1) The document presents a new, rapid method for predicting the spin multiplicity and spin state of homo- and hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules and ions with 1-20 total electrons.
2) The method involves categorizing molecules/ions into 4 sets based on their total electron number, and applying one of 4 simple formulas that involve only calculating the value of 'l' to determine spin multiplicity.
3) The value of 'l' is either 0 or 1, depending on whether the total electron number is between 1-8 or 9-20. This concept is derived from azimuthal quantum numbers in quantum chemistry.
4) The method allows rapid determination of spin multiplicity compared to the
This document proposes a new rapid method for predicting the magnetic moment of monoatomic and diatomic molecules and ions with 1-20 total electrons without using molecular orbital theory (MOT). It divides molecules into 4 sets based on their total electron number and whether it is even or odd. For each set it provides a formula involving the square root of a number to calculate the magnetic moment. The value of the variable 'l' in the formulas is either 0 or 1 depending on the total electron number and is based on s and p orbital concepts from quantum chemistry. Several examples are shown applying the new method and comparing to the conventional formula. The author believes this new method will allow students to more quickly solve magnetic moment questions on exams.
This document provides an overview of modern atomic theory and quantum mechanics. It discusses the key discoveries and models that led to our current understanding of atomic structure, including Dalton's atomic theory, the discovery of subatomic particles, and the development of quantum mechanics with Schrodinger's equation. The four quantum numbers - principal, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin - are introduced to describe the allowed states of electrons in atoms. Rules for writing electron configurations are also covered.
The document discusses isotopic notation and provides examples of writing and interpreting isotopic symbols and mass numbers. It defines key terms like atomic number, mass number, and element symbol. It also gives examples of isotopes with their number of protons, neutrons, and electrons written out.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in general chemistry covered in Chapter 1, including:
- The components of matter are elements, compounds, and mixtures. Elements consist of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down further.
- Atoms are the fundamental units of matter and consist of a nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Properties of isotopes can be determined using their atomic number and mass number.
- Mass spectrometry is a technique that uses the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify isotopes and the structure of compounds.
The document contains 76 multiple choice questions from a chemistry exam. It covers topics like quantum numbers, light wavelength and energy, gas laws, chemical bonding, acid-base reactions, and organic chemistry reactions. For each question, the possible multiple choice answers are provided along with the correct answer identified. Brief explanations or solutions are given for each question to justify the right answer.
This document discusses atomic structure, beginning with the hydrogen atom and one-electron atoms. It then discusses the Hamiltonian and solutions of the Schrodinger equation for these systems. It introduces quantum numbers and describes the orbitals and energy levels. For polyelectronic atoms, it discusses separating the Schrodinger equation and introduces Hartree-Fock self-consistent field approximations. It describes Slater determinants which satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle for many-electron wavefunctions.
This presentation introduces the mole concept, which defines a mole as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. Key points covered include:
1. A mole is used to quantify the number of atoms or molecules in a given mass of a substance. The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is equal to its molar mass.
2. Calculations involving moles allow for determining amounts of substances in chemical reactions based on molar ratios and the law of conservation of mass.
3. Important formulas covered are the definitions of molar mass, relative molecular mass, and concentration of solutions
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. Some key points:
- A mole is equal to 6.022x10^23 particles and can refer to atoms, molecules, etc.
- The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass in grams and the molar mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses of its elements.
- One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 liters at STP.
- Questions at the end calculate things like moles, mass, volume using molar mass and mole ratios in chemical equations.
This document proposes a new rapid method for predicting the magnetic moment of monoatomic and diatomic molecules and ions with 1-20 total electrons without using molecular orbital theory (MOT). It divides molecules into 4 sets based on their total electron number and whether it is even or odd. For each set it provides a formula involving the square root of a number to calculate the magnetic moment. The value of the variable 'l' in the formulas is either 0 or 1 depending on the total electron number and is based on s and p orbital concepts from quantum chemistry. Several examples are shown applying the new method and comparing to the conventional formula. The author believes this new method will allow students to more quickly solve magnetic moment questions on exams.
This document provides an overview of modern atomic theory and quantum mechanics. It discusses the key discoveries and models that led to our current understanding of atomic structure, including Dalton's atomic theory, the discovery of subatomic particles, and the development of quantum mechanics with Schrodinger's equation. The four quantum numbers - principal, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin - are introduced to describe the allowed states of electrons in atoms. Rules for writing electron configurations are also covered.
The document discusses isotopic notation and provides examples of writing and interpreting isotopic symbols and mass numbers. It defines key terms like atomic number, mass number, and element symbol. It also gives examples of isotopes with their number of protons, neutrons, and electrons written out.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in general chemistry covered in Chapter 1, including:
- The components of matter are elements, compounds, and mixtures. Elements consist of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down further.
- Atoms are the fundamental units of matter and consist of a nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Properties of isotopes can be determined using their atomic number and mass number.
- Mass spectrometry is a technique that uses the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify isotopes and the structure of compounds.
The document contains 76 multiple choice questions from a chemistry exam. It covers topics like quantum numbers, light wavelength and energy, gas laws, chemical bonding, acid-base reactions, and organic chemistry reactions. For each question, the possible multiple choice answers are provided along with the correct answer identified. Brief explanations or solutions are given for each question to justify the right answer.
