The document explores the evolution of scientific paradigms, focusing on data management's critical role in data-intensive science where researchers collect and analyze data rather than solely relying on hypotheses. It highlights numerous examples of data repositories and collaborative projects that facilitate the sharing and analysis of vast datasets across various disciplines. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of collaboration and the Internet in accelerating scientific discoveries and insights.

1. The Role of Data Management in ScienceAnand DeshpandePersistent SystemsSeptember 7, 2011

2. Good referencesMicrosoft Faculty Summit 2011http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/events/fs2011/Tony Hey’s presentations at the eventhttp://research.microsoft.com/en-us/events/fs2011/welcome_introduction_hey_faculitysummit_071811.pdfThe Fourth Paradigm bookhttp://research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration/fourthparadigm/4th_paradigm_book_complete_lr.pdfJim Gray’s workhttp://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/Alex Szalay’s work on Large Databases and Sciencehttp://www.sdss.jhu.edu/~szalay/servers.html2

3. Availability and abilityto handlevery large volumes of storage and complex computing is redefining how we do Science3

4. Galileo and his telescopeFirst Paradigm:For thousands of years, Science was about empirically describing natural phenomenon4

5. Second Paradigm:Theoretical Science using models and generalizationNewtonKeplarMaxwell5

6. Third Paradigm:Computational Science: Simulating Complex Phenomenon6Over the last 25 years Scientists have used computer simulation to validate theories.A hurricane computer simulation.

7. Are You Living In a Computer Simulation? Nick Bostrom. Philosophical Quarterly, 2003, Vol. 53, No. 211, pp. 243-255. [html] [pdf] (An earlier draft was circulated in 2001.)ABSTRACT. This paper argues that at least one of the following propositions is true: (1) the human species is very likely to go extinct before reaching a “posthuman” stage; (2) any posthuman civilization is extremely unlikely to run a significant number of simulations of their evolutionary history (or variations thereof); (3) we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation. It follows that the belief that there is a significant chance that we will one day become posthumans who run ancestor-simulations is false, unless we are currently living in a simulation. A number of other consequences of this result are also discussed.7

8. Fourth Paradigm:Data Intensive ScienceThe scientific method was traditionally driven by hypothesis. First scientists predict a good response, then collect experimental data to validate the data against its predictions. However, in the new data-driven approach researchers start with collecting data and analyze data later. 8

9. Scientists are collecting data How to codify data and extract insights and knowledge?9Experiments and InstrumentsSimulationsQuestionAnswerLiteratureOther Archives

10. Collaboration is the key to good scienceIsaac Newton famously remarked in a letter to his rival Robert Hookedated February 5, 1676 that:"What Descartes did was a goodstep. You have added much several ways, and especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen a little further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."10

11. Collaboration in Science in the facebook age.11

12. Examples of Microsoft Environmental Informatics Framework12

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18. Virtual Observatory - IndiaVOPlot VOPlot3D VOMegaPLot VOStatVOConvert VOCat

26. R4R3R0R1R2

28. caBIG: Cancer and Biomedical Informatics Grid28

29. caBIG networkPersistent is a participant in caBIG network29

30. Getting All Scientific Data Online30Many disciplines overlap and use data from other sciencesThe Internet can unify all literature and dataIncrease Scientific Information VelocityFrom Jim Gray’s last talk.

31. How much data are we collecting?31

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33. The SKA radio telescope will be a virtual time machine… Ableto look back more than 10 billion years.But will require us to process 1 Terabyte every second at a speed of 3000 TeraFlops (processor operations per second)!33

34. It is not that the scientists are the only ones collecting data!34

35. The impact of aggregate data http://data.mint.com/35

36. Concur: Aggregating Travel Data36

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38. 38http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/26097/

