Cumann na n gaedheal economic policy
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Cumann na nGaedheal faced significant economic challenges when it came to power in 1922, inheriting a backward economy burdened by debt from the Civil War. It focused on agriculture given Ireland's rural nature but faced problems with small farm sizes and declining prices. While policies aimed to improve standards, outcomes were limited with little change in outputs or exports. Industry was not a priority and economic growth remained slow under Cumann na nGaedheal's conservative policies of low taxation and balanced budgets.
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Cumann na n gaedheal
Cumann na nGaedheal governed Ireland from 1923-1932. Led by William Cosgrave, their priorities included establishing law and order through the Garda police force, gaining control over the army after a 1924 mutiny, and developing Ireland's economy through projects like the Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme. They took a generally conservative approach to governance and faced some unrest over issues like wage cuts. Kevin O'Higgins, a key minister, was assassinated in 1927, prompting the government to pass laws targeting the IRA and forcing all TDs to take their seats.
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The Home Rule crisis in Britain led to political instability in 1909-1914. Nationalists in Ireland reacted angrily to the prospect of Home Rule being delayed again. Unionists in Ulster formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) to resist Home Rule, prompting Nationalists to form their own Irish Volunteer force to secure Home Rule for all of Ireland. The outbreak of World War 1 caused the implementation of Home Rule to be postponed until after the war ended.
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Fianna Fail pursued economic policies of protectionism and self-sufficiency after gaining power in 1932. They imposed high tariffs on imports and gave loans and subsidies to encourage the development of Irish industry and agriculture. However, their actions led to an "Economic War" with Britain and higher prices for goods in Ireland. While some industries grew, unemployment remained high and many people suffered. Overall, Fianna Fail's economic policies met with mixed success in achieving full independence and prosperity for Ireland.
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War of independence
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Cumann na n gaedheal
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Sinn Fein grew rapidly after the 1916 Easter Rising when the British government mistakenly blamed the rebellion on the party. Membership increased tenfold as republican prisoners released from internment camps joined and helped organize Sinn Fein. In elections in 1917-1918, Sinn Fein established itself as the leading nationalist party in Ireland, winning seats and further growth. The British government's failed attempts to introduce conscription and claim Sinn Fein collaborated with Germany only increased Irish support for the republican party. In the 1918 general election held after World War 1, Sinn Fein captured 73 seats, becoming the dominant force in Irish politics.
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- Lloyd George invited de Valera to send negotiators to London to discuss a treaty to end the war in Ireland. De Valera refused to lead the delegation himself.
- The negotiations were contentious, with the British insisting Ireland remain within the British Empire and Irish delegates seeking full independence. Key points of contention were sovereignty, partition, and an oath of allegiance to the Crown.
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1916 rising
The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) began planning an uprising in Ireland after World War I began. They formed a military council to organize the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. Though their plans were kept secret, British intelligence arrested Roger Casement as he arrived from Germany with weapons. The Rising began as planned on Easter Monday but was confined to Dublin due to the Volunteers leader calling it off. After heavy fighting that destroyed parts of Dublin, the rebels surrendered unconditionally.
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Basil Brooke served as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1949 to 1963, pursuing a policy of maintaining Protestant dominance. The IRA launched a border campaign from 1956-1962 that had little Catholic support. Terence O'Neill replaced Brookeborough in 1963 and sought reforms to build bridges between communities, meeting with the Irish Taoiseach which angered Unionists. The civil rights movement emerged demanding reforms, and marches in 1968 were met with police violence, destabilizing the region. O'Neill introduced some reforms under pressure but resigned in 1969 after loyalist attacks on a civil rights march.
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The document discusses the history of the Irish Home Rule movement from the late 19th century through World War 1. It covers the political parties that supported and opposed Home Rule, the resistance in Ulster, various Home Rule bills proposed, and the impact of events like the Easter Rising of 1916. Key figures and groups discussed include Charles Stewart Parnell, William Gladstone, the Irish Nationalist Party led by John Redmond, the Ulster Unionist Party led by Edward Carson, and the nationalist Sinn Fein party.
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The document summarizes events in Ireland after the 1916 Easter Rising up until the Irish Civil War. It describes how initially public sympathy was not with the rebels after the Rising due to the damage caused. However, the British execution of rebel leaders swung public opinion in their favor. Sinn Fein grew in popularity advocating for full Irish independence. They established the Dáil Éireann parliament and won a landslide in the 1918 election. This led to the War of Independence against British forces. The British use of the Black and Tans exacerbated the conflict. While the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty established Irish self-government, it was rejected by anti-Treaty IRA forces, leading to the Irish Civil War between pro
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This is part of a lesson plan found here: https://annmichaelsen.com/2018/01/09/teaching-northern-ireland-trouble-and-conflict/
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Tom Turley, Chairman of the IFA Rural Development Committee, responds to Gerry Boyle's paper on the future of rural areas to 2031. He makes several key points in his response:
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The U.K. economy has transitioned from being dominated by manufacturing and industry to a service-based economy. It was the first country to industrialize but has seen relative economic decline compared to other nations. Currently, the U.K. has the 7th largest national economy globally and is composed of four constituent countries - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Key industries include aerospace, pharmaceuticals, and oil/gas extraction from the North Sea.