This document discusses atomic structure, beginning with the hydrogen atom and one-electron atoms. It then discusses the Hamiltonian and solutions of the Schrodinger equation for these systems. It introduces quantum numbers and describes the orbitals and energy levels. For polyelectronic atoms, it discusses separating the Schrodinger equation and introduces Hartree-Fock self-consistent field approximations. It describes Slater determinants which satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle for many-electron wavefunctions.
This presentation introduces the mole concept, which defines a mole as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. Key points covered include:
1. A mole is used to quantify the number of atoms or molecules in a given mass of a substance. The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is equal to its molar mass.
2. Calculations involving moles allow for determining amounts of substances in chemical reactions based on molar ratios and the law of conservation of mass.
3. Important formulas covered are the definitions of molar mass, relative molecular mass, and concentration of solutions
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. Some key points:
- A mole is equal to 6.022x10^23 particles and can refer to atoms, molecules, etc.
- The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass in grams and the molar mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses of its elements.
- One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 liters at STP.
- Questions at the end calculate things like moles, mass, volume using molar mass and mole ratios in chemical equations.
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. Some key points:
- A mole is a number (6.022x1023) that represents a specific number of particles like atoms or molecules.
- 1 mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles.
- The mass of 1 mole of a substance in grams is the molar mass.
- Calculations can be done to convert between moles, mass, number of particles, and molar mass.
- The mole is a unit used to measure very large numbers of small particles like atoms or molecules. One mole equals 6.02 x 10^23 particles.
- The mass of one mole of an element is called its gram atomic mass (gam). The mass of one mole of a compound is called its gram molecular mass (gmm) or gram formula mass (gfm).
- At standard temperature and pressure, one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L. This volume is known as the molar volume.
This document discusses mass relationships in chemical reactions, including:
1) Atomic mass, molecular mass, molar mass, and formula mass. It defines the mole and Avogadro's number.
2) Chemical equations and how they are used to represent chemical reactions by balancing the atoms on each side.
3) Calculations involving the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions, including limiting reagents.
The document discusses atomic and molecular masses, moles, molar masses, and calculating empirical and molecular formulas. It provides examples of calculating moles from masses and vice versa using molar masses. It also discusses calculating percentage compositions and determining molecular formulas from empirical formulas using molar masses.
The document discusses concepts related to counting molecules and determining formula mass and molar mass. It provides examples of calculating formula mass for various compounds by identifying the elements in the chemical formula, looking up the atomic mass of each element, multiplying by the subscript if present, and summing the atomic masses. It also discusses hydrates, how to name them, and how to calculate their formula mass by including the mass of water molecules.
This document provides information on chemical formulas and calculating formula weights. It defines what a chemical formula is and how it represents the elements in a compound and their ratios. It explains how subscripts are used to indicate elements present in greater than a 1:1 ratio. It also discusses polyatomic ions which consist of stable groups of elements that combine with other elements. The document then describes how to calculate a formula weight by listing the elements in a compound, determining the number of atoms of each, looking up atomic weights, multiplying atomic weights by number of atoms to get the total mass of each element, and adding the masses to get the formula weight. It provides examples of calculating the formula weight for compounds such as NaCl, MgBr2,
Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule. Formula unit mass is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) which has a formula unit mass of 58.5 u. The mole concept refers to one mole being the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12, where one mole contains 6.022x10^23 elementary entities and the mass in grams of one mole of a substance is equal to its molar mass.
This chapter discusses the mole concept, including defining the mole, deriving empirical and molecular formulas, stating Avogadro's Law, and applying the mole concept to ionic and molecular equations. It introduces the mole as the amount of substance containing 6x1023 particles. It provides examples of how to determine the empirical formula, molecular formula, and formula of a compound from composition data. It also discusses molar volume of gases and limiting reactants. Worked examples are included for many of these concepts.
The document discusses the mole, which relates the number of particles in a substance to its mass in grams. It defines one mole as 6.02 x 10^23 particles, known as Avogadro's number. It provides examples of calculating moles, mass, and number of particles using molar mass and unit conversion with moles. Key relationships discussed are mass=moles×molar mass and number of particles=moles×Avogadro's number.
This document contains 9 physics problems involving concepts like dimensional analysis, kinematics, forces, work, energy, and momentum.
Problem 1 asks students to determine the dimensional formula for surface tension using fundamental quantities of energy, velocity, and time. Problem 2 involves calculating the time taken for two ships moving towards each other to reach their shortest distance apart. Problem 3 asks students to determine the acceleration of a particle given its velocity varies with position.
The remaining problems involve calculating forces, work, energy, momentum, and velocities in various mechanical systems involving blocks, springs, and particles. Students must apply physics equations like Newton's laws, work-energy theorem, and conservation of momentum to arrive at the solutions.
This document discusses moles, molar mass, and Avogadro's number. It explains that a mole is the amount of a substance that contains 6.022x1023 particles, known as Avogadro's number. It also defines molar mass as the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The document provides examples of calculating molar mass from atomic masses and using molar mass to determine the number of moles or particles in a given mass of a substance.
1. The relative formula mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is 100 g/mol.
2. One mole of calcium carbonate will react with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
3. Therefore, the mass of hydrochloric acid that will react with 1 mole (100 g) of calcium carbonate is 2 x 36.5 g = 73 g, since the molar mass of HCl is 36.5 g/mol.
