loader ................................................................................................................................. 13-5
9. ix
External Tables............................................................................................................................ 13-6
OCI and Direct-Path APIs ......................................................................................................... 13-8
Export/Import ............................................................................................................................ 13-8
Transformation Mechanisms.......................................................................................................... 13-9
Transformation Using SQL ....................................................................................................... 13-9
Transformation Using PL/SQL.............................................................................................. 13-15
Transformation Using Table Functions................................................................................. 13-16
Loading and Transformation Scenarios...................................................................................... 13-25
Parallel Load Scenario.............................................................................................................. 13-25
Key Lookup Scenario ............................................................................................................... 13-33
Exception Handling Scenario ................................................................................................. 13-34
Pivoting Scenarios .................................................................................................................... 13-35
14 Maintaining the Data Warehouse
Using Partitioning to Improve Data Warehouse Refresh ......................................................... 14-2
Refresh Scenarios........................................................................................................................ 14-5
Scenarios for Using Partitioning for Refreshing Data Warehouses .................................... 14-7
Optimizing DML Operations During Refresh ........................................................................... 14-8
Implementing an Efficient MERGE Operation ...................................................................... 14-9
Maintaining Referential Integrity........................................................................................... 14-10
Purging Data ............................................................................................................................. 14-11
Refreshing Materialized Views ................................................................................................... 14-12
Complete Refresh ..................................................................................................................... 14-13
Fast Refresh ............................................................................................................................... 14-14
ON COMMIT Refresh.............................................................................................................. 14-14
Manual Refresh Using the DBMS_MVIEW Package .......................................................... 14-14
Refresh Specific Materialized Views with REFRESH.......................................................... 14-15
Refresh All Materialized Views with REFRESH_ALL_MVIEWS ..................................... 14-16
Refresh Dependent Materialized Views with REFRESH_DEPENDENT......................... 14-16
Using Job Queues for Refresh................................................................................................. 14-18
When Refresh is Possible......................................................................................................... 14-18
Recommended Initialization Parameters for Parallelism................................................... 14-18
Monitoring a Refresh ............................................................................................................... 14-19
Checking the Status of a Materialized View......................................................................... 14-19
Tips for Refreshing Materialized Views with Aggregates ................................................. 14-19
10. x
Tips for Refreshing Materialized Views Without Aggregates........................................... 14-22
Tips for Refreshing Nested Materialized Views .................................................................. 14-23
Tips for Fast Refresh with UNION ALL ............................................................................... 14-25
Tips After Refreshing Materialized Views............................................................................ 14-25
Using Materialized Views with Partitioned Tables ................................................................. 14-26
Fast Refresh with Partition Change Tracking....................................................................... 14-26
Fast Refresh with CONSIDER FRESH................................................................................... 14-30
15 Change Data Capture
About Change Data Capture........................................................................................................... 15-2
Publish and Subscribe Model.................................................................................................... 15-3
Example of a Change Data Capture System........................................................................... 15-4
Components and Terminology for Synchronous Change Data Capture ........................... 15-5
Installation and Implementation................................................................................................... 15-8
Change Data Capture Restriction on Direct-Path INSERT................................................... 15-8
Security ............................................................................................................................................... 15-9
Columns in a Change Table............................................................................................................ 15-9
Change Data Capture Views......................................................................................................... 15-10
Synchronous Mode of Data Capture........................................................................................... 15-12
Publishing Change Data................................................................................................................ 15-12
Step 1: Decide which Oracle Instance will be the Source System...................................... 15-12
Step 2: Create the Change Tables that will Contain the Changes...................................... 15-12
Managing Change Tables and Subscriptions............................................................................ 15-14
Subscribing to Change Data......................................................................................................... 15-15
Steps Required to Subscribe to Change Data ....................................................................... 15-15
What Happens to Subscriptions when the Publisher Makes Changes............................. 15-19
Export and Import Considerations .............................................................................................. 15-20
16 Summary Advisor
Overview of the Summary Advisor in the DBMS_OLAP Package ........................................ 16-2
Using the Summary Advisor .......................................................................................................... 16-6
Identifier Numbers ..................................................................................................................... 16-7
Workload Management ............................................................................................................. 16-7
Loading a User-Defined Workload.......................................................................................... 16-9
Loading a Trace Workload...................................................................................................... 16-12
11. xi
Loading a SQL Cache Workload............................................................................................ 16-15
Validating a Workload............................................................................................................. 16-17
Removing a Workload............................................................................................................. 16-18
Using Filters with the Summary Advisor............................................................................. 16-18
Removing a Filter ..................................................................................................................... 16-22
Recommending Materialized Views...................................................................................... 16-23
SQL Script Generation ............................................................................................................. 16-27
Summary Data Report ............................................................................................................. 16-29
When Recommendations are No Longer Required............................................................. 16-31
Stopping the Recommendation Process................................................................................ 16-32
Summary Advisor Sample Sessions ...................................................................................... 16-32
Summary Advisor and Missing Statistics............................................................................. 16-37
Summary Advisor Privileges and ORA-30446..................................................................... 16-38
Estimating Materialized View Size............................................................................................. 16-38
ESTIMATE_MVIEW_SIZE Parameters................................................................................. 16-38
Is a Materialized View Being Used? ........................................................................................... 16-39
DBMS_OLAP.EVALUATE_MVIEW_STRATEGY Procedure........................................... 16-39
Summary Advisor Wizard............................................................................................................. 16-40
Summary Advisor Steps.......................................................................................................... 16-41
Part V Warehouse Performance
17 Schema Modeling Techniques
Schemas in Data Warehouses......................................................................................................... 17-2
Third Normal Form .......................................................................................................................... 17-2
Optimizing Third Normal Form Queries................................................................................ 17-3
Star Schemas...................................................................................................................................... 17-4
Snowflake Schemas .................................................................................................................... 17-5
Optimizing Star Queries ................................................................................................................. 17-6
Tuning Star Queries ................................................................................................................... 17-6
Using Star Transformation........................................................................................................ 17-7