39. 39Internet and historical snapshotsInternet Archive / Wayback machineThe Internet Archive offers permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format. Founded in 1996, now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archivedWikipediaWikipedia is the most famous cooperatively edited encyclopedia. Since every change is stored, Web pages' history can offer a detailed subject-based overview of the most important references of the past.The Knowledge CentersA collection of links to other resources for fifinding Web pages as they used to exist in the past.WhenagoWhenago provides quick access to historical information about what happened in the past on a given day.World Digital LibraryThe World Digital Library (WDL) makes available on the Internet, free of charge and in multilingual format, signifificant primary materials from countries and cultures around the world.Information retrieval enginesFreebaseFreebase is an open, Creative Commons licensed repository of structured data of more than 12 million entities. It provides collaborative tools to link entities together and keep them updated.Wolfram Alpha Computational Knowledge EngineAn attempt to compute whatever can be computed about anything. It aims to provide a single source that can be relied on by everyone for defifinitive answers to factual queries.Text mining on the WebGoogle TrendsGoogle Trends shows visual statistics about how often keywords have been searched on Google over time. Google Trends also shows how frequently topics have appeared in Google News stories, and in which geographic regions people have searched for them most.Google Flu TrendsGoogle Flu Trends uses aggregated Google search data to estimate flu activity. Data available for download as well.The ObservatoriumThe Observatorium project focuses on complex network dynamics in the Internet, proposing to monitor its evolution in real-time, with the general objective of better understanding the processes of knowledge generation and opinion dynamics.We Feel FineA database of several million human feelings, harvested from blogs and social pages in the Web. Using a series of playful interfaces, the feelings can be searched and sorted across a number of demographic slices. Web api available as well.CyberEmotionsThe CyberEmotions project focuses on the role of collective emotions in creating, forming and breaking-up ecommunities. It makes available for download three datasets containing news and comments from the BBC News forum, Digg and MySpace, only for academic research and only after the submission of an application form.Social data sharingLinked DataLinked Data is about using the Web to connect related data that was not previously linked, or using the Web to lower the barriers to linking data currently linked using other methods.Dataverse Network ProjectThe Dataverse Network is an application to publish, share, reference, extract and analyze research data. It facilitates making data available to others, and allows to replicate others work. Researchers and data authors get credit, publishers and distributors get credit, affiliated institutions get credit.Data360Data360 is an open-source, collaborative and free Web site. The site hosts a common and shared database, which any person or organization, committed to neutrality and non-partisanship (meaning let the data speak), can use for presentations and visualizations.SwivelSwivel is a web site where people share reports of charts and numbers. It is free for public data, and charges a monthly fee to people who want to use it in private.Many EyesA IBM initiative that allows users to upload their datasets and use a collection of tools to obtain meaningful visualizations from them. Each visualization is publicly stored on a dedicated page, where users can comment, rate and tag it. Reuse of the data is possible and encouraged.Conflict dataCSCW Data on Armed ConflictCSCW and Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, have collaborated in the production of a dataset of armed conflicts, both internal and external, in the period 1946 to the present. Currently, probably the most extensive dataset repository available, in particular for historic data.WarViewsThe aim of the WarViews project is to create an easy-to-use front-end for the exploration of GIS data on conflict. It can run on a Web browser or it can be displayed using Google Earth.The following are civil war specifific datasets with additional empirical information:Ethnic group location datasetEthnic power balances datasetCollection of updated datasets and codebooks from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP).ACLEDPartially contained in the PRIO dataset, ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) is designed for disaggregated conflict analysis and crisis mapping. This dataset codes the location of all reported conflict events in 50 countries in the developing world. Data are currently being coded from 1997 to 2009 and the project continues to backdate conflict information for African states to the year of independence.CERACThe Conflict Analysis Resource Center hosts several cross country conflict data sets and a few datasets of particular countries. Repositories also have datasets of political instability and conflict.The Cross-National Time-Series Data ArchiveThe Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive provides annual data for a range of countries from 1815 to the present. Frequently cited, it is one of the \leading datasets on political violence", according to Robert Bates at Harvard University. It is \possibly the most widely used event dataset" according to HenrikUrdal, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO).Country specifific repositories: Iraq, AfghanistanCollection of datasets of terrorist acts.Data in economics and fifinanceBloombergInternational real-time data provider for decision makers in fifinance, business and government.Maddison DataHistorical statistics about GDP and population data.UNCTAD StatisticsThe UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics on-line provides time series of economic data and development indicators, in some cases going back as far as 1950; the Commodity Price Statistics Online Database; the UNCTAD-TRAINS on the Internet (Trade Analysis and Information System) for trade control measures as well as import flows by origin for over 130 countries; the Foreign Direct Investment database (FDI).OECD Statistics PortalLarge collection of datasets covering economics, demographics. Extractions are freely available, full access requires subscription.EUROSTATDetailed statistics on the EU and candidate countries, and various statistical publications for sale.Where's George?Spatial tracking system for U.S. and Canadian dollars.EurobilltrackerSpatial tracking system for Euro banknotes.Scientifific collaboration dataISI Web of KnowledgeComprehensive source of information in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. It encompasses several datasets, among which the following are maybe the most noteworthy: Journal Citation Reports. It allows one to evaluate and compare journals using citation data drawn from over 7,500 scholarly and technical journals; Web of Science. It consists of seven databases containing information gathered from thousands of scholarly journals, books, book series, reports, conferences, and more.