Modern theory of magnetism in metals and alloysSpringer
This document provides an introduction to magnetism in solids. It discusses how magnetic moments originate from electron spin and orbital angular momentum at the atomic level. In solids, electron localization determines whether magnetic properties are described by localized atomic moments or collective behavior of delocalized electrons. The key concepts of metals and insulators are introduced. The document then presents the basic Hamiltonian used to describe magnetism in solids, including terms for kinetic energy, electron-electron interactions, spin-orbit coupling, and the Zeeman effect. It also discusses how atomic orbitals can be used as a basis set to represent the Hamiltonian and describes the symmetry properties of s, p, and d orbitals in cubic crystals.
New rapid-and-innovative-method-for-prediction-of-magnetic-moment-of-monoPritam Debnath
This is my published method in IJOAR journal in the field of chemistry in oct 2015 edition,By using this method one can magnetic moment of any diatomic molecule or ion having total electron 1-20 within a few second without concept of MOT.
All coloring services that include a haircut with Laura Gerber will increase in price by $5.00 starting May 1st. Customers are notified of the price increase for Laura Gerber's coloring and haircut services beginning next month.
The document lists various shoe models and their available colors. It includes models like Amazon, Amelia, Belinda, Jaylin, Jubilee, Kingston, Maxi, Melbourne, Sophie, and Urban. For each model, multiple color options are provided such as beige, black, white, gold, coral, tan, silver, bronze, clear, pink, blue, camel, leopard, and others.
Comércio deve contratar apenas 12,5 mil trabalhadores temporáriosSPC Brasil
Uma pesquisa do SPC Brasil e CNDL estima que o comércio varejista contratará apenas 12,5 mil trabalhadores temporários até dezembro devido à crise econômica. Mais da metade dos comerciantes tiveram vendas menores do que o esperado nos últimos 90 dias. A baixa intenção de contratação está ligada ao pessimismo com as vendas de 2015, que 44% dos empresários acreditam que serão piores do que 2014.
El documento lista varias fechas importantes relacionadas con la protección del medio ambiente a lo largo del año, incluyendo el Día Mundial de la Educación Ambiental el 26 de enero, el Día Mundial de las Florestas el 21 de marzo, el Día Mundial de la Tierra el 22 de abril, y el Día Mundial del Medio Ambiente el 5 de junio. También menciona días dedicados al agua, los océanos, la capa de ozono, y la lucha contra el uso indiscriminado de agroqu
Dating advice for men, how to feel confident about yourselfBrideas Four You
Episode 1, the boss everybody loves. It refers to guys with a great personality that everybody follows him for his Charisma and open mindedness. The best way to feel confident about yourself, when it comes to dating women is by having the commitment of wanting to care about others as well as yourself with the proper training in order to know what you doing and how to do it. Keep coming back and subscribe to our channel to be up to date on new, totally free and helpful videos and visit our website www.EffectiveSeduction.com to learn more about this amazing, lifetime dating tool.
Thanks see you soon!
Bá
This document lists various shoe models and their available colors. It includes 22 shoe models ranging from Cammy-01 to Yacht-02. Each shoe model is listed multiple times with different color options, such as Black, Beige, Blue, Coral, Gold, Grey, Navy, Orange, Red, Sea Green, Silver, Tan, Turquoise, and White.
This document discusses tools for the Web 2.0 course. It lists Google Drive, YouTube, SlideShare, and Dropbox as examples of Web 2.0 tools that will be covered in the course. The document provides a brief overview of the content and tools that will be discussed.
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. Some key points:
- A mole is a number (6.022x1023) that represents a specific number of particles like atoms or molecules.
- 1 mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles.
- The mass of 1 mole of a substance in grams is the molar mass.
- Calculations can be done to convert between moles, mass, number of particles, and molar mass.
- The mole is a unit used to measure very large numbers of small particles like atoms or molecules. One mole equals 6.02 x 10^23 particles.
- The mass of one mole of an element is called its gram atomic mass (gam). The mass of one mole of a compound is called its gram molecular mass (gmm) or gram formula mass (gfm).
- At standard temperature and pressure, one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L. This volume is known as the molar volume.
This document discusses mass relationships in chemical reactions, including:
1) Atomic mass, molecular mass, molar mass, and formula mass. It defines the mole and Avogadro's number.
2) Chemical equations and how they are used to represent chemical reactions by balancing the atoms on each side.
3) Calculations involving the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions, including limiting reagents.
The document discusses atomic and molecular masses, moles, molar masses, and calculating empirical and molecular formulas. It provides examples of calculating moles from masses and vice versa using molar masses. It also discusses calculating percentage compositions and determining molecular formulas from empirical formulas using molar masses.
The document discusses concepts related to counting molecules and determining formula mass and molar mass. It provides examples of calculating formula mass for various compounds by identifying the elements in the chemical formula, looking up the atomic mass of each element, multiplying by the subscript if present, and summing the atomic masses. It also discusses hydrates, how to name them, and how to calculate their formula mass by including the mass of water molecules.