18 SQL for Aggregation in Data Warehouses
Overview of SQL for Aggregation in Data Warehouses........................................................... 18-2
12. xii
Analyzing Across Multiple Dimensions ................................................................................. 18-3
Optimized Performance............................................................................................................. 18-4
An Aggregate Scenario .............................................................................................................. 18-5
Interpreting NULLs in Examples ............................................................................................. 18-6
ROLLUP Extension to GROUP BY................................................................................................ 18-6
When to Use ROLLUP ............................................................................................................... 18-7
ROLLUP Syntax.......................................................................................................................... 18-7
Partial Rollup............................................................................................................................... 18-8
CUBE Extension to GROUP BY ................................................................................................... 18-10
When to Use CUBE................................................................................................................... 18-10
CUBE Syntax ............................................................................................................................. 18-11
Partial CUBE.............................................................................................................................. 18-12
Calculating Subtotals Without CUBE.................................................................................... 18-13
GROUPING Functions .................................................................................................................. 18-13
GROUPING Function .............................................................................................................. 18-14
When to Use GROUPING ....................................................................................................... 18-16
GROUPING_ID Function........................................................................................................ 18-17
GROUP_ID Function................................................................................................................ 18-17
GROUPING SETS Expression ..................................................................................................... 18-19
Composite Columns....................................................................................................................... 18-21
Concatenated Groupings............................................................................................................... 18-24
Concatenated Groupings and Hierarchical Data Cubes..................................................... 18-26
Considerations when Using Aggregation.................................................................................. 18-28
Hierarchy Handling in ROLLUP and CUBE........................................................................ 18-28
Column Capacity in ROLLUP and CUBE............................................................................. 18-29
HAVING Clause Used with GROUP BY Extensions .......................................................... 18-29
ORDER BY Clause Used with GROUP BY Extensions ....................................................... 18-30
Using Other Aggregate Functions with ROLLUP and CUBE............................................ 18-30
Computation Using the WITH Clause........................................................................................ 18-30
19 SQL for Analysis in Data Warehouses
Overview of SQL for Analysis in Data Warehouses.................................................................. 19-2
Ranking Functions............................................................................................................................ 19-5
RANK and DENSE_RANK....................................................................................................... 19-5
Top N Ranking.......................................................................................................................... 19-12
13. xiii
Bottom N Ranking.................................................................................................................... 19-12
CUME_DIST.............................................................................................................................. 19-13
PERCENT_RANK..................................................................................................................... 19-14
NTILE......................................................................................................................................... 19-14
ROW_NUMBER........................................................................................................................ 19-16
Windowing Aggregate Functions................................................................................................ 19-17
Treatment of NULLs as Input to Window Functions ......................................................... 19-18
Windowing Functions with Logical Offset........................................................................... 19-18
Cumulative Aggregate Function Example ........................................................................... 19-18
Moving Aggregate Function Example .................................................................................. 19-19
Centered Aggregate Function................................................................................................. 19-20
Windowing Aggregate Functions in the Presence of Duplicates...................................... 19-21
Varying Window Size for Each Row ..................................................................................... 19-22
Windowing Aggregate Functions with Physical Offsets.................................................... 19-23
FIRST_VALUE and LAST_VALUE ....................................................................................... 19-24
Reporting Aggregate Functions ................................................................................................... 19-24
Reporting Aggregate Example ............................................................................................... 19-26
RATIO_TO_REPORT............................................................................................................... 19-27
LAG/LEAD Functions.................................................................................................................... 19-27
LAG/LEAD Syntax.................................................................................................................. 19-28
FIRST/LAST Functions.................................................................................................................. 19-28
FIRST/LAST Syntax................................................................................................................. 19-29
FIRST/LAST As Regular Aggregates.................................................................................... 19-29
FIRST/LAST As Reporting Aggregates................................................................................ 19-30
Linear Regression Functions ........................................................................................................ 19-31
REGR_COUNT ......................................................................................................................... 19-32
REGR_AVGY and REGR_AVGX ........................................................................................... 19-32
REGR_SLOPE and REGR_INTERCEPT................................................................................ 19-32
REGR_R2.................................................................................................................................... 19-32
REGR_SXX, REGR_SYY, and REGR_SXY............................................................................. 19-33
Linear Regression Statistics Examples................................................................................... 19-33
Sample Linear Regression Calculation.................................................................................. 19-34
Inverse Percentile Functions......................................................................................................... 19-34
Normal Aggregate Syntax....................................................................................................... 19-35
Inverse Percentile Restrictions................................................................................................ 19-38
14. xiv
Hypothetical Rank and Distribution Functions ....................................................................... 19-38
Hypothetical Rank and Distribution Syntax......................................................................... 19-38
WIDTH_BUCKET Function.......................................................................................................... 19-40
WIDTH_BUCKET Syntax........................................................................................................ 19-40
User-Defined Aggregate Functions ............................................................................................. 19-43
CASE Expressions........................................................................................................................... 19-44
CASE Example .......................................................................................................................... 19-44
Creating Histograms With User-Defined Buckets............................................................... 19-45
20 OLAP and Data Mining
OLAP ................................................................................................................................................... 20-2
Benefits of OLAP and RDBMS Integration............................................................................. 20-2
Data Mining....................................................................................................................................... 20-4
Enabling Data Mining Applications ........................................................................................ 20-5
Predictions and Insights ............................................................................................................ 20-5
Mining Within the Database Architecture.............................................................................. 20-5
Java API........................................................................................................................................ 20-7
21 Using Parallel Execution
Introduction to Parallel Execution Tuning................................................................................... 21-2
When to Implement Parallel Execution................................................................................... 21-2
Operations That Can Be Parallelized....................................................................................... 21-3
The Parallel Execution Server Pool .......................................................................................... 21-3
How Parallel Execution Servers Communicate ..................................................................... 21-5
Parallelizing SQL Statements.................................................................................................... 21-6