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar is search engine specialized in scholarly literature. It indexes different sources (articles, books, abstract, thesis, etc.) from several disciplines and sorts them according to number of citations, author and journal impact factor.ScholarometerScholarometer is a social tool to facilitate citation analysis and help evaluate the impact of an author's publications. It works as a software plug-in for the Firefox browser.ScopusScopus is a very large abstract and citation database of research literature. It is available only for registered users.Living ScienceLiving Science is a real time global science observatory based on publications submitted to arXiv.org. It covers real time (daily) submissions of publications in areas as diverse as Physics, Astronomy, Computer Science, Mathematics and Quantitative Biology. Currently, contents are dynamically updated each day. Living Science is a powerful analysis tool to identify the magnitude and impact of scientifific work worldwide.Social sciencesICPSR of the University of MichiganICPSR offers more than 500,000 digital fifiles containing social science research data. Disciplines represented include political science, sociology, demography, economics, history, gerontology, criminal justice, public health, foreign policy, terrorism, health and medical care, early education, education, racial and ethnic minorities, psychology, law, substance abuse and mental health, and more.UK Data Center of the University of EssexThe UK's largest collection of digital research data in the social sciences and humanities.Berkeley's UC DATA ArchiveUC DATA's data holdings are primarily in the areas of Political, Social and Health Sciences.The Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS)The Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS) is a national data service providing access and support for an extensive range of key economic and social data, both quantitative and qualitative, spanning many disciplines and themes. It contains a map of additional datasets from several European countries.CESSDAWide data collections including sociological surveys, election studies, longitudinal studies, opinion polls, and census data. Among the materials are international and European data such as the European Social Survey, the Eurobarometers, and the International Social Survey Programme.Gapminder DataGapminder is a popular technology and Web application for cross-visualisation of trends in time series of data. It also opens an archive of multiple datasets on diverse socio-economic indicators.World Value SurveyThe World Value Survey provides data about values and cultural changes in societies all over the world.Urban dataGlobal Urban Observatory databaseThe Global Urban Observatory (GUO) offers policy-oriented urban indicators, statistics and other urban information.Urban ObservatoryU.S. based datasets about wealth, innovation and crime across cities.Traffic dataNGSIMThe Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) program was initiated by the United States Department of Transportation (US DOT). The program developed a core of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation, and collected high-quality primary trac and trajectory data intended to support the research and testing of the new algorithms.Swiss Federal Roads Office FEDRO The Swiss Federal Roads Office offers a comprehensive overview on traffic flows in Switzerland. Data are collected by permanent automatic traffic counting stations and complemented by regular manual checking since 1961.TrafficDataThe aim of the International Traffic Database (ITDb) project is to provide traffic data to various groups (researchers, practitioners, public entities) in a format according to their particular needs, ranging from raw measurement data to statistical analysis. ITDb promotes a flexible traffic data provision format based on user needs and standard habits.Clearing House for Transport DataThe Clearing House for Transport Data in the German Aerospace Center is the fifirst point of contact for a quick overview of the available data. It is targeted at both organizations who gather transport-relevant data and those who wish to use the results of such research. The information offered includes the preparation of detailed metadata on the data sets, as well as notes on possible uses and sources.Desweiteren das Regiolab DelftThe regiolab-delft initiative started just after 2000 as a joint project led by TU Delft in association with the Municipality of Delft, the TRAIL research school, the Province of South Holland, the Ministry of Transport and several industrial partners. The archived dataset consists of over 6 years of 1 minute averaged speed and aggregate flow data from densely spaced inductive loops on the freeway network in the province of south Holland and other data from intersection controllers, license plate detection camera's and much more.RITAThe Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation offers several datasets about maritime, freights, airline, passengers, etc. traffic statistics.ETH Travel Data Archive (ETHTDA)The ETH Travel Data Archive (ETHTDA) is a virtual platform allowing end users to browse the archived travel data over the Web and enabling simple statistical analysis.Metropolitan Travel Survey ArchiveThe Metropolitan Travel Survey Archive to store, preserve, and make publicly available, via the Internet, travel surveys conducted by metropolitan areas, states and localities.InfobluInfoblu is a private company providing real-time traffic monitoring services for Italy. All services are available for a fee.Open mapsGoogle MapsWorld-famous map service. It offers several additional services such as: Street View, user-uploaded content (photos, comments and ratings) and personalized overlays through service apis.OpenStreetMapOpenStreetMap (by UCL) is a free editable map of the whole world. OpenStreetMap allows you to view, edit and use geographical data in a collaborative way from anywhere on Earth.TracksourceBrasilTracksource is a collaborative project aimed at creating and distributing for free maps of Brasil.Logistics dataNational Household Travel SurveyThe National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) collect data on both long-distance and local travel by the American public. The joint survey gathers trip-related data such as mode of transportation, duration, distance and purpose of trip. It also gathers demographic, geographic, and economic data for analysis purposes. It is part of RITA.Commodity Flow SurveyThe Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) is the primary source of national and state-level data on domestic freight shipments by American establishments in mining, manufacturing, wholesale, auxiliaries, and selected retail industries. Data are provided on the types, origins and destinations, values, weights, modes of transport, distance shipped, and ton-miles of commodities shipped. It is part of RITA and it is conducted every fifive years (last sampling on 2007).Climate dataJulichClimate data from Julich Research Center.Google.orgGoogle introduces its data-driven philanthropic projects, among which two environmental satellite observatories: the Earth Engine: for monitoring trends in world deforestation;the Crisis Response: for monitoring the oil spill from the Deep Horizon sank platform.Reality miningReality MiningBehavioral data collected from 100 mobile phones over 9 months. Includes both proximity and phone usage statistics. Two anonymized datasets available: single user (MySQL) and global (Matlab).Other open data initiativesData.govWide collection of public US datasets available for research.Data.gov.ukWide collection of public UK datasets available for research.Digging Into DataLaunched by the National Science Foundation (NSF), it offers a collection of diverse data repositories.Guardian Data BlogData journalism initiative that posts public interest (primarily UK relevant) datasets together with their analysis. A few collaborations with data visualization artists are present as well.Google Public DataGoogle offers several large datasets on diverse world socio-economic indicators and provides tools for easy visualization.