This document provides information on chemical formulas and calculating formula weights. It defines what a chemical formula is and how it represents the elements in a compound and their ratios. It explains how subscripts are used to indicate elements present in greater than a 1:1 ratio. It also discusses polyatomic ions which consist of stable groups of elements that combine with other elements. The document then describes how to calculate a formula weight by listing the elements in a compound, determining the number of atoms of each, looking up atomic weights, multiplying atomic weights by number of atoms to get the total mass of each element, and adding the masses to get the formula weight. It provides examples of calculating the formula weight for compounds such as NaCl, MgBr2,
Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule. Formula unit mass is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) which has a formula unit mass of 58.5 u. The mole concept refers to one mole being the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12, where one mole contains 6.022x10^23 elementary entities and the mass in grams of one mole of a substance is equal to its molar mass.
This chapter discusses the mole concept, including defining the mole, deriving empirical and molecular formulas, stating Avogadro's Law, and applying the mole concept to ionic and molecular equations. It introduces the mole as the amount of substance containing 6x1023 particles. It provides examples of how to determine the empirical formula, molecular formula, and formula of a compound from composition data. It also discusses molar volume of gases and limiting reactants. Worked examples are included for many of these concepts.
The document discusses the mole, which relates the number of particles in a substance to its mass in grams. It defines one mole as 6.02 x 10^23 particles, known as Avogadro's number. It provides examples of calculating moles, mass, and number of particles using molar mass and unit conversion with moles. Key relationships discussed are mass=moles×molar mass and number of particles=moles×Avogadro's number.
This document contains 9 physics problems involving concepts like dimensional analysis, kinematics, forces, work, energy, and momentum.
Problem 1 asks students to determine the dimensional formula for surface tension using fundamental quantities of energy, velocity, and time. Problem 2 involves calculating the time taken for two ships moving towards each other to reach their shortest distance apart. Problem 3 asks students to determine the acceleration of a particle given its velocity varies with position.
The remaining problems involve calculating forces, work, energy, momentum, and velocities in various mechanical systems involving blocks, springs, and particles. Students must apply physics equations like Newton's laws, work-energy theorem, and conservation of momentum to arrive at the solutions.
This document discusses moles, molar mass, and Avogadro's number. It explains that a mole is the amount of a substance that contains 6.022x1023 particles, known as Avogadro's number. It also defines molar mass as the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The document provides examples of calculating molar mass from atomic masses and using molar mass to determine the number of moles or particles in a given mass of a substance.
1. The relative formula mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is 100 g/mol.
2. One mole of calcium carbonate will react with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
3. Therefore, the mass of hydrochloric acid that will react with 1 mole (100 g) of calcium carbonate is 2 x 36.5 g = 73 g, since the molar mass of HCl is 36.5 g/mol.
Modern theory of magnetism in metals and alloysSpringer
This document provides an introduction to magnetism in solids. It discusses how magnetic moments originate from electron spin and orbital angular momentum at the atomic level. In solids, electron localization determines whether magnetic properties are described by localized atomic moments or collective behavior of delocalized electrons. The key concepts of metals and insulators are introduced. The document then presents the basic Hamiltonian used to describe magnetism in solids, including terms for kinetic energy, electron-electron interactions, spin-orbit coupling, and the Zeeman effect. It also discusses how atomic orbitals can be used as a basis set to represent the Hamiltonian and describes the symmetry properties of s, p, and d orbitals in cubic crystals.
New rapid-and-innovative-method-for-prediction-of-magnetic-moment-of-monoPritam Debnath
This is my published method in IJOAR journal in the field of chemistry in oct 2015 edition,By using this method one can magnetic moment of any diatomic molecule or ion having total electron 1-20 within a few second without concept of MOT.
All coloring services that include a haircut with Laura Gerber will increase in price by $5.00 starting May 1st. Customers are notified of the price increase for Laura Gerber's coloring and haircut services beginning next month.
The document lists various shoe models and their available colors. It includes models like Amazon, Amelia, Belinda, Jaylin, Jubilee, Kingston, Maxi, Melbourne, Sophie, and Urban. For each model, multiple color options are provided such as beige, black, white, gold, coral, tan, silver, bronze, clear, pink, blue, camel, leopard, and others.
Comércio deve contratar apenas 12,5 mil trabalhadores temporáriosSPC Brasil
Uma pesquisa do SPC Brasil e CNDL estima que o comércio varejista contratará apenas 12,5 mil trabalhadores temporários até dezembro devido à crise econômica. Mais da metade dos comerciantes tiveram vendas menores do que o esperado nos últimos 90 dias. A baixa intenção de contratação está ligada ao pessimismo com as vendas de 2015, que 44% dos empresários acreditam que serão piores do que 2014.
El documento lista varias fechas importantes relacionadas con la protección del medio ambiente a lo largo del año, incluyendo el Día Mundial de la Educación Ambiental el 26 de enero, el Día Mundial de las Florestas el 21 de marzo, el Día Mundial de la Tierra el 22 de abril, y el Día Mundial del Medio Ambiente el 5 de junio. También menciona días dedicados al agua, los océanos, la capa de ozono, y la lucha contra el uso indiscriminado de agroqu
Dating advice for men, how to feel confident about yourselfBrideas Four You
Episode 1, the boss everybody loves. It refers to guys with a great personality that everybody follows him for his Charisma and open mindedness. The best way to feel confident about yourself, when it comes to dating women is by having the commitment of wanting to care about others as well as yourself with the proper training in order to know what you doing and how to do it. Keep coming back and subscribe to our channel to be up to date on new, totally free and helpful videos and visit our website www.EffectiveSeduction.com to learn more about this amazing, lifetime dating tool.