Types of Parallelism ....................................................................................................................... 21-11
Parallel Query............................................................................................................................ 21-11
Parallel DDL .............................................................................................................................. 21-13
Parallel DML.............................................................................................................................. 21-18
Parallel Execution of Functions .............................................................................................. 21-28
Other Types of Parallelism...................................................................................................... 21-29
Initializing and Tuning Parameters for Parallel Execution .................................................... 21-30
Selecting Automated or Manual Tuning of Parallel Execution ......................................... 21-31
Using Automatically Derived Parameter Settings............................................................... 21-31
Setting the Degree of Parallelism ........................................................................................... 21-32
15. xv
How Oracle Determines the Degree of Parallelism for Operations.................................. 21-34
Balancing the Workload .......................................................................................................... 21-37
Parallelization Rules for SQL Statements.............................................................................. 21-38
Enabling Parallelism for Tables and Queries ....................................................................... 21-46
Degree of Parallelism and Adaptive Multiuser: How They Interact................................ 21-47
Forcing Parallel Execution for a Session ............................................................................... 21-48
Controlling Performance with the Degree of Parallelism .................................................. 21-48
Tuning General Parameters for Parallel Execution.................................................................. 21-49
Parameters Establishing Resource Limits for Parallel Operations.................................... 21-49
Parameters Affecting Resource Consumption ..................................................................... 21-58
Parameters Related to I/O ...................................................................................................... 21-63
Monitoring and Diagnosing Parallel Execution Performance............................................... 21-64
Is There Regression?................................................................................................................. 21-66
Is There a Plan Change?........................................................................................................... 21-66
Is There a Parallel Plan?........................................................................................................... 21-66
Is There a Serial Plan? .............................................................................................................. 21-66
Is There Parallel Execution?.................................................................................................... 21-67
Is the Workload Evenly Distributed? .................................................................................... 21-67
Monitoring Parallel Execution Performance with Dynamic Performance Views .......... 21-68
Monitoring Session Statistics .................................................................................................. 21-71
Monitoring System Statistics................................................................................................... 21-73
Monitoring Operating System Statistics................................................................................ 21-74
Affinity and Parallel Operations.................................................................................................. 21-75
Affinity and Parallel Queries .................................................................................................. 21-75
Affinity and Parallel DML....................................................................................................... 21-76
Miscellaneous Parallel Execution Tuning Tips......................................................................... 21-76
Setting Buffer Cache Size for Parallel Operations ............................................................... 21-77
Overriding the Default Degree of Parallelism...................................................................... 21-77
Rewriting SQL Statements ...................................................................................................... 21-78
Creating and Populating Tables in Parallel.......................................................................... 21-78
Creating Temporary Tablespaces for Parallel Sort and Hash Join.................................... 21-80
Executing Parallel SQL Statements........................................................................................ 21-81
Using EXPLAIN PLAN to Show Parallel Operations Plans .............................................. 21-81
Additional Considerations for Parallel DML ....................................................................... 21-82
Creating Indexes in Parallel .................................................................................................... 21-85
16. xvi
Parallel DML Tips..................................................................................................................... 21-87
Incremental Data Loading in Parallel.................................................................................... 21-90
Using Hints with Cost-Based Optimization ......................................................................... 21-92
FIRST_ROWS(n) Hint .............................................................................................................. 21-93
Enabling Dynamic Statistic Sampling.................................................................................... 21-93
22 Query Rewrite
Overview of Query Rewrite............................................................................................................ 22-2
Cost-Based Rewrite..................................................................................................................... 22-3
When Does Oracle Rewrite a Query? ...................................................................................... 22-4
Enabling Query Rewrite.................................................................................................................. 22-7
Initialization Parameters for Query Rewrite .......................................................................... 22-8
Controlling Query Rewrite........................................................................................................ 22-8
Privileges for Enabling Query Rewrite.................................................................................... 22-9
Accuracy of Query Rewrite..................................................................................................... 22-10
How Oracle Rewrites Queries...................................................................................................... 22-11
Text Match Rewrite Methods.................................................................................................. 22-12
General Query Rewrite Methods............................................................................................ 22-13
When are Constraints and Dimensions Needed? ................................................................ 22-14
Special Cases for Query Rewrite ................................................................................................. 22-45
Query Rewrite Using Partially Stale Materialized Views................................................... 22-45
Query Rewrite Using Complex Materialized Views........................................................... 22-49
Query Rewrite Using Nested Materialized Views............................................................... 22-50
Query Rewrite When Using GROUP BY Extensions .......................................................... 22-51
Did Query Rewrite Occur?............................................................................................................ 22-56
Explain Plan............................................................................................................................... 22-56
DBMS_MVIEW.EXPLAIN_REWRITE Procedure ............................................................... 22-57
Design Considerations for Improving Query Rewrite Capabilities..................................... 22-63
Query Rewrite Considerations: Constraints......................................................................... 22-63
Query Rewrite Considerations: Dimensions ........................................................................ 22-63
Query Rewrite Considerations: Outer Joins ......................................................................... 22-63
Query Rewrite Considerations: Text Match ......................................................................... 22-63
Query Rewrite Considerations: Aggregates ......................................................................... 22-64
Query Rewrite Considerations: Grouping Conditions ....................................................... 22-64
Query Rewrite Considerations: Expression Matching........................................................ 22-64
17. xvii
Query Rewrite Considerations: Date Folding...................................................................... 22-65
Query Rewrite Considerations: Statistics.............................................................................. 22-65
Glossary
Index
19. xix
Send Us Your Comments
Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide, Release 2 (9.2)
Part No. A96520-01
Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this
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21. xxi
Preface
This manual provides information about Oracle9i’s data warehousing capabilities.
This preface contains these topics:
s Audience
s Organization
s Related Documentation
s Conventions
s Documentation Accessibility
22. xxii
Audience
Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide is intended for database administrators, system
administrators, and database application developers who design, maintain, and use
data warehouses.
To use this document, you need to be familiar with relational database concepts,
basic Oracle server concepts, and the operating system environment under which
you are running Oracle.
Organization
This document contains:
Part 1: Concepts
Chapter 1, Data Warehousing Concepts
This chapter contains an overview of data warehousing concepts.
Part 2: Logical Design
Chapter 2, Logical Design in Data Warehouses
This chapter discusses the logical design of a data warehouse.
Part 3: Physical Design
Chapter 3, Physical Design in Data Warehouses
This chapter discusses the physical design of a data warehouse.
Chapter 4, Hardware and I/O Considerations in Data Warehouses
This chapter describes some hardware and input-output issues.
Chapter 5, Parallelism and Partitioning in Data Warehouses
This chapter describes the basics of parallelism and partitioning in data
warehouses.
Chapter 6, Indexes
This chapter describes how to use indexes in data warehouses.
23. xxiii
Chapter 7, Integrity Constraints
This chapter describes some issues involving constraints.
