The document discusses recurrent neural networks (RNNs). It provides examples of applications of RNNs, such as image captioning, sentiment classification, machine translation, and video classification. RNNs can process sequential data as well as non-sequential data sequentially. The document outlines the basic structure of an RNN, including how it applies the same function and parameters at each time step. It provides illustrations of different RNN configurations, such as many-to-many, many-to-one, and one-to-many. Finally, it gives an example of applying an RNN for character-level language modeling.
NagoyaStat #1 で用いた発表資料になります。主な内容は統計モデリングの考え方と、ポアソン分布に従うデータに対して最尤推定法を適用する方法です。
This slide is used at NagoyaStat #1 on August 6, 2016. Main contents are way of thinking of statistical modeling and applying Maximum Likelihood Estimation to data following poisson distribution.
NagoyaStat #1 で用いた発表資料になります。主な内容は統計モデリングの考え方と、ポアソン分布に従うデータに対して最尤推定法を適用する方法です。
This slide is used at NagoyaStat #1 on August 6, 2016. Main contents are way of thinking of statistical modeling and applying Maximum Likelihood Estimation to data following poisson distribution.
Introduction For seq2seq(sequence to sequence) and RNNHye-min Ahn
This is my slides for introducing sequence to sequence model and Recurrent Neural Network(RNN) to my laboratory colleagues.
Hyemin Ahn, @CPSLAB, Seoul National University (SNU)
Introduction For seq2seq(sequence to sequence) and RNNHye-min Ahn
This is my slides for introducing sequence to sequence model and Recurrent Neural Network(RNN) to my laboratory colleagues.
Hyemin Ahn, @CPSLAB, Seoul National University (SNU)
Technological Unemployment and the Robo-EconomyMelanie Swan
Technological Unemployment (jobs outsourced to technology) is coming and the challenge is to steward an orderly and beneficial transition to more intense human-technology collaboration
The next phase of Smart Network Convergence could be putting Deep Learning systems on the Internet. Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology might be combined in the smart networks of the future for automated identification (deep learning) and automated transaction (blockchain). Large scale future-class problems might be addressed with Blockchain Deep Learning nets as an advanced computational infrastructure, challenges such as million-member genome banks, energy storage markets, global financial risk assessment, real-time voting, and asteroid mining.
Blockchain Deep Learning nets and Smart Networks more generally are computing networks with intelligence built in such that identification and transfer is performed by the network itself through sophisticated protocols that automatically identify (deep learning), and validate, confirm, and route transactions (blockchain) within the network.
One weekend software hack called "Movie Hack Attack".
Video content is played and is analyzed realtime for sentiment, emotions, and more.
Sentiment shown in chart below, emotions+objects of attention to the left with random picture grabbed from google search, persons/locations/organizations to the right with random picture grabbed from google search.
Invited Talk for the SIGNLL Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning 2017 (CoNLL 2017) Chris Dyer (DeepMind / CMU) 3 Aug 2017. Vancouver, Canada
Construisons ensemble le chatbot bancaire dedemain !LINAGORA
Retrouvez les slides réalisées pour notre Meetup collaboratif du jeudi 9 novembre 2017 : "Construisons ensemble le chatbot bancaire de demain !"
Après la publication de son étude sur les chatbots de l'écosystème bancaire "ChatBots et intelligence artificielle arrivent dans les banques : y êtes-vous préparé(e) ?", LinDA, l'agence digitale du groupe LINAGORA, à réaliser un atelier de co-conception du chatbot bancaire de demain.
Cet atelier gratuit d'idéation fut l'occasion d'imaginer, avec plusieurs participants du monde bancaire, la meilleure solution d'agent conversationnel pour leur banque.
Nos animateurs, Christophe Clouzeau (UX Digital Strategist) et Jean-Philippe Mouton (Head of digital consulting), ont appliqué des méthodes de conception UX, utilisées avec nos clients et par les startups innovantes.
Exploring Session Context using Distributed Representations of Queries and Re...Bhaskar Mitra
Search logs contain examples of frequently occurring patterns of user reformulations of queries. Intuitively, the reformulation "san francisco" → "san francisco 49ers" is semantically similar to "detroit" →"detroit lions". Likewise, "london"→"things to do in london" and "new york"→"new york tourist attractions" can also be considered similar transitions in intent. The reformulation "movies" → "new movies" and "york" → "new york", however, are clearly different despite the lexical similarities in the two reformulations. In this paper, we study the distributed representation of queries learnt by deep neural network models, such as the Convolutional Latent Semantic Model, and show that they can be used to represent query reformulations as vectors. These reformulation vectors exhibit favourable properties such as mapping semantically and syntactically similar query changes closer in the embedding space. Our work is motivated by the success of continuous space language models in capturing relationships between words and their meanings using offset vectors. We demonstrate a way to extend the same intuition to represent query reformulations.