Thanks see you soon!
Bá
This document lists various shoe models and their available colors. It includes 22 shoe models ranging from Cammy-01 to Yacht-02. Each shoe model is listed multiple times with different color options, such as Black, Beige, Blue, Coral, Gold, Grey, Navy, Orange, Red, Sea Green, Silver, Tan, Turquoise, and White.
This document discusses tools for the Web 2.0 course. It lists Google Drive, YouTube, SlideShare, and Dropbox as examples of Web 2.0 tools that will be covered in the course. The document provides a brief overview of the content and tools that will be discussed.
Businesses must engage their employees and their customers to build loyalty, deepen relationships and gain access to insights that inspire future actions and drive profits, but how? How do you rise above the noise to deliver a compelling and differentiated customer experience that will help you not only survive, but thrive. This is not just about building great products or providing great customer support, but how to transform your business to earn the trust needed to fully serve your market - internally and externally
An alumni network is important for high schools to have loyal supporters, positive word-of-mouth marketing, and role models for current students. The document discusses how KIS, a high school established in 1901 in India engages with its over 7,000 worldwide alumni. KIS aims to network with alumni to build lasting friendships and gain their contributions of ideas, time, donations and fundraising. KIS engages alumni through infrastructure like an alumni office and chapters, and events like gatherings, reunions, and mentoring current students. Publications and social media are also used to connect with alumni.
This document discusses rethinking design education through an integrated studio model. It argues that an interdisciplinary approach that prepares students for lifelong learning and careers, not just first jobs, is needed. This involves integrating disciplines like interior architecture, communication, fashion and more. Students will develop skills like computational thinking, cross-cultural competency and a design mindset through learning by working in flexible studio spaces. The goal is to develop critically thinking design practitioners and entrepreneurs in India that meet international best practices.
The document summarizes resources from the College Board that can help students prepare for and apply to university, including:
1) The College Board provides assessments like the SAT, PSAT and AP exams to help over 7 million students with their transition to university each year.
2) Schools can get a free International School Code to help students apply to common application universities, and help colleges identify the school.
3) The PSAT gives students practice for the SAT and helps identify skill gaps, and Khan Academy provides free online SAT preparation through practice problems and tests.
4) Reporting tools are available online for scores from SAT suite assessments, and Big Future allows searching for colleges by fit.
The document discusses the challenges facing higher education in India. It notes that there are nearly 800 universities in India, including central, state, deemed, and private universities. There are also over 35,000 affiliated colleges. The main challenges include the large and complex nature of the higher education system with multiple regulatory bodies and a lack of uniformity. Other key challenges are ensuring quality and relevance of education, meeting industry requirements with skills gaps, increasing research output, and improving international mobility of students and faculty. The document proposes that focused centers of excellence may help address some of these challenges.
The summary provides an overview of Sarfraz Ahmed Brohi's professional experience and qualifications:
Sarfraz Ahmed Brohi has over 9.5 years of experience in health, safety, and environment roles in the Pakistan Steel Mills industry. He holds an MSc in Environmental Sciences from Karachi University and a B.E in Metallurgical Engineering. Brohi currently works as an HSE Executive Engineer at Pakistan Steel Mills, where he is responsible for advising management on HSE issues and ensuring compliance with health and safety standards.
A DIFFERENT APPROACH FOR DETERMINATION OF BOND ORDER OF HOMO AND HETERO NUCLE...Pritam Debnath
Bond order is one of the vital important terms used in the field of chemistry. Determination of bond order provides us information about the chemical bonds present in between two atmos. And also using bond order, one can have an idea about stability of molecules, bond energy, bond length, thermal stability of molecules. But evaluation of bond order using MOT or by drawing molecular orbitals, is time consuming. So, in this manuscript, I have tried to represent a different approach to calculate the bond order with the help of applied mathematics and some basic concepts of chemistry, which can be used especially for any competitive exam, that will be beneficial for all students to save their valuable time. To use this new method, the student need not compulsorily know the MOT. This method is applicable for those diatomic molecules and ions, which have their total electron number (01-20).
An Innovative and rapid method for evaluation of Unpaired Electron number of ...Pritam Debnath
Unpaired electron number is one of the vital important terms used in the field of chemistry. Determination of unpaired electron number is very important in different kind of problems, such as for finding the magnetic moment (in B.M.), for finding spin multiplicity value etc. But evaluation of unpaired electron number using MOT or by drawing molecular orbitals, is time consuming. So, in this manuscript, I try to represent a simple and rapid way to calculate the unpaired electron number with the help of applied mathematics and some basic concepts of chemistry, which can be used specially for any competitive exam, that will be beneficiary for all students to save their valuable time. To use this new method, the student need not compulsorily know the MOT. This method is applicable for those diatomic molecules and ions, which have their total electron number (01-20).
Simple Thinking Makes Chemistry Metabolic and Interesting - A Review ArticleIOSR Journals
First of all I give my love to all the students who reside in ‘Chemistry Phobia zone’. In this short article I shall try to share my simple thinking that I achieved during my last 16 years of journey in the route of Chemical Education. Before starting my journey it was a big encounter for me to change the conventional methods and makes chemistry easier and interesting to such student who belongs to Chemistry Paranoia Zone. I believe that students are just like flowers and it is our duty to nourish them properly as a gardener. In my infinitely small area of knowledge, I just try to innovate fourteen (14) teaching methodologies by including thirty four (34) completely new formulae in the chemistry world which were followed by different eminent writers in their books since last 90-95 years namely Sir G.Wilkinson, Prof. F. Albert Cotton, Prof. I.L.Finar, Prof. R.T. Morrison, Prof. R.N. Boyd, Prof. Solomons and Prof. Fryhle, Prof. J.G. Smith etc..