Chapter 8, Materialized Views
This chapter describes how to use materialized views in data warehouses.
Chapter 9, Dimensions
This chapter describes how to use dimensions in data warehouses.
Part 4: Managing the Warehouse Environment
Chapter 10, Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading
This chapter is an overview of the ETL process.
Chapter 11, Extraction in Data Warehouses
This chapter describes extraction issues.
Chapter 12, Transportation in Data Warehouses
This chapter describes transporting data in data warehouses.
Chapter 13, Loading and Transformation
This chapter describes transforming data in data warehouses.
Chapter 14, Maintaining the Data Warehouse
This chapter describes how to refresh in a data warehousing environment.
Chapter 15, Change Data Capture
This chapter describes how to use Change Data Capture capabilities.
Chapter 16, Summary Advisor
This chapter describes how to use the Summary Advisor utility.
24. xxiv
Part 5: Warehouse Performance
Chapter 17, Schema Modeling Techniques
This chapter describes the schemas useful in data warehousing environments.
Chapter 18, SQL for Aggregation in Data Warehouses
This chapter explains how to use SQL aggregation in data warehouses.
Chapter 19, SQL for Analysis in Data Warehouses
This chapter explains how to use analytic functions in data warehouses.
Chapter 20, OLAP and Data Mining
This chapter describes using analytic services in combination with Oracle9i.
Chapter 21, Using Parallel Execution
This chapter describes how to tune data warehouses using parallel execution.
Chapter 22, Query Rewrite
This chapter describes how to use query rewrite.
Glossary
Related Documentation
For more information, see these Oracle resources:
s Oracle9i Database Performance Tuning Guide and Reference
Many of the examples in this book use the sample schemas of the seed database,
which is installed by default when you install Oracle. Refer to Oracle9i Sample
Schemas for information on how these schemas were created and how you can use
them yourself.
In North America, printed documentation is available for sale in the Oracle Store at
http://oraclestore.oracle.com/
25. xxv
Customers in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) can purchase
documentation from
http://www.oraclebookshop.com/
Other customers can contact their Oracle representative to purchase printed
documentation.
To download free release notes, installation documentation, white papers, or other
collateral, please visit the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). You must register
online before using OTN; registration is free and can be done at
http://otn.oracle.com/admin/account/membership.html
If you already have a username and password for OTN, then you can go directly to
the documentation section of the OTN Web site at
http://otn.oracle.com/docs/index.htm
To access the database documentation search engine directly, please visit
http://tahiti.oracle.com
For additional information, see:
s The Data Warehouse Toolkit by Ralph Kimball (John Wiley and Sons, 1996)
s Building the Data Warehouse by William Inmon (John Wiley and Sons, 1996)
Conventions
This section describes the conventions used in the text and code examples of this
documentation set. It describes:
s Conventions in Text
s Conventions in Code Examples
s Conventions for Windows Operating Systems
26. xxvi
Conventions in Text
We use various conventions in text to help you more quickly identify special terms.
The following table describes those conventions and provides examples of their use.
Convention Meaning Example
Bold Bold typeface indicates terms that are
defined in the text or terms that appear in
a glossary, or both.
When you specify this clause, you create an
index-organized table.
Italics Italic typeface indicates book titles or
emphasis.
Oracle9i Database Concepts
Ensure that the recovery catalog and target
database do not reside on the same disk.
UPPERCASE
monospace
(fixed-width)
font
Uppercase monospace typeface indicates
elements supplied by the system. Such
elements include parameters, privileges,
datatypes, RMAN keywords, SQL
keywords, SQL*Plus or utility commands,
packages and methods, as well as
system-supplied column names, database
objects and structures, usernames, and
roles.
You can specify this clause only for a NUMBER
column.
You can back up the database by using the
BACKUP command.
Query the TABLE_NAME column in the USER_
TABLES data dictionary view.
Use the DBMS_STATS.GENERATE_STATS
procedure.
lowercase
monospace
(fixed-width)
font
Lowercase monospace typeface indicates
executables, filenames, directory names,
and sample user-supplied elements. Such
elements include computer and database
names, net service names, and connect
identifiers, as well as user-supplied
database objects and structures, column
names, packages and classes, usernames
and roles, program units, and parameter
values.
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase.
Enter these elements as shown.
Enter sqlplus to open SQL*Plus.
The password is specified in the orapwd file.
Back up the datafiles and control files in the
/disk1/oracle/dbs directory.
The department_id, department_name,
and location_id columns are in the
hr.departments table.
Set the QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED
initialization parameter to true.
Connect as oe user.
The JRepUtil class implements these
methods.
lowercase
italic
monospace
(fixed-width)
font
Lowercase italic monospace font
represents placeholders or variables.
You can specify the parallel_clause.
Run Uold_release.SQL where old_
release refers to the release you installed
prior to upgrading.
27. xxvii
Conventions in Code Examples
Code examples illustrate SQL, PL/SQL, SQL*Plus, or other command-line
statements. They are displayed in a monospace (fixed-width) font and separated
from normal text as shown in this example:
SELECT username FROM dba_users WHERE username = ’MIGRATE’;
The following table describes typographic conventions used in code examples and
provides examples of their use.
Convention Meaning Example
[ ] Brackets enclose one or more optional
items. Do not enter the brackets.
DECIMAL (digits [ , precision ])
{ } Braces enclose two or more items, one of
which is required. Do not enter the braces.
{ENABLE | DISABLE}
| A vertical bar represents a choice of two
or more options within brackets or braces.
Enter one of the options. Do not enter the
vertical bar.
{ENABLE | DISABLE}
[COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS]
... Horizontal ellipsis points indicate either:
s That we have omitted parts of the
code that are not directly related to
the example
s That you can repeat a portion of the
code
CREATE TABLE ... AS subquery;
SELECT col1, col2, ... , coln FROM
employees;
.
.
.
Vertical ellipsis points indicate that we
have omitted several lines of code not
directly related to the example.
SQL> SELECT NAME FROM V$DATAFILE;
NAME
------------------------------------
/fsl/dbs/tbs_01.dbf
/fs1/dbs/tbs_02.dbf
.
.
.
/fsl/dbs/tbs_09.dbf
9 rows selected.