Furthermore, we show that the distributed representations of queries and reformulations are both useful for modelling session context for query prediction tasks, such as for query auto-completion (QAC) ranking. Our empirical study demonstrates that short-term (session) history context features based on these two representations improves the mean reciprocal rank (MRR) for the QAC ranking task by more than 10% over a supervised ranker baseline. Our results also show that by using features based on both these representations together we achieve a better performance, than either of them individually.
Paper: http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=244728
Blockchain Smartnetworks: Bitcoin and Blockchain ExplainedMelanie Swan
Beyond digitalizing money, payments, economics, and finance, and governance, smart property and smart contracts, blockchains secure automated fleet coordination
The implications could be an orderly transition to the automation economy and trust-rich digital smartnetwork societies of the future
Economics, broadly defined, is concerned with the description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Also related is how individuals and groups make choices about these goods and services, and the consequences of their decisions. Decisions might be explicitly in regard to money and resources, but the same principles pertain to any kind of decision. The general form of the problem is that wants are bigger than resources, and even if two choices are both free, there is an opportunity cost in terms of deploying resources or focus into one area and not another. The same structure of decision-making among multiple options, with there being an opportunity cost to the road not taken, may persist regardless of domain, whether in classical economics or distributed ledger economics.
Visual-Semantic Embeddings: some thoughts on LanguageRoelof Pieters
Language technology is rapidly evolving. A resurgence in the use of distributed semantic representations and word embeddings, combined with the rise of deep neural networks has led to new approaches and new state of the art results in many natural language processing tasks. One such exciting - and most recent - trend can be seen in multimodal approaches fusing techniques and models of natural language processing (NLP) with that of computer vision.
The talk is aimed at giving an overview of the NLP part of this trend. It will start with giving a short overview of the challenges in creating deep networks for language, as well as what makes for a “good” language models, and the specific requirements of semantic word spaces for multi-modal embeddings.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
1. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20171
Lecture 10:
Recurrent Neural Networks
2. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20172
Administrative
A1 grades will go out soon
A2 is due today (11:59pm)
Midterm is in-class on Tuesday!
We will send out details on where to go soon
3. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20173
Extra Credit: Train Game
More details on Piazza
by early next week
4. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20174
Last Time: CNN Architectures
AlexNet
Figure copyright Kaiming He, 2016. Reproduced with permission.
5. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20175
Last Time: CNN Architectures
Figure copyright Kaiming He, 2016. Reproduced with permission.
3x3 conv, 128
Pool
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
Input
3x3 conv, 128
Pool
3x3 conv, 256
3x3 conv, 256
Pool
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
Pool
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
Pool
FC 4096
FC 1000
Softmax
FC 4096
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
Pool
Input
Pool
Pool
Pool
Pool
Softmax
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 256
3x3 conv, 256
3x3 conv, 128
3x3 conv, 128
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
3x3 conv, 512
FC 4096
FC 1000
FC 4096
VGG16 VGG19 GoogLeNet
6. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20176
Last Time: CNN Architectures
Figure copyright Kaiming He, 2016. Reproduced with permission.
Input
Softmax
3x3 conv, 64
7x7 conv, 64 / 2
FC 1000
Pool
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 128
3x3 conv, 128 / 2
3x3 conv, 128
3x3 conv, 128
3x3 conv, 128
3x3 conv, 128
...
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
3x3 conv, 64
Pool
relu
Residual block
conv
conv
X
identity
F(x) + x
F(x)
relu
X
7. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20177
Figures copyright Larsson et al., 2017. Reproduced with permission.
Pool
Conv
Dense Block 1
Conv
Input
Conv
Dense Block 2
Conv
Pool
Conv
Dense Block 3
Softmax
FC
Pool
Conv
Conv
1x1 conv, 64
1x1 conv, 64
Input
Concat
Concat
Concat
Dense Block
DenseNet
FractalNet
8. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20178
Last Time: CNN Architectures
9. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 20179
Last Time: CNN Architectures
AlexNet and VGG have
tons of parameters in the
fully connected layers
AlexNet: ~62M parameters
FC6: 256x6x6 -> 4096: 38M params
FC7: 4096 -> 4096: 17M params
FC8: 4096 -> 1000: 4M params
~59M params in FC layers!
10. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201710
Today: Recurrent Neural Networks
11. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201711
Vanilla Neural Networks
“Vanilla” Neural Network
12. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201712
Recurrent Neural Networks: Process Sequences
e.g. Image Captioning
image -> sequence of words
13. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201713
Recurrent Neural Networks: Process Sequences
e.g. Sentiment Classification
sequence of words -> sentiment
14. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201714
Recurrent Neural Networks: Process Sequences
e.g. Machine Translation
seq of words -> seq of words
15. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201715
Recurrent Neural Networks: Process Sequences
e.g. Video classification on frame level
16. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201716
Sequential Processing of Non-Sequence Data
Ba, Mnih, and Kavukcuoglu, “Multiple Object Recognition with Visual Attention”, ICLR 2015.
