Data mining
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1. Decision tree induction is used for data mining but can result in overfitting due to noise in the training data. Tree pruning methods address this by removing the least reliable branches using statistical measures. 2. There are two tree pruning approaches - prepruning which halts tree construction early, and postpruning which removes subtrees from a fully grown tree. Cost complexity pruning removes subtrees if they increase encoding costs. 3. For large datasets, decision tree construction becomes inefficient due to memory swapping. More scalable algorithms like BOAT use bootstrapping statistics to construct trees from samples rather than requiring the full dataset to fit in memory.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Data mining
- 1. Data Mining Decision Tree Induction By, Dharshini N MCA-I 20PMC03
- 2. Tree Pruning O A decision tree is build many of the branches will reflect anomalies in the training data due to noise or outlier. O Tree pruning methods address this problem of overfitting the data. O Such methods typically use statistical measure to remove the least reliable branches.
- 3. O In the prepruning approach a tree is “pruned” by halting its construction early. O The second and more common approach is Postpruning which removes subtrees from a “fully grown ”tree. O A subtree at a given node is pruned by removing its branches and replacing it with a leaf. O The cost complexity pruning algorithm used in CART is an example of the postprunning approach.
- 4. O A pruning set of class-labeled tuples is used to estimate cost complexity. O This set is independent of the training set used to build the unpruned tree and of any test set used for accuracy estimation. O A method called Pessimistic pruning ,which is similar to the cost complexity is preferred. O The best pruned tree is the one that minimizes the number of encoding bits.
- 8. Scalability and Decision Tree Induction O In data mining applications very large training sets of millions of tuples are common. O Decision tree construction becomes inefficient due to swapping of the training tuples in and out of main and cache memories. O More scalable approaches, capable of handling training data that are too large to fit in memory , required.
- 9. O BOAT(Bootstrapped Optimistic Algorithm For Tree Construction) is a decision tree algorithm that takes a completely different approach to scalability. O It is not based on the use of any special data structures. O Instead, it uses a statistical technique known as boost strapping.
- 11. ☺THANK YOU☺