Other notation You must enter symbols other than
brackets, braces, vertical bars, and ellipsis
points as shown.
acctbal NUMBER(11,2);
acct CONSTANT NUMBER(4) := 3;
28. xxviii
Conventions for Windows Operating Systems
The following table describes conventions for Windows operating systems and
provides examples of their use.
Italics Italicized text indicates placeholders or
variables for which you must supply
particular values.
CONNECT SYSTEM/system_password
DB_NAME = database_name
UPPERCASE Uppercase typeface indicates elements
supplied by the system. We show these
terms in uppercase in order to distinguish
them from terms you define. Unless terms
appear in brackets, enter them in the
order and with the spelling shown.
However, because these terms are not
case sensitive, you can enter them in
lowercase.
SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
employees;
SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES;
DROP TABLE hr.employees;
lowercase Lowercase typeface indicates
programmatic elements that you supply.
For example, lowercase indicates names
of tables, columns, or files.
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase.
Enter these elements as shown.
SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
employees;
sqlplus hr/hr
CREATE USER mjones IDENTIFIED BY ty3MU9;
Convention Meaning Example
Choose Start > How to start a program. To start the Database Configuration Assistant,
choose Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_
NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools >
Database Configuration Assistant.
File and directory
names
File and directory names are not case
sensitive. The following special characters
are not allowed: left angle bracket (<),
right angle bracket (>), colon (:), double
quotation marks ("), slash (/), pipe (|),
and dash (-). The special character
backslash () is treated as an element
separator, even when it appears in quotes.
If the file name begins with , then
Windows assumes it uses the Universal
Naming Convention.
c:winnt""system32 is the same as
C:WINNTSYSTEM32
Convention Meaning Example
29. xxix
C:> Represents the Windows command
prompt of the current hard disk drive.
The escape character in a command
prompt is the caret (^). Your prompt
reflects the subdirectory in which you are
working. Referred to as the command
prompt in this manual.
C:oracleoradata>
Special characters The backslash () special character is
sometimes required as an escape
character for the double quotation mark
(") special character at the Windows
command prompt. Parentheses and the
single quotation mark (’) do not require
an escape character. Refer to your
Windows operating system
documentation for more information on
escape and special characters.
C:>exp scott/tiger TABLES=emp
QUERY="WHERE job=’SALESMAN’ and
sal<1600"
C:>imp SYSTEM/password FROMUSER=scott
TABLES=(emp, dept)
HOME_NAME Represents the Oracle home name. The
home name can be up to 16 alphanumeric
characters. The only special character
allowed in the home name is the
underscore.
C:> net start OracleHOME_NAMETNSListener
Convention Meaning Example
30. xxx
ORACLE_HOME
and ORACLE_
BASE
In releases prior to Oracle8i release 8.1.3,
when you installed Oracle components,
all subdirectories were located under a
top level ORACLE_HOME directory that by
default used one of the following names:
s C:orant for Windows NT
s C:orawin98 for Windows 98
This release complies with Optimal
Flexible Architecture (OFA) guidelines.
All subdirectories are not under a top
level ORACLE_HOME directory. There is a
top level directory called ORACLE_BASE
that by default is C:oracle. If you
install the latest Oracle release on a
computer with no other Oracle software
installed, then the default setting for the
first Oracle home directory is
C:oracleorann, where nn is the
latest release number. The Oracle home
directory is located directly under
ORACLE_BASE.
All directory path examples in this guide
follow OFA conventions.
Refer to Oracle9i Database Getting Started
for Windows for additional information
about OFA compliances and for
information about installing Oracle
products in non-OFA compliant
directories.
Go to the ORACLE_BASEORACLE_
HOMErdbmsadmin directory.
Convention Meaning Example
31. xxxi
Documentation Accessibility
Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation
accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community. To that end, our
documentation includes features that make information available to users of
assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains
markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Standards will continue to
evolve over time, and Oracle Corporation is actively engaged with other
market-leading technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our
documentation can be accessible to all of our customers. For additional information,
visit the Oracle Accessibility Program Web site at
http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/
Accessibility of Code Examples in Documentation JAWS, a Windows screen
reader, may not always correctly read the code examples in this document. The
conventions for writing code require that closing braces should appear on an
otherwise empty line; however, JAWS may not always read a line of text that
consists solely of a bracket or brace.
Accessibility of Links to External Web Sites in Documentation This
documentation may contain links to Web sites of other companies or organizations
that Oracle Corporation does not own or control. Oracle Corporation neither
evaluates nor makes any representations regarding the accessibility of these Web
sites.
33. xxxiii
What’s New in Data Warehousing?
This section describes new features of Oracle9i release 2 (9.2) and provides pointers
to additional information. New features information from previous releases is also
retained to help those users migrating to the current release.
The following sections describe the new features in Oracle Data Warehousing:
s Oracle9i Release 2 (9.2) New Features in Data Warehousing
s Oracle9i Release 1 (9.0.1) New Features in Data Warehousing
34. xxxiv
Oracle9i Release 2 (9.2) New Features in Data Warehousing
s Data Segment Compression
You can compress data segments in heap-organized tables, and a typical
example of a heap-organized table you should consider for data segment
compression is partitioned tables. Data segment compression is also useful for
highly redundant data, such as tables with many foreign keys and materialized
views created with the ROLLUP clause. You should avoid compression on tables
with many updates or DML.
s Materialized View Enhancements
You can now nest materialized views when the materialized view contains joins
and aggregates. Fast refresh is now possible on a materialized views containing
the UNION ALL operator. Various restrictions were removed in addition to
expanding the situations where materialized views could be effectively used. In
particular, using materialized views in an OLAP environment has been
improved.
s Parallel DML on Non-Partitioned Tables
You can now use parallel DML on non-partitioned tables.
s Partitioning Enhancements
You can now simplify SQL syntax by using a DEFAULT partition or a
subpartition template. You can implement SPLIT operations more easily.
See Also: Chapter 8, "Materialized Views"
See Also: "Overview of Data Warehousing with Materialized
Views" on page 8-2 and "Materialized Views in OLAP
Environments" on page 8-41, and Chapter 14, "Maintaining the
Data Warehouse"
See Also: Chapter 21, "Using Parallel Execution"
See Also: "Partitioning Methods" on page 5-5, Chapter 5,
"Parallelism and Partitioning in Data Warehouses", and Oracle9i
Database Administrator’s Guide
35. xxxv
s Query Rewrite Enhancements
Text match processing and join equivalence recognition have been improved.
