SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Current Trends and Emphasis
of Mobile Learning and Technologies
(A Review Study)
By
Murtala Lawan (1122300037)
Knowledge Management Center
(e-Learning Technologies)
Multimedia University Malaysia
+601116684219
@MurtalaLawal
28AAA773
Presentation Architecture
• Introduction
• Background of the Study
• What is Wrong?
• What I want ask?
• Why the Study ?
• Where ?
• Who said What ?
• How ?
• References
• Qs and As
INTRODUCTION
Mobile and portable
devices are changing
the way we
communicate, do
business, teach and
learn. They have
occupied and changed
almost all aspects of our
lives.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
“Rapid developments in
ICT and evolving learner
behaviors require learning
institutions to continuously
reevaluate their
approaches to
pedagogy, both in the
physical and virtual
classroom spaces.”
Rachel, Stephen, Judith and Axel 2006
WHAT IS WRONG? = THE
PROBLEM
Digital Native (Students)
VS
Traditional Setting
WHAT I WANT ASK? = RESEARCH QUESTION
• What are the current
trends of Mobile
Learning and their
Technologies?
• Why are they related
to Learning?
• What are the new
Technologies that
Professionals
recommend for
Learning Settings?
WHY THE STUDY ?= MOTIVATION FOR THE
STUDY
“The use of
wireless, mobile, portable,
and handheld devices are
gradually increasing and
diversifying across every
sector of education, and
across both the developed
and developing worlds”
Ally 2009
WHERE? = SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study will primarily
consider ;
• Technical reports by
some research
agencies
• Latest conference
proceedings
• Some academic
journal publications
On the latest trending mobile
learning technologies in recent years
preferably from 2008 to 2013
WHO SAID WHAT?
(REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE)
• Mobile technologies offer learning experiences which can effectively engage and
educate contemporary learners and which are often markedly different from those
afforded by conventional desktop computers.
Laura, Peter, Giasemi and Mike 2005
• The personal nature of these technologies means that they are well suited to
engaging learners in individualized learning experiences, and to giving them
increased ownership (and hence responsibility) over their own work
Laura et al 2005
• The worldwide mobile phone sales to end users totaled 435 million units in the
second quarter of 2013, an increase of 3.6 percent from the same period last
year, also the worldwide smartphone sales to end users reached 225 million units, up
46.5 percent from the second quarter of 2012.
Gartner Inc, 2013
WHO SAID WHAT?
(REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE)
• The ubiquity of mobile devices has enabled the widespread integration of these
devices into every aspect of our lives and all sorts of human activities.
Paul, Adrian, Mihai and Wietske (2012)
• Mobile devices provide a unique opportunity to have learners embedded in a realistic
context at the same time as having access to supporting tools. Each learner carries a
networked device which allows them to become part of the dynamic system they are
learning about.
Yuen, S.C.Y., and Wang, S.Y. (2004)
• Mobile devices allow students to record their own reflections on activities or
events, and share with other students via podcasting.
Chan, A. and Lee, M.J.W. (2005)
HOW ?
METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
Formulating a clear Question
Identifying relevant works
Assessing the quality of works
Summarizing the works
Interpreting the findings
REFERENCES
• Ally, M. (Ed.). (2009). Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training.
Athabasca University Press.
• Cisco Systems Inc. BYOD in Education 2012. Retrieved from www.cisco.com/go/psbyod.
• Cobcroft, R. S., Towers, S. J., Smith, J. E., & Bruns, A. (2006). Mobile learning in review: Opportunities and
challenges for learners, teachers, and institutions.
• Jason Haag (2013 November 25). Using Augmented Reality for Contextual Mobile Learning. Learning Solution
Magazine
• Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Estrada, V., Freeman, A., and Ludgate, H. (2013). NMC Horizon Report:
2013 Higher Education Edition. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium
• Laouris, Y., & Eteokleous, N. (2005, October). We need an educationally relevant definition of mobile learning.
In Proceedings of mLearn (Vol. 2005).
• Naismith, L., Sharples, M., Vavoula, G., & Lonsdale, P. (2004). Literature review in mobile technologies and
learning.
• Sharples, M., Taylor, J., & Vavoula, G. (2005). Towards a theory of mobile learning. Proceedings of mLearn
2005, 1(1), 1-9.
• Traxler, J. (2005, June). Defining mobile learning. In Proceedings, IADIS international conference on mobile
learning, Malta.
Current trends and emphasis