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Politics in Britain between the wars saw a succession of Conservative and Labour governments, as well as the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald in response to the Great Depression. The economy experienced a post-war boom followed by recession in the early 1920s, and a slow recovery in the later 1920s, before being severely impacted by the Great Depression with high unemployment. There was also a major General Strike in 1926 called by the TUC in support of coal miners, but it was called off after 8 days. Housing and education reforms were introduced but many were scaled back due to budget cuts.
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The role of government intervention in agriculture is a complex issue with reasonable arguments on both sides. While government programs provided support during the Great Depression, some economists argue that certain policies may have exacerbated problems. Overall, views on the appropriate level and scope of government involvement have evolved significantly over time. Reasonable people can disagree on this issue in good faith.
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The Indian economy on the eve of independence was characterized by stagnation, poverty, and backwardness. Agriculture was the main occupation but it was unproductive and dependent on monsoons due to a lack of irrigation. The zamindari system exploited farmers and led to small landholdings. Industry was not developed and the British policies led to the decay of Indian handicrafts. Infrastructure was underdeveloped except for railways built to transport goods. The population suffered from high mortality, low life expectancy, and widespread illiteracy. While the British established some administrative systems, their economic policies mainly benefited themselves and did not support India's development.
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The Indian economy on the eve of independence was stagnant, backward, and characterized by widespread poverty. Agriculture was the main occupation but it was inefficient with low productivity due to factors like small landholdings and the exploitative zamindari system. The industrial sector was undeveloped due to the British policy of de-industrialization which destroyed India's handicraft industry. Infrastructure was also underdeveloped except for railways built by the British to transport goods. The demographic profile reflected the poverty with high birth and death rates and low life expectancy. While the British established some administrative systems and transportation links, overall their colonial rule exploited India's economy for British benefits.
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The document discusses the key challenges faced by the world in the early post-World War II years, as well as the efforts made towards decolonization and independence of nations during this time period. The major challenges included physical and economic destruction, displaced populations, political instability, and humanitarian crises. Decolonization efforts involved nationalist movements gaining momentum, the context of the post-war world and weakened colonial powers, and the role of the newly formed United Nations in promoting self-determination.
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The early European history of the Canadian economy is usually studied through the staples thesis which argues the Canadian economy developed through the exploitation of a series of staples that would be exported to Europe. Capitalism evolved from the economic activity of colonial business elite and the economy improved dramatically after 1896 until 1914 when Canada had the world's fastest growing economy. Canada was hard hit by the Great Depression when the American economy collapsed and spread across the border due to close economic links.
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The Indian economy on the eve of independence in 1947 was underdeveloped and stagnant due to British colonial rule. Around 85% of Indians lived in rural areas and depended on agriculture, however the agricultural sector had stagnated under the zamindari system and commercialization of crops. Industry was neglected, with the colonial government enacting policies that destroyed India's traditional industries and reduced India to a supplier of raw materials and market for British manufactured goods. Infrastructure like railways and ports was developed but not for the benefit of Indians. The population faced high levels of poverty, illiteracy, and disease. India's economic growth was less than 2% annually and per capita income was very low. The nation faced major challenges in developing its
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1. Many countries that developed did so behind substantial trade protections and subsidies, contradicting the notion that free trade alone leads to growth. Britain and the US both used protectionism to develop industries before opening markets.
2. Trade theory does not guarantee benefits for poor countries and the poor within them. Gains from trade depend on complementary policies and distributional impacts are uncertain. Liberalization has not clearly reduced world poverty.
3. NAFTA negatively impacted small farmers in Chiapas, Mexico who rely on maize. It increased risks, costs, and dependence on cash/imports while undermining traditions and food security. A gender analysis found greater burdens and insecurity for women.
Philippines: Economic Setting
The Philippines' economy was traditionally based on agriculture and exports of primary commodities before WWII. After independence in 1946, the economy remained dependent on trade with the US until the 1950s when the government tried to encourage industrialization. Through the 1970s, policies promoted exports and foreign investment, but debt rose rapidly. The economy suffered a deep recession in the 1980s due to a global recession, mismanagement under President Marcos, and the debt crisis. Major reforms in the 1990s privatized industries and reduced government intervention, stabilizing the economy. By the early 2000s, the government was pursuing further reforms to increase development.
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Development Strategies
The document provides an overview of Brazil's development strategies and economic history from the late 19th century to present day. It describes Brazil's initial focus on commodity exports, followed by import substitution industrialization policies in the 1930s-1950s and secondary import substitution in the 1955-1968 period. The development of Brazil's automotive industry is discussed as a success of these ISI strategies. Economic challenges in the 1980s including hyperinflation and debt are summarized, as well as the Real Plan of 1994 that stabilized prices. Brazil's current engagement with globalization and regional trade organization Mercosul is briefly outlined.
Philippines (Economic Setting)
The Philippines had an economy based on agriculture and exports prior to WWII. After independence in 1946, the Philippines remained dependent on trade with the US until implementing policies in the 1970s to encourage manufacturing exports and foreign investment, though debt and recessions caused problems. The economy suffered under Ferdinand Marcos' crony capitalism and mismanagement until reforms in the 1980s-1990s privatized industries and liberalized the economy, though corruption and crises slowed growth. Current policies aim to improve infrastructure and competitiveness.
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