Materialized views containing the UNION ALL operator can now use query
rewrite.
s Range-List Partitioning
You can now subpartition by list range-partitioned tables.
s Summary Advisor Enhancements
The Summary Advisor tool and its related DBMS_OLAP package were improved
so you can restrict workloads to a specific schema.
Oracle9i Release 1 (9.0.1) New Features in Data Warehousing
s Analytic Functions
Oracle’s analytic capabilities have been improved through the addition of
Inverse percentile, hypothetical distribution, and first/last analytic functions.
s Bitmap Join Index
A bitmap join index spans multiple tables and improves the performance of
joins of those tables.
s ETL Enhancements
Oracle’s extraction, transformation, and loading capabilities have been
improved with a MERGE statement, multi-table inserts, and table functions.
See Also: Chapter 22, "Query Rewrite"
See Also: "Types of Partitioning" on page 5-4
See Also: Chapter 16, "Summary Advisor"
See Also: Chapter 19, "SQL for Analysis in Data Warehouses"
See Also: "Bitmap Indexes" on page 6-2
See Also: Chapter 10, "Overview of Extraction, Transformation,
and Loading"
36. xxxvi
s Full Outer Joins
Oracle added full support for full outer joins so that you can more easily
express certain complex queries.
s Grouping Sets
You can now selectively specify the set of groups that you want to create using
a GROUPING SETS expression within a GROUP BY clause. This allows precise
specification across multiple dimensions without computing the whole CUBE.
s List Partitioning
List partitioning offers you precise control over which data belongs in a
particular partition.
s Materialized View Enhancements
Various restrictions were removed in addition to expanding the situations
where materialized views could be effectively used.
s Query Rewrite Enhancements
The query rewrite feature, which allows many SQL statements to use
materialized views, thereby improving performance significantly, was
improved significantly. Text match processing and join equivalence recognition
have been improved.
See Also: Oracle9i Database Performance Tuning Guide and Reference
See Also: Chapter 18, "SQL for Aggregation in Data Warehouses"
See Also: "Partitioning Design Considerations" on page 5-4 and
Oracle9i Database Concepts, and Oracle9i Database Administrator’s
Guide
See Also: "Overview of Data Warehousing with Materialized
Views" on page 8-2
See Also: Chapter 22, "Query Rewrite"
37. xxxvii
s Summary Advisor Enhancements
The Summary Advisor tool and its related DBMS_OLAP package were improved
so you can specify workloads. In addition, a broader class of schemas is now
supported.
s WITH Clause
The WITH clause enables you to reuse a query block in a SELECT statement
when it occurs more than once within a complex query.
See Also: Chapter 16, "Summary Advisor"
See Also: "Computation Using the WITH Clause" on page 18-30
39. Part I
Concepts
This section introduces basic data warehousing concepts.
It contains the following chapter:
s Data Warehousing Concepts
40.
41. Data Warehousing Concepts 1-1
1
Data Warehousing Concepts
This chapter provides an overview of the Oracle data warehousing implementation.
It includes:
s What is a Data Warehouse?
s Data Warehouse Architectures
Note that this book is meant as a supplement to standard texts about data
warehousing. This book focuses on Oracle-specific material and does not reproduce
in detail material of a general nature. Two standard texts are:
s The Data Warehouse Toolkit by Ralph Kimball (John Wiley and Sons, 1996)
s Building the Data Warehouse by William Inmon (John Wiley and Sons, 1996)
42. What is a Data Warehouse?
1-2 Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide
What is a Data Warehouse?
A data warehouse is a relational database that is designed for query and analysis
rather than for transaction processing. It usually contains historical data derived
from transaction data, but it can include data from other sources. It separates
analysis workload from transaction workload and enables an organization to
consolidate data from several sources.
In addition to a relational database, a data warehouse environment includes an
extraction, transportation, transformation, and loading (ETL) solution, an online
analytical processing (OLAP) engine, client analysis tools, and other applications
that manage the process of gathering data and delivering it to business users.
A common way of introducing data warehousing is to refer to the characteristics of
a data warehouse as set forth by William Inmon:
s Subject Oriented
s Integrated
s Nonvolatile
s Time Variant
Subject Oriented
Data warehouses are designed to help you analyze data. For example, to learn more
about your company’s sales data, you can build a warehouse that concentrates on
sales. Using this warehouse, you can answer questions like "Who was our best
customer for this item last year?" This ability to define a data warehouse by subject
matter, sales in this case, makes the data warehouse subject oriented.
Integrated
Integration is closely related to subject orientation. Data warehouses must put data
from disparate sources into a consistent format. They must resolve such problems
as naming conflicts and inconsistencies among units of measure. When they achieve
this, they are said to be integrated.
See Also: Chapter 10, "Overview of Extraction, Transformation,
and Loading"
43. What is a Data Warehouse?
Data Warehousing Concepts 1-3
Nonvolatile
Nonvolatile means that, once entered into the warehouse, data should not change.
This is logical because the purpose of a warehouse is to enable you to analyze what
has occurred.
Time Variant
In order to discover trends in business, analysts need large amounts of data. This is
very much in contrast to online transaction processing (OLTP) systems, where
performance requirements demand that historical data be moved to an archive. A
data warehouse’s focus on change over time is what is meant by the term time
variant.
Contrasting OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments
Figure 1–1 illustrates key differences between an OLTP system and a data
warehouse.
Figure 1–1 Contrasting OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments
One major difference between the types of system is that data warehouses are not
usually in third normal form (3NF), a type of data normalization common in OLTP
environments.
Few
Rare
Normalized
DBMS
Many
Indexes
Derived Data
and Aggregates
Duplicated
Data
Joins
Many
Complex data
structures
(3NF databases)
Multidimensional
data structures
OLTP Data Warehouse
Common
Denormalized
DBMS
Some
44. What is a Data Warehouse?
1-4 Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide
Data warehouses and OLTP systems have very different requirements. Here are
some examples of differences between typical data warehouses and OLTP systems:
s Workload
Data warehouses are designed to accommodate ad hoc queries. You might not
know the workload of your data warehouse in advance, so a data warehouse
should be optimized to perform well for a wide variety of possible query
operations.