More Related Content

What's hot

_mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ...
_mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ..._mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ...
_mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ...Lenandlar Singh
 
Supply and demand – researching mobile services for the University
Supply and demand – researching mobile services for the UniversitySupply and demand – researching mobile services for the University
Supply and demand – researching mobile services for the UniversityLTatUoN
 
Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?
Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?
Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?
Helen Farley
 
Emerging Technologies SAAIR presentation
Emerging Technologies SAAIR presentationEmerging Technologies SAAIR presentation
Emerging Technologies SAAIR presentationDaniela Gachago
 
Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...
Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...
Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...
Alexander Decker
 
Transformingtechnologies session7
Transformingtechnologies session7Transformingtechnologies session7
Transformingtechnologies session7
sarahattersley
 
Effectiveness of computer supported cooperative learning
Effectiveness of computer supported cooperative learningEffectiveness of computer supported cooperative learning
Effectiveness of computer supported cooperative learningGambari Isiaka
 
Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...
Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...
Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...
Gambari Isiaka
 
Utaut ppt presentation group 10
Utaut ppt presentation group 10Utaut ppt presentation group 10
Utaut ppt presentation group 10
Tracey Ang
 
Introduction edpc691
Introduction edpc691Introduction edpc691
Introduction edpc691
Barbara M. King
 
020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...
020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...
020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...
Gambari Isiaka
 
Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...
Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...
Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...Gambari Isiaka
 
Using socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learning
Using socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learningUsing socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learning
Using socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learning
IJITE
 
Texarkana ISD Technology Plan
Texarkana ISD Technology PlanTexarkana ISD Technology Plan
Texarkana ISD Technology Plan
Julia Allen
 
Presentation ed633
Presentation ed633Presentation ed633
Presentation ed633betbabe
 
My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...
My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...
My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...
Asliza Hamzah
 

What's hot (18)

_mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ...
_mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ..._mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ...
_mobile learning lecturers versus students on usage and perception using the ...
 
Supply and demand – researching mobile services for the University
Supply and demand – researching mobile services for the UniversitySupply and demand – researching mobile services for the University
Supply and demand – researching mobile services for the University
 
Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?
Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?
Mobile learning anytime, anywhere: What are our students doing?
 
Emerging Technologies SAAIR presentation
Emerging Technologies SAAIR presentationEmerging Technologies SAAIR presentation
Emerging Technologies SAAIR presentation
 
Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...
Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...
Studentsí» motivation and instructorsí» technology use in higher education a ...
 
Transformingtechnologies session7
Transformingtechnologies session7Transformingtechnologies session7
Transformingtechnologies session7
 
Rdp ppt
Rdp pptRdp ppt
Rdp ppt
 
Effectiveness of computer supported cooperative learning
Effectiveness of computer supported cooperative learningEffectiveness of computer supported cooperative learning
Effectiveness of computer supported cooperative learning
 
Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...
Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...
Efficacy of interactive whiteboard on psychomotor skills achievement of stude...
 
Utaut ppt presentation group 10
Utaut ppt presentation group 10Utaut ppt presentation group 10
Utaut ppt presentation group 10
 
Introduction edpc691
Introduction edpc691Introduction edpc691
Introduction edpc691
 
Seminar
SeminarSeminar
Seminar
 
020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...
020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...
020. students’ attitude and behavioural intention on adoption of internet for...
 
Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...
Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...
Effects of computer assisted instructional package on social studies achievem...
 
Using socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learning
Using socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learningUsing socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learning
Using socrative and smartphones for the support of collaborative learning
 
Texarkana ISD Technology Plan
Texarkana ISD Technology PlanTexarkana ISD Technology Plan
Texarkana ISD Technology Plan
 
Presentation ed633
Presentation ed633Presentation ed633
Presentation ed633
 
My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...
My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...
My Research Proposal : The impact of Multimedia technology in influencing the...
 

Similar to Current trends and emphasis

KPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learning
KPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learningKPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learning
KPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learning
SookKwan Loh
 
V elliott storyboard educ8345 update
V elliott storyboard educ8345 updateV elliott storyboard educ8345 update
V elliott storyboard educ8345 update
volda boston
 
Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning
Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning
Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning
Demetrios G. Sampson
 
Blended learning for the human services
Blended learning for the human servicesBlended learning for the human services
Blended learning for the human services
Learning Designs
 
Bhat slide show
Bhat slide showBhat slide show
Bhat slide showamritharau
 
Vi Ca Di S And Mobile Learning
Vi Ca Di S And Mobile LearningVi Ca Di S And Mobile Learning
Vi Ca Di S And Mobile Learningn.groen
 
Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning The Interplay O...
Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning  The Interplay O...Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning  The Interplay O...
Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning The Interplay O...
Pedro Craggett
 
Learning Design and Technology
Learning Design and TechnologyLearning Design and Technology
Learning Design and Technology
Julia Parra
 
Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api
Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api
Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api
Charles Darwin University
 
Planning for our Success
Planning for our SuccessPlanning for our Success
Planning for our Success
Brandi Livingston
 
Evaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introduction
Evaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introductionEvaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introduction
Evaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introduction
Helen Farley
 
Mobile Devices and Apps in Education
Mobile Devices and Apps in EducationMobile Devices and Apps in Education
Mobile Devices and Apps in EducationRebecca Kate Miller
 
ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...
ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...
ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...
Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality
 
Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...
Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...
Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...
Jari Laru
 
TAM
TAMTAM
Diffusion of Mobile Devices in Education
Diffusion of Mobile Devices in EducationDiffusion of Mobile Devices in Education
Diffusion of Mobile Devices in EducationKanelia Cannon
 
Tips and techniques to teach mobile and social technology
Tips and techniques to teach mobile and social technologyTips and techniques to teach mobile and social technology
Tips and techniques to teach mobile and social technology
mdistaso
 
Mobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros Nikou
Mobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros NikouMobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros Nikou
Mobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros Nikou
Brussels, Belgium
 
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar AbbasDigital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
GC University Faisalabad Pakistan
 

Similar to Current trends and emphasis (20)

KPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learning
KPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learningKPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learning
KPT6044 T8:Penulisan dapatan kajian e-learning
 
V elliott storyboard educ8345 update
V elliott storyboard educ8345 updateV elliott storyboard educ8345 update
V elliott storyboard educ8345 update
 
Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning
Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning
Context-Aware Adaptive and Personalized Mobile Learning
 
Blended learning for the human services
Blended learning for the human servicesBlended learning for the human services
Blended learning for the human services
 
Bhat slide show
Bhat slide showBhat slide show
Bhat slide show
 
Vi Ca Di S And Mobile Learning
Vi Ca Di S And Mobile LearningVi Ca Di S And Mobile Learning
Vi Ca Di S And Mobile Learning
 
Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning The Interplay O...
Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning  The Interplay O...Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning  The Interplay O...
Affordances Of Mobile Technologies For Experiential Learning The Interplay O...
 