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41. We are getting overwhelmed by data!Sensors are generating new kinds of data in real time.80% of the new data is unstructuredAnalyzing large volumes of data is challenging and is critical41

42. 3.3 Exabytes of Digital Information will Be Created EveryDay this YearOne exabyte is the equivalent of about 50,000 years of DVD quality video(1 exabyte = 1018 bytes )42

43. What are petabytes and exabytes?43

44. 44The Storage Pyramid

45. Disks are growing in capacity and reducing in price45

46. 1956: 5MB Hard Disk46

47. 1980: 1GB Hard Disk47

48. 2008: 1TB Hard Disk48

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50. 1990200020102020The Continued Explosion of Information80% of new information growth is unstructured content – with 90% of that unmanagedThe volume, variety, and velocity of information is driving unprecedented complexity – and opportunity202035 zettabytes44x as much Data and Content Over Coming Decade2009800,000 petabytesSource: IDC, The Digital Universe Decade – Are You Ready?, May 201050

51. Need for Semantic Computing 51

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53. "Scalable, fast access to over 100 petabytes of LSST data is essential to enable exploration, experimentation, and discovery by professional astronomers, students, and the public. SciDB's MPP architecture and array data model are a good match."...LSST"Atmospheric data from the DOE-funded Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's ground-based sensors and other atmospheric programs' satellites and models is well suited for the SciDB design."...PNNL53

54. New analytical database for massive datasetsMassively scalable advanced analyticswith integrated & transparent data managementFirst class support for scientific data and scientific research54What is SciDB?

55. Broad range of use cases large scale statistical analysis is fundamental to allPharma/Biotech Agro-tech Healthcare Analytics Oil/Gas Smart sensors Insurance Weblog Analytics Quantitative Finance55

56. O(100) petabytesLSST56

57. Technical problems being solvedScale-up the decision-making tools, not just the data storageOrganize the data optimally for analysis Especially with machine-generated data Enable increased productivityLess code, less data movement: more analysis Provide massive speed and scalability on commodity HW57

58. Designed for Scientific ResearchData is updatable but never overwritten Uncertainty stored with data and can be propagated through calculationsError bars, confidence metrics, normal probability distribution functions Support for versioning and time seriesTime is an automatically supported extra dimensionProvenance maintained for reproducibility Keep the raw data, the derived data, and the derivation58

59. Visualization is importantBetter displays and devicesGPUs provide acceleration through specialized hardware at affordable pricesGame boxes are available and inexpensiveGamification is getting interesting 59

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62. http://www.visual-literacy.org/periodic_table/periodic_table.html62

63. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable Nassim Nicholas Taleb63The book focuses on the extreme impact of certain kinds of rare and unpredictable events (outliers) and humans' tendency to find simplistic explanations for these events retrospectively, after the fact. This theory has since become known as the black swan theory.

64. "the only thing I know is that I do not know“Socrates64

65. Join65http://india.acm.org/

66. Thank you66