OLTP systems support only predefined operations. Your applications might be
specifically tuned or designed to support only these operations.
s Data modifications
A data warehouse is updated on a regular basis by the ETL process (run nightly
or weekly) using bulk data modification techniques. The end users of a data
warehouse do not directly update the data warehouse.
In OLTP systems, end users routinely issue individual data modification
statements to the database. The OLTP database is always up to date, and reflects
the current state of each business transaction.
s Schema design
Data warehouses often use denormalized or partially denormalized schemas
(such as a star schema) to optimize query performance.
OLTP systems often use fully normalized schemas to optimize
update/insert/delete performance, and to guarantee data consistency.
s Typical operations
A typical data warehouse query scans thousands or millions of rows. For
example, "Find the total sales for all customers last month."
A typical OLTP operation accesses only a handful of records. For example,
"Retrieve the current order for this customer."
s Historical data
Data warehouses usually store many months or years of data. This is to support
historical analysis.
OLTP systems usually store data from only a few weeks or months. The OLTP
system stores only historical data as needed to successfully meet the
requirements of the current transaction.
45. Data Warehouse Architectures
Data Warehousing Concepts 1-5
Data Warehouse Architectures
Data warehouses and their architectures vary depending upon the specifics of an
organization's situation. Three common architectures are:
s Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)
s Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area)
s Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts)
Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)
Figure 1–2 shows a simple architecture for a data warehouse. End users directly
access data derived from several source systems through the data warehouse.
Figure 1–2 Architecture of a Data Warehouse
In Figure 1–2, the metadata and raw data of a traditional OLTP system is present, as
is an additional type of data, summary data. Summaries are very valuable in data
warehouses because they pre-compute long operations in advance. For example, a
typical data warehouse query is to retrieve something like August sales. A
summary in Oracle is called a materialized view.
WarehouseData Sources
Summary
Data
Raw Data
Metadata
Operational
System
Operational
System
Flat Files
Users
Analysis
Reporting
Mining
46. Data Warehouse Architectures
1-6 Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area)
In Figure 1–2, you need to clean and process your operational data before putting it
into the warehouse. You can do this programmatically, although most data
warehouses use a staging area instead. A staging area simplifies building
summaries and general warehouse management. Figure 1–3 illustrates this typical
architecture.
Figure 1–3 Architecture of a Data Warehouse with a Staging Area
Operational
System
Data
Sources
Staging
Area Warehouse Users
Operational
System
Flat Files
Analysis
Reporting
Mining
Summary
Data
Raw Data
Metadata
47. Data Warehouse Architectures
Data Warehousing Concepts 1-7
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts)
Although the architecture in Figure 1–3 is quite common, you may want to
customize your warehouse’s architecture for different groups within your
organization. You can do this by adding data marts, which are systems designed for
a particular line of business. Figure 1–4 illustrates an example where purchasing,
sales, and inventories are separated. In this example, a financial analyst might want
to analyze historical data for purchases and sales.
Figure 1–4 Architecture of a Data Warehouse with a Staging Area and Data Marts
Note: Data marts are an important part of many warehouses, but
they are not the focus of this book.
See Also: Data Mart Suites documentation for further information
regarding data marts
Operational
System
Data
Sources
Staging
Area Warehouse
Data
Marts Users
Operational
System
Flat Files
Sales
Purchasing
Inventory
Analysis
Reporting
Mining
Summary
Data
Raw Data
Metadata
49. Part II
Logical Design
This section deals with the issues in logical design in a data warehouse.
It contains the following chapter:
s Logical Design in Data Warehouses
50.
51. Logical Design in Data Warehouses 2-1
2
Logical Design in Data Warehouses
This chapter tells you how to design a data warehousing environment and includes
the following topics:
s Logical Versus Physical Design in Data Warehouses
s Creating a Logical Design
s Data Warehousing Schemas
s Data Warehousing Objects
52. Logical Versus Physical Design in Data Warehouses
2-2 Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide
Logical Versus Physical Design in Data Warehouses
Your organization has decided to build a data warehouse. You have defined the
business requirements and agreed upon the scope of your application, and created a
conceptual design. Now you need to translate your requirements into a system
deliverable. To do so, you create the logical and physical design for the data
warehouse. You then define:
s The specific data content
s Relationships within and between groups of data
s The system environment supporting your data warehouse
s The data transformations required
s The frequency with which data is refreshed
The logical design is more conceptual and abstract than the physical design. In the
logical design, you look at the logical relationships among the objects. In the
physical design, you look at the most effective way of storing and retrieving the
objects as well as handling them from a transportation and backup/recovery
perspective.
Orient your design toward the needs of the end users. End users typically want to
perform analysis and look at aggregated data, rather than at individual
transactions. However, end users might not know what they need until they see it.
In addition, a well-planned design allows for growth and changes as the needs of
users change and evolve.
By beginning with the logical design, you focus on the information requirements
and save the implementation details for later.
Creating a Logical Design
A logical design is conceptual and abstract. You do not deal with the physical
implementation details yet. You deal only with defining the types of information
that you need.
One technique you can use to model your organization's logical information
requirements is entity-relationship modeling. Entity-relationship modeling involves
identifying the things of importance (entities), the properties of these things
(attributes), and how they are related to one another (relationships).
The process of logical design involves arranging data into a series of logical
relationships called entities and attributes. An entity represents a chunk of
53. Data Warehousing Schemas
Logical Design in Data Warehouses 2-3
information. In relational databases, an entity often maps to a table. An attribute is
a component of an entity that helps define the uniqueness of the entity. In relational
databases, an attribute maps to a column.
To be sure that your data is consistent, you need to use unique identifiers. A unique
identifier is something you add to tables so that you can differentiate between the
same item when it appears in different places. In a physical design, this is usually a
primary key.
While entity-relationship diagramming has traditionally been associated with
highly normalized models such as OLTP applications, the technique is still useful
for data warehouse design in the form of dimensional modeling. In dimensional
modeling, instead of seeking to discover atomic units of information (such as
entities and attributes) and all of the relationships between them, you identify
which information belongs to a central fact table and which information belongs to
its associated dimension tables. You identify business subjects or fields of data,
define relationships between business subjects, and name the attributes for each
subject.