Learning Design and Technology
Learning Design and TechnologyLearning Design and Technology
Learning Design and Technology
 
Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api
Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api
Learning, design and technology developmental evaluation and the experience api
 
Planning for our Success
Planning for our SuccessPlanning for our Success
Planning for our Success
 
Evaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introduction
Evaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introductionEvaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introduction
Evaluation of mobile teaching and learning projects, introduction
 
Mobile Devices and Apps in Education
Mobile Devices and Apps in EducationMobile Devices and Apps in Education
Mobile Devices and Apps in Education
 
ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...
ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...
ICTs Integration in Education: Mobile learning and the Technology Acceptance ...
 
Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...
Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...
Digitaaliset välineet opetuksessa ja oppimisessa opettajankoulutuksen konteks...
 
TAM
TAMTAM
TAM
 
Research+proposal
Research+proposalResearch+proposal
Research+proposal
 
Diffusion of Mobile Devices in Education
Diffusion of Mobile Devices in EducationDiffusion of Mobile Devices in Education
Diffusion of Mobile Devices in Education
 
Tips and techniques to teach mobile and social technology
Tips and techniques to teach mobile and social technologyTips and techniques to teach mobile and social technology
Tips and techniques to teach mobile and social technology
 
Mobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros Nikou
Mobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros NikouMobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros Nikou
Mobile learning: Go for it!, Stavros Nikou
 
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar AbbasDigital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
Digital literacy by Dr Qaisar Abbas
 

More from Murtala Lawal

Intro to Computing for National Diploma Students
Intro to Computing for National Diploma StudentsIntro to Computing for National Diploma Students
Intro to Computing for National Diploma Students
Murtala Lawal
 
Prospects of Technopreneur in Nigeria
Prospects of Technopreneur in NigeriaProspects of Technopreneur in Nigeria
Prospects of Technopreneur in Nigeria
Murtala Lawal
 
Myth and Stigma About Sickle Cell Kano
Myth and Stigma About Sickle Cell KanoMyth and Stigma About Sickle Cell Kano
Myth and Stigma About Sickle Cell Kano
Murtala Lawal
 
Introduction 2 linux ml
Introduction 2 linux mlIntroduction 2 linux ml
Introduction 2 linux mlMurtala Lawal
 
Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)
Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)
Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)Murtala Lawal
 
Maslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learning
Maslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learningMaslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learning
Maslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learning
Murtala Lawal
 
1122300037 the gyaner_haats
1122300037 the gyaner_haats1122300037 the gyaner_haats
1122300037 the gyaner_haatsMurtala Lawal
 
Technologies for km
Technologies for kmTechnologies for km
Technologies for km
Murtala Lawal
 

More from Murtala Lawal (8)

Intro to Computing for National Diploma Students
Intro to Computing for National Diploma StudentsIntro to Computing for National Diploma Students
Intro to Computing for National Diploma Students
 
Prospects of Technopreneur in Nigeria
Prospects of Technopreneur in NigeriaProspects of Technopreneur in Nigeria
Prospects of Technopreneur in Nigeria
 
Myth and Stigma About Sickle Cell Kano
Myth and Stigma About Sickle Cell KanoMyth and Stigma About Sickle Cell Kano
Myth and Stigma About Sickle Cell Kano
 
Introduction 2 linux ml
Introduction 2 linux mlIntroduction 2 linux ml
Introduction 2 linux ml
 
Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)
Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)
Digital Media Content Development Assignment (e-Learning Content)
 
Maslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learning
Maslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learningMaslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learning
Maslow and rogers (humanistic and cognivitism learning
 
1122300037 the gyaner_haats
1122300037 the gyaner_haats1122300037 the gyaner_haats
1122300037 the gyaner_haats
 