This document discusses atomic structure and electron configuration. It begins by explaining Slater's rules for calculating effective nuclear charge. It then provides examples of applying Slater's rules to determine electron shielding and effective nuclear charge. The document also covers electron configurations, term symbols, Hund's rules, and periodic trends in atomic size, ionization energy, and metallic character across periods and groups. It defines concepts like ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity scales. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of theoretical atomic structure concepts.
In previous published articles, formulae-based mnemonics by counting the total number of σ bonds with a lone pair of electrons (LP), a localized negative charge (LNC), or a localized lone pair of electrons (LLP) and subtracting one (01) from this total value (TSLP, TSLNC, or TSLLP) to predict the power of the hybridization state of simple molecules or ions and organic compounds, including heterocyclic compounds have been discussed. These are the innovative and time-efficient methods of enhancing student interest. Here, in this new article, the limitations of conventional formulae in comparison to the use of innovative formulae have been discussed along with the application of the hybridization state in different fields of chemical education. This article encourages students to solve multiple choice type questions (MCQs) at different competitive examinations in a time economic ground on the prediction of hybridization state of simple molecules or ions to know their normal and subnormal geometry and prediction of hybridization state of hetero atom in different heterocyclic compounds to know the planarity of the compounds, which is very essential factor for prediction of aromaticity of heterocyclic compounds. Educators can use this comparative study in their classroom lectures to make chemistry authentic and intriguing. Because the use of mnemonics in classroom lectures is an essential tool to become a distinguished educator.
This document provides a brief history of the atomic theory, from early philosophers' ideas to the modern quantum model. It describes Democritus' idea of indivisible atoms, Dalton's model of atoms as solid spheres, Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing the nucleus, Bohr's planetary model, and the modern electron cloud/quantum model with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in clouds outside. It also discusses atomic structure, isotopes, ions, atomic mass, and calculating atomic properties using atomic number and mass number.
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2) Key scientists discussed include de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Pauli, and their contributions to developing models of the atom and allowing prediction of electron configurations.
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2. It explains that matter is made up of elements, compounds, and mixtures and defines these terms. Atoms combine to form molecules or ions that make up compounds.
3. It introduces the mole as a unit containing 6.022x10^23 elementary entities that is used to relate the amount of a substance to its mass in grams.
This document discusses electron configurations and orbital diagrams. It begins by defining atomic orbitals as regions where electrons are likely to be found, and notes that electron configurations show how electrons are arranged around the nucleus for each element. It then explains the four quantum numbers - principal, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin - that describe electrons and their locations. The document provides examples of writing electron configurations and constructing orbital diagrams according to Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.
Stellar Measurements with the New Intensity FormulaIOSR Journals
In this paper a linear relationship in stellar optical spectra has been found by using a
spectroscopical method used on optical light sources where it is possible to organize atomic and ionic data.
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it seems to be possible to organize the luminosity of stars from different spectral classes. From that organization
it is possible to determine the temperature , density and mass of stars by using the new intensity formula. These
temperature, density and mass values agree well with literature values. It is also possible to determine the mean
electron temperature of the optical layers (photospheres) of the stars as it is for atoms in the for laboratory
plasmas. The mean value of the ionization energies of the different elements of the stars has shown to be very
significant for each star. This paper also shows that the hydrogen Balmer absorption lines in the stars follow
the new intensity formula.
The document discusses the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It summarizes key contributors and their models including Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's planetary model, Schrödinger's wave mechanical model, and the modern quantum mechanical model incorporating quantum numbers. Diagrams illustrate many of the historic atomic models.
This document presents a new intensity formula for optical emission spectroscopy that has been applied to stellar spectra. The formula relates spectral line intensity to wavelength, frequency, electron temperature, and ionization energies. The author analyzed spectra from the literature for 17 elements and 11 ions and found linear relationships between the logarithm of intensity and the inverse of frequency times ionization energies, supporting the new formula. Stellar spectra from classes O-M were also analyzed and found to follow similar linear relationships, allowing the determination of electron temperatures, mean ionization energies, and effective temperatures for different stellar classes. Intensity ratios of Balmer lines from various stars correlated well between theoretical predictions using the formula and experimental measurements.
1) Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation by unstable atomic nuclei. It occurs as the nucleus shifts to a more stable configuration by emitting energy.
2) The principal factor determining nuclear stability is the neutron-to-proton ratio. No nucleus larger than lead-208 is stable as the strong force cannot overcome electrostatic repulsion at larger sizes.
3) The rate of radioactive decay is proportional to the number of nuclei present and follows an exponential decay model expressed as N(t)=N0e-λt, where λ is the decay constant and N0 is the initial number of nuclei.
1. Electrons in atoms are arranged in shells, subshells, and orbitals according to their quantum numbers. Each orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons with opposing spins.
2. Atoms experience an effective nuclear charge that increases across a period, leading to higher ionization energies and smaller atomic and ionic sizes as more protons are exposed.