Your logical design should result in (1) a set of entities and attributes corresponding
to fact tables and dimension tables and (2) a model of operational data from your
source into subject-oriented information in your target data warehouse schema.
You can create the logical design using a pen and paper, or you can use a design
tool such as Oracle Warehouse Builder (specifically designed to support modeling
the ETL process) or Oracle Designer (a general purpose modeling tool).
Data Warehousing Schemas
A schema is a collection of database objects, including tables, views, indexes, and
synonyms. You can arrange schema objects in the schema models designed for data
warehousing in a variety of ways. Most data warehouses use a dimensional model.
The model of your source data and the requirements of your users help you design
the data warehouse schema. You can sometimes get the source model from your
company's enterprise data model and reverse-engineer the logical data model for
the data warehouse from this. The physical implementation of the logical data
See Also: Chapter 9, "Dimensions" for further information
regarding dimensions
See Also: Oracle Designer and Oracle Warehouse Builder
documentation sets
54. Data Warehousing Schemas
2-4 Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide
warehouse model may require some changes to adapt it to your system
parameters—size of machine, number of users, storage capacity, type of network,
and software.
Star Schemas
The star schema is the simplest data warehouse schema. It is called a star schema
because the diagram resembles a star, with points radiating from a center. The
center of the star consists of one or more fact tables and the points of the star are the
dimension tables, as shown in Figure 2–1.
Figure 2–1 Star Schema
The most natural way to model a data warehouse is as a star schema, only one join
establishes the relationship between the fact table and any one of the dimension
tables.
A star schema optimizes performance by keeping queries simple and providing fast
response time. All the information about each level is stored in one row.
Note: Oracle Corporation recommends that you choose a star
schema unless you have a clear reason not to.
customers
products
Dimension Table Dimension Table
channels
sales
(amount_sold,
quantity_sold)
times
Fact Table
55. Data Warehousing Objects
Logical Design in Data Warehouses 2-5
Other Schemas
Some schemas in data warehousing environments use third normal form rather
than star schemas. Another schema that is sometimes useful is the snowflake
schema, which is a star schema with normalized dimensions in a tree structure.
Data Warehousing Objects
Fact tables and dimension tables are the two types of objects commonly used in
dimensional data warehouse schemas.
Fact tables are the large tables in your warehouse schema that store business
measurements. Fact tables typically contain facts and foreign keys to the dimension
tables. Fact tables represent data, usually numeric and additive, that can be
analyzed and examined. Examples include sales, cost, and profit.
Dimension tables, also known as lookup or reference tables, contain the relatively
static data in the warehouse. Dimension tables store the information you normally
use to contain queries. Dimension tables are usually textual and descriptive and
you can use them as the row headers of the result set. Examples are customers or
products.
Fact Tables
A fact table typically has two types of columns: those that contain numeric facts
(often called measurements), and those that are foreign keys to dimension tables. A
fact table contains either detail-level facts or facts that have been aggregated. Fact
tables that contain aggregated facts are often called summary tables. A fact table
usually contains facts with the same level of aggregation. Though most facts are
additive, they can also be semi-additive or non-additive. Additive facts can be
aggregated by simple arithmetical addition. A common example of this is sales.
Non-additive facts cannot be added at all. An example of this is averages.
Semi-additive facts can be aggregated along some of the dimensions and not along
others. An example of this is inventory levels, where you cannot tell what a level
means simply by looking at it.
See Also: Chapter 17, "Schema Modeling Techniques" for further
information regarding star and snowflake schemas in data
warehouses and Oracle9i Database Concepts for further conceptual
material
56. Data Warehousing Objects
2-6 Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide
Creating a New Fact Table
You must define a fact table for each star schema. From a modeling standpoint, the
primary key of the fact table is usually a composite key that is made up of all of its
foreign keys.
Dimension Tables
A dimension is a structure, often composed of one or more hierarchies, that
categorizes data. Dimensional attributes help to describe the dimensional value.
They are normally descriptive, textual values. Several distinct dimensions,
combined with facts, enable you to answer business questions. Commonly used
dimensions are customers, products, and time.
Dimension data is typically collected at the lowest level of detail and then
aggregated into higher level totals that are more useful for analysis. These natural
rollups or aggregations within a dimension table are called hierarchies.
Hierarchies
Hierarchies are logical structures that use ordered levels as a means of organizing
data. A hierarchy can be used to define data aggregation. For example, in a time
dimension, a hierarchy might aggregate data from the month level to the quarter
level to the year level. A hierarchy can also be used to define a navigational drill
path and to establish a family structure.
Within a hierarchy, each level is logically connected to the levels above and below it.
Data values at lower levels aggregate into the data values at higher levels. A
dimension can be composed of more than one hierarchy. For example, in the
product dimension, there might be two hierarchies—one for product categories
and one for product suppliers.
Dimension hierarchies also group levels from general to granular. Query tools use
hierarchies to enable you to drill down into your data to view different levels of
granularity. This is one of the key benefits of a data warehouse.
When designing hierarchies, you must consider the relationships in business
structures. For example, a divisional multilevel sales organization.
Hierarchies impose a family structure on dimension values. For a particular level
value, a value at the next higher level is its parent, and values at the next lower level
are its children. These familial relationships enable analysts to access data quickly.
57. Data Warehousing Objects
Logical Design in Data Warehouses 2-7
Levels A level represents a position in a hierarchy. For example, a time dimension
might have a hierarchy that represents data at the month, quarter, and year
levels. Levels range from general to specific, with the root level as the highest or
most general level. The levels in a dimension are organized into one or more
hierarchies.
Level Relationships Level relationships specify top-to-bottom ordering of levels from
most general (the root) to most specific information. They define the parent-child
relationship between the levels in a hierarchy.
Hierarchies are also essential components in enabling more complex rewrites. For
example, the database can aggregate an existing sales revenue on a quarterly base to
a yearly aggregation when the dimensional dependencies between quarter and year
are known.
Typical Dimension Hierarchy
Figure 2–2 illustrates a dimension hierarchy based on customers.
Figure 2–2 Typical Levels in a Dimension Hierarchy
See Also: Chapter 9, "Dimensions" and Chapter 22, "Query
Rewrite" for further information regarding hierarchies
region
customer
country_name
subregion