This document summarizes a presentation about data publishing and access. It discusses how expectations for publishing have changed with electronic publishing, with publishers now making all content permanently available and taking interest in associated research data. It also outlines emerging federal policies around sharing publicly funded research, capabilities of data repositories, and the roles of various stakeholders - including librarians, publishers, and commercial entities - in improving access to and integration of research publications and data. The presentation concludes by inviting questions.

1. NATIONAL FEDERATION OF ADVANCED INFORMATION SERVICES
Mastering the Curation, Integrity and
Citation of Quality Research Data:
Research Data Publication, Part II
Richard Huffine, Independent Consultant
NFAIS Hybrid One-Day Workshop, April 20, 2015

2. Overview
• Publishing: The Change in
Expectations
• Where it Starts: Planning for
Data
• Role of Data in Publishing
• Metadata and Citation
• Emerging U.S. Federal Policies
• Case Study: USGS
• Capabilities of Data
Repositories
• Access to Data
– Role of Librarians
– Role of Publishers
– Other Commercial Interests
• *A Note About Copyrights
• Questions and Feedback

3. Publishing: the Change in Expectations
• Just a generation ago publishing was a very prospective
industry
– Most publications were allowed to go out of print
– Publishers were always looking for their next releases, not
focusing on what they had published in the past
• With the dawn of electronic publishing, the industry
changed
• Publishers digitized their entire backlists and are making
the most of everything they publish
• This opens the door for publishers to take an interest in
the data associated with publications

4. • Data publishing will continue to grow in both
volume and diversity:
– Data associated with publications
– Data as the publication, largely to replace reference
books
– Data sets and sub-sets for specific applications
– Data systems which aggregate and collect data from
multiple sources
• The processes for licensing both content and data
are converging
Publishing: the Change in Expectations

5. Where it Starts: Planning for Data
• A number of funders are now requiring data
management plans as part of the funding process
• Those plans include the strategies authors will use to
archive, distribute, and preserve the data collected
using those funds
• That data – the entirety of what is collected in support
of a research project – is typically archived by the
institutional sponsors
• Smaller subsets of the data – that which supports
specific publications – is being published either with or
at the same time as the published research.

6. Role of Data in Publishing
• Publishers have adopted a variety of strategies for
making data available
• Some support ancillary file delivery; others point to
author-provided locations for data
• Some publishers are developing policies for data
availability
– PLoS, Sharing of Data, Materials, and Software
• https://www.plos.org/policies/#sharing
• Beyond publication, institutions are investing in data
management infrastructures that can assist researchers
in managing their data in perpetuity.
– Purdue University Research Repository (PURR)
• https://purr.purdue.edu/

7. Metadata and Citation
• Metadata Standards
– Repositories should collect everything they can about
the data they hold and only limit what they share
based on the specified standards of requestors
• Citation
– Repositories should provide persistent Identifiers to
data sets and to their descriptive metadata records
– The elements for citation should be one of the
required elements during the ingest of a data
collection.

8. Emerging U.S. Federal Policies
• The U.S. federal government does not currently have a
legislative mandate to share data produced using federal
funding
• But the current administration has made commitments to
increase the availability of data – both government
produced and funded
• All agencies are developing strategies for managing their
data and making it more accessible
• Some agencies have developed policies in response to a
Presidential Memorandum from 2013 – to enhance public
access to publicly funded research
• Only the Departments of Health & Human Services and
Education have mandates defined in law

9. USGS: A Case Study
• Longstanding Data Series publication process
• Community for Data Integration (www.usgs.gov/cdi/)
• Data Management Web site (www.usgs.gov/datamanagement/share.php)
• USGS Policies (www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/95imlist.html)
– Scientific Data Management Foundation
– Metadata for Scientific Data, Software, and Other Information Products
– Review and Approval of Scientific Data for Release
– Preservation Requirements for Digital Scientific Data
• Moving towards repository services to manage data and publications
for discovery and access.

10. Capabilities of Data Repositories
• The technical infrastructure for managing digital content is evolving.
• Publishers and research institutions currently have very different
strategies
• Publishers are using a variety of expensive commercial products that
can scale to their needs.
• Research institutions are developing repository solutions using Open
Source products that require significant investment and
development
• Neither path is sustainable and the two rarely interface with one
another
• The two also place different priorities on persistence, relationships
to other objects, and end-user capabilities
• Capabilities like Application Protocol Interfaces (APIs) and
Representational State Transfer (REST) services are being sought by
users of both of these solutions

11. Access to Data: Role of Librarians
• Librarians have a unique skill set to help address the
requirements for data access in this changing environment
• Librarians sit at the intersection between:
– Publishers and Users
– Researchers and Institutional Repositories
– Publishers and Institutions
• Librarians can, and should, be working to improve the path
for data access through improving the interchange that
occurs at these intersections
• Librarians – and not necessarily libraries – are needed to
support a culture of continuous improvement in access and
usability of both publications and data
• Boston Public Library to Tackle Boston’s Data
– http://www.bostonherald.com/business/business_markets/2015/04/library_to_tackle_bostons_data

12. Access to Data: Role of Publishers
• Publishers, like funders, need to establish standards for data
sharing and facilitate access to data, regardless of where it is
housed
• Publishers need to build on the current trends and make the
data they provide more useful to the users of their content.
Including:
– Interactivity and visualization with data associated with
publications
– Data services for accessing data through direct interchange
• Improved integration with institutional repositories to
facilitate access to ancillary material regardless of where it
resides

13. Access to Data:
Other Commercial Interests
• The responsibility for data publication and access does not
reside solely with publishers and institutional repositories
• A number of other commercial interests can step up to
support improved access to data and enhanced services for
its re-use
• Research Data Management is a growing opportunity for
both commercial and non-commercial development
• Commercial services that support scientists like Mendeley,
Flow, and EndNote could develop tools for discovery,
visualization, and integration with other sources of data and
analysis
• As publishers and repositories improve, the ability to
support researchers with enhanced tools grows.

14. * A Note About Copyrights
• Just a note to clarify that in the United States, copyright
law does not apply to facts, data, or ideas. However,
copyright may protect a collection of data as contained
in a database or compilation, but only if it meets certain
requirements.
• In Europe, however, provides much greater protection
of databases. It prohibits the extraction or reutilization
of any database in which there has been a substantial
investment in either obtaining, verification, or
presentation of the data contents.
– Database legal protection
• http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/database.html

15. Questions and Feedback
• What questions did today’s presentation raise
for you?
Feedback:
Richard Huffine
202-253-3511
richardhuffine@gmail.com