Technologies for km
Technologies for kmTechnologies for km
Technologies for km
 

Current trends and emphasis

  • 1. Current Trends and Emphasis of Mobile Learning and Technologies (A Review Study) By Murtala Lawan (1122300037) Knowledge Management Center (e-Learning Technologies) Multimedia University Malaysia +601116684219 @MurtalaLawal 28AAA773
  • 2. Presentation Architecture • Introduction • Background of the Study • What is Wrong? • What I want ask? • Why the Study ? • Where ? • Who said What ? • How ? • References • Qs and As
  • 3. INTRODUCTION Mobile and portable devices are changing the way we communicate, do business, teach and learn. They have occupied and changed almost all aspects of our lives.
  • 4. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY “Rapid developments in ICT and evolving learner behaviors require learning institutions to continuously reevaluate their approaches to pedagogy, both in the physical and virtual classroom spaces.” Rachel, Stephen, Judith and Axel 2006
  • 5. WHAT IS WRONG? = THE PROBLEM Digital Native (Students) VS Traditional Setting
  • 6. WHAT I WANT ASK? = RESEARCH QUESTION • What are the current trends of Mobile Learning and their Technologies? • Why are they related to Learning? • What are the new Technologies that Professionals recommend for Learning Settings?
  • 7. WHY THE STUDY ?= MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY “The use of wireless, mobile, portable, and handheld devices are gradually increasing and diversifying across every sector of education, and across both the developed and developing worlds” Ally 2009
  • 8. WHERE? = SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will primarily consider ; • Technical reports by some research agencies • Latest conference proceedings • Some academic journal publications On the latest trending mobile learning technologies in recent years preferably from 2008 to 2013
  • 9. WHO SAID WHAT? (REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE) • Mobile technologies offer learning experiences which can effectively engage and educate contemporary learners and which are often markedly different from those afforded by conventional desktop computers. Laura, Peter, Giasemi and Mike 2005 • The personal nature of these technologies means that they are well suited to engaging learners in individualized learning experiences, and to giving them increased ownership (and hence responsibility) over their own work Laura et al 2005 • The worldwide mobile phone sales to end users totaled 435 million units in the second quarter of 2013, an increase of 3.6 percent from the same period last year, also the worldwide smartphone sales to end users reached 225 million units, up 46.5 percent from the second quarter of 2012. Gartner Inc, 2013
  • 10. WHO SAID WHAT? (REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE) • The ubiquity of mobile devices has enabled the widespread integration of these devices into every aspect of our lives and all sorts of human activities. Paul, Adrian, Mihai and Wietske (2012) • Mobile devices provide a unique opportunity to have learners embedded in a realistic context at the same time as having access to supporting tools. Each learner carries a networked device which allows them to become part of the dynamic system they are learning about. Yuen, S.C.Y., and Wang, S.Y. (2004) • Mobile devices allow students to record their own reflections on activities or events, and share with other students via podcasting. Chan, A. and Lee, M.J.W. (2005)
  • 11. HOW ? METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE Formulating a clear Question Identifying relevant works Assessing the quality of works Summarizing the works Interpreting the findings
  • 12. REFERENCES • Ally, M. (Ed.). (2009). Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training. Athabasca University Press. • Cisco Systems Inc. BYOD in Education 2012. Retrieved from www.cisco.com/go/psbyod. • Cobcroft, R. S., Towers, S. J., Smith, J. E., & Bruns, A. (2006). Mobile learning in review: Opportunities and challenges for learners, teachers, and institutions. • Jason Haag (2013 November 25). Using Augmented Reality for Contextual Mobile Learning. Learning Solution Magazine • Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Estrada, V., Freeman, A., and Ludgate, H. (2013). NMC Horizon Report: 2013 Higher Education Edition. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium • Laouris, Y., & Eteokleous, N. (2005, October). We need an educationally relevant definition of mobile learning. In Proceedings of mLearn (Vol. 2005). • Naismith, L., Sharples, M., Vavoula, G., & Lonsdale, P. (2004). Literature review in mobile technologies and learning. • Sharples, M., Taylor, J., & Vavoula, G. (2005). Towards a theory of mobile learning. Proceedings of mLearn 2005, 1(1), 1-9. • Traxler, J. (2005, June). Defining mobile learning. In Proceedings, IADIS international conference on mobile learning, Malta.