3. Trends in properties like ionization energy, atomic size, and electron affinity are explained by the changing effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons.
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Struggling with your statistical physics exam? Live Exam Helper offers expert exam help services for all levels. Our experienced tutors and study aids can help you master the concepts and formulas of statistical physics, so you can ace your exam with confidence. Visit our website https://www.liveexamhelper.com/physics-exam-help.html to learn more about our services!
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1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 8, Issue 11 Ver. I (Nov. 2015), PP 27-30
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081112730 www.iosrjournals.org 27 |Page
A Rapid and Innovative Method for Prediction of Spin
Multiplicity and Spin State of Homo and Hetero Nuclear
Diatomic Molecules and Ions within a Very Short Time
Pritam Debnath
B.Tech (U.G. Student, 2nd
year) Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala,
Jirania 799046, India
Authors email: pritam.oam@gmail.com
Abstract: Determination of spin multiplicity is very important for identification of spin state of different
molecules or ions. But, the conventional method of prediction of spin multiplicity by using formula (2S+1) is
time consuming. So, in this manuscript, I tried to show a rapid and simple method for prediction of spin
multiplicity value without calculating the total spin quantum number(S=∑s). This method is only applicable for
homo and hetero nuclear diatomic molecules and ions having total electron (01-20).
Keywords: Even electron number, Molecules, Odd electron number, Spin Multiplicity value, Spin State, Total
electron number, Value of ‘l’.
I. Introduction
The method of prediction of spin multiplicity is very important in inorganic chemistry. But the method
which is generally used 1-5
for the prediction of spin multiplicity value [(2S+1), where S = Σs = total spin
quantum no] is time consuming. In various competitive examination, spin multiplicity related question plays a
very important part. So, by using a rapid method, one can save their valuable time in exam hall. So, keeping all
this things in mind, this new innovative method is introduced, which would go a long way to help all students.
Another rapid method earlier introduced on easy prediction of ‘Magnetic Moment’6
for the benefit of students.
This method contains four(4) new formulae ,with four(4) set of electron no. By placing only the value
of ‘l’ (described as below)6
in the respective formula, one can easily find the spin multiplicity value of different
molecules and ions. So, we can use this rapid method in place of the conventional formula of finding spin
multiplicity value represented as (2S+1), where S = Σs = total spin quantum no.
I believe, this rapid method will be very much helpful for all students, who are facing various
competitive examination and by using these formulae, students can save their valuable time in exam hall.
So, on the basis of all these things, I can strongly recommend that this method will be most rapid
method for the prediction of spin multiplicity value to identify spin state of homo and hetero nuclear diatomic
molecules and ions having total electron no (01-20).
II. Result And Discussions:
First of all, we take certain range of total electron of different molecules or ions, which are shown in
four sets as follows.
Set-1:-Molecules or ions having (1-10 and 16)e-
s ,(consider only even electron no. in this range)
Set-2:- Molecules or ions having (11-20, ≠16)e-
s ,(consider only even electron no. in this range)
Set-3:- Molecules or ions having (1-8)e-
s ,(consider only odd electron no. in this range)
Set-4:- Molecules or ions having (9-20)e-
s ,(consider only odd electron no. in this range)
The above four sets, with their corresponding formulae are shown in table 1.
Table 1:-
Range of Total Electron No. Formula
1-10 and 16 (consider only even ‘e-
’ no. in this range) 2l+1
11-20( 16) (consider only even ‘e-
’ no. in this range without 16) 2l-1
1-8 (consider only odd ‘e-
’ no. in this range) l+2
9-20 (consider only odd ‘e-
’ no. in this range) l+1
2.1Introduction to ‘l’ :
‘l’ is a variable ,which can take only two value 0 or 1,depending on the total electron number of a
molecule or ion.
If, the total electron no. for a molecule or ion lies between ‘1-8’ , then value of l = 0.
If, the total electron no. for a molecule or ion lies between ‘9-20’ , then value of l = 1.
2. A Rapid and Innovative Method for Prediction of Spin Multiplicity and Spin State of Homo and…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081112730 www.iosrjournals.org 28 |Page
2.2Source of conception behind the value of l:
Actually this concept is taken from azimuthal quantum no.7,8
in quantum chemistry ,where we have
found, for s orbital, quantum no l is taken as 0 (l is azimuthal quantum no.), for p orbital l is taken as 1. The
same concept I have used here. If an atom contains only s orbital, the value of l is taken as 0, and if an atom
contains s and p orbital both, then the value of l is taken as 1. The value of l depends on the two atom by which
a diatomic molecule is composed. But in case of such diatomic molecule, where one atom has only s orbital and
another atom has both s and p orbital, then I have observed if I take the atom consisting both s and p orbital in
my consideration, then my experiment goes in a suitable way and give me a suitable result. But, if I take the
atom, which has only s orbital, then my experiment does not give any suitable result. That’s why, I have taken
that atom in my consideration, which contains both s and p orbital in case of the ionic molecule or hetero
nuclear diatomic molecule to find the value of l. After all, I have found, for the molecules which contains (1-8)
total electron, the value of l for those molecules is 0, and for the molecules which contains (9-20) total electron,
the value of l for those molecules is 1. E.g.:
a) Be + Be = Be2
Electronic configuration of Be : 1S2
2S2
We can observe that Be2 contain two Be (beryllium atom), and both Be atom contain only s orbital. So, the
value of l for Be2 molecule is taken as 0.
b) H + F = HF
Electronic configuration of H : 1S1
Electronic configuration of F : 1S2
2S2
2P5
We can observe that HF contains one H (hydrogen) atom and one F (fluorine) atom. And, H atom has only s
orbital, whereas F atom has both s and p orbital. So, according to the considering rule, value of l is taken as 1.
Discussion for set 1:
Total electron range : 1- 10 and 16 (consider only even electron no.)
In this case,Formula for spin multiplicity value = 2l + 1
Eg: O2,which has total electron no. 16 ,therefore value of l = 1.
Hence, spin multiplicity value = 2.1 + 1 = 3 (Triplet)
Discussion for set 2:
Total electron range : 11- 20 ,≠16 (consider only even electron no.)
In this case,Formula for spin multiplicity value = 2l - 1
Eg: N2,which has total electron no. 14 ,therefore value of l = 1.
Hence, spin multiplicity value = 2.1 – 1 =1 (Singlet)
Discussion for set 3:
Total electron range : 1- 8 (consider only odd electron no.)
In this case,Formula for spin multiplicity value = l + 2
Eg: Be2
+
,which has total electron no. 7 ,therefore value of l = 0.
Hence, spin multiplicity value = 0 + 2 = 2 (Doublet)
Discussion for set 4:
Total electron range : 9- 20 (consider only odd electron no.)
In this case,Formula for spin multiplicity value = l + 1
Eg: NO,which has total electron no. 15 ,therefore value of l = 1.
Hence, spin multiplicity value = 1 + 1 = 2 (Doublet)
III. Spin State
If,we can easily predict the spin multiplicity,then,we can easily isotate the spin state of different
molecules and ions.
If spin multiplicity is 1, then spin state is ‘Singlet’.
If spin multiplicity is 2, then spin state is ‘Doublet’.
If spin multiplicity is 3, then spin state is ‘Triplet’.
If spin multiplicity is 4, then spin state is ‘Quartet’.
If spin multiplicity is greater than 4 (>4) , then spin state is ‘Multiplet’
The spin multiplicity value of different molecules and ions with their spin state are shown in table 2.
3. A Rapid and Innovative Method for Prediction of Spin Multiplicity and Spin State of Homo and…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081112730 www.iosrjournals.org 29 |Page
Table 2
Different
Molecules
Total Electron
No.
Unpaired
Electron No.
Value of ‘l’ Spin multiplicity
value using
conventional
formula
(2S + 1)
Spin
multiplicity
value using
new formula
Spin state
H2 2 0 0 2.0 + 1=1 2.0 + 1=1 Singlet
He2 4 0 0 2.0 + 1=1 2.0 + 1=1 Singlet
Li2 6 0 0 2.0 + 1=1 2.0 + 1=1 Singlet
Be2 8 0 0 2.0 + 1=1 2.0 + 1=1 Singlet
B2 10 2 1
2( ) + 1=3
2.1 + 1=3 Triplet
C2 12 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
N2 14 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
O2 16 2 1
2.( ) + 1=3
2.1 + 1=3 Triplet
F2 18 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
Ne2 20 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
H2
+
1 1 0
2.( ) + 1=2
0 + 2=2 Doublet
H2
-
3 1 0
2.( ) + 1=2
0 + 2=2 Doublet
He2
+
3 1 0
2.( ) + 1=2
0 + 2=2 Doublet
Li2
+
5 1 0
2.( ) + 1=2
0 + 2=2 Doublet
Be2
+
7 1 0
2.( ) + 1=2
0 + 2=2 Doublet
HF 10 2 1
2.( ) + 1=2
2.1 + 1=3 Triplet
C2
+
11 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
C2
-
13 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
N2
+
13 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
N2
-
15 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
O2
+2
14 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
O2
-2
18 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
O2
-
17 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
O2
+
15 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
NO+
14 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
NO-
16 2 1
2.( ) + 1=3
2.1 + 1=3 Triplet
CN 13 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
CN+
12 0 1 2.0 + 1=1 2.1 - 1=1 Singlet
CO-
15 1 1
2.( ) + 1=2
1 + 1=2 Doublet
IV. Conclusion
After all, I approach a new innovative and rapid method for prediction of spin multiplicity value and
their corresponding spin state.This method will be very much helpful for all students of chemistry. And by using
this rapid method, one can easily predict the spin multiplicity value of different molecules and ions easily and
also, students will be able to answer very rapidly in competitive examination of spin multiplicity related
questions.
Acknowledgements
The corresponding author Sri.Pritam Debnath, would be grateful to Dr.Subhajit Das, Department of
chemistry, NIT Agartala for giving his valuable time in this regard and also grateful to Dr.Arijit Das,
Department of chemistry, Ramthakur college, Agartala,Tripura(W) for his great inspiration for prediction of
4. A Rapid and Innovative Method for Prediction of Spin Multiplicity and Spin State of Homo and…
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081112730 www.iosrjournals.org 30 |Page
new methods and it was possible for the author to carry out this work for continuous support of family member
Sri Bikramjit Debnath (Father) , Smt. Fulu Rani Debnath (Mother) & Miss. Smriti Debnath (Elder Sister).
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