Gregor et al, “DRAW: A Recurrent Neural Network For Image Generation”, ICML 2015
Figure copyright Karol Gregor, Ivo Danihelka, Alex Graves, Danilo Jimenez Rezende, and Daan Wierstra, 2015. Reproduced with
permission.
Classify images by taking a
series of “glimpses”
17. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201717
Sequential Processing of Non-Sequence Data
Gregor et al, “DRAW: A Recurrent Neural Network For Image Generation”, ICML 2015
Figure copyright Karol Gregor, Ivo Danihelka, Alex Graves, Danilo Jimenez Rezende, and Daan Wierstra, 2015. Reproduced with
permission.
Generate images one piece at a time!
18. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201718
Recurrent Neural Network
x
RNN
19. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201719
Recurrent Neural Network
x
RNN
y
usually want to
predict a vector at
some time steps
20. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201720
Recurrent Neural Network
x
RNN
y
We can process a sequence of vectors x by
applying a recurrence formula at every time step:
new state old state input vector at
some time step
some function
with parameters W
21. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201721
Recurrent Neural Network
x
RNN
y
We can process a sequence of vectors x by
applying a recurrence formula at every time step:
Notice: the same function and the same set
of parameters are used at every time step.
22. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201722
(Vanilla) Recurrent Neural Network
x
RNN
y
The state consists of a single “hidden” vector h:
23. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201723
h0 fW
h1
x1
RNN: Computational Graph
24. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201724
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2
x2
x1
RNN: Computational Graph
25. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201725
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
x3
…
x2
x1
RNN: Computational Graph
hT
26. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201726
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
x3
…
x2
x1
W
RNN: Computational Graph
Re-use the same weight matrix at every time-step
hT
27. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201727
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
x3
yT
…
x2
x1
W
RNN: Computational Graph: Many to Many
hT
y3
y2y1
28. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201728
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
x3
yT
…
x2
x1
W
RNN: Computational Graph: Many to Many
hT
y3
y2y1
L1
L2
L3
LT
29. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201729
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
x3
yT
…
x2
x1
W
RNN: Computational Graph: Many to Many
hT
y3
y2y1
L1
L2
L3
LT
L
30. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201730
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
x3
y
…
x2
x1
W
RNN: Computational Graph: Many to One
hT
31. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201731
h0 fW
h1 fW
h2 fW
h3
yT
…
x
W
RNN: Computational Graph: One to Many
hT
y3
y3y3
32. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201732
Sequence to Sequence: Many-to-one +
one-to-many
h
0
fW
h
1
fW
h
2
fW
h
3
x
3
…
x
2
x
1
W
1
h
T
Many to one: Encode input
sequence in a single vector
33. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201733
Sequence to Sequence: Many-to-one +
one-to-many
h
0
fW
h
1
fW
h
2
fW
h
3
x
3
…
x
2
x
1
W
1
h
T
y
1
y
2
…
Many to one: Encode input
sequence in a single vector
One to many: Produce output
sequence from single input vector
fW
h
1
fW
h
2
fW
W
2
34. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201734
Example:
Character-level
Language Model
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
Example training
sequence:
“hello”
35. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201735
Example:
Character-level
Language Model
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
Example training
sequence:
“hello”
36. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201736
Example:
Character-level
Language Model
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
Example training
sequence:
“hello”
37. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201737
Example:
Character-level
Language Model
Sampling
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
At test-time sample
characters one at a time,
feed back to model
.03
.13
.00
.84
.25
.20
.05
.50
.11
.17
.68
.03
.11
.02
.08
.79
Softmax
“e” “l” “l” “o”
Sample
38. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201738
.03
.13
.00
.84
.25
.20
.05
.50
.11
.17
.68
.03
.11
.02
.08
.79
Softmax
“e” “l” “l” “o”
SampleExample:
Character-level
Language Model
Sampling
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
At test-time sample
characters one at a time,
feed back to model
39. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201739
.03
.13
.00
.84
.25
.20
.05
.50
.11
.17
.68
.03
.11
.02
.08
.79
Softmax
“e” “l” “l” “o”
SampleExample:
Character-level
Language Model
Sampling
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
At test-time sample
characters one at a time,
feed back to model
40. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201740
.03
.13
.00
.84
.25
.20
.05
.50
.11
.17
.68
.03
.11
.02
.08
.79
Softmax
“e” “l” “l” “o”
SampleExample:
Character-level
Language Model
Sampling
Vocabulary:
[h,e,l,o]
At test-time sample
characters one at a time,
feed back to model
41. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201741
Backpropagation through time
Loss
Forward through entire sequence to
compute loss, then backward through
entire sequence to compute gradient
42. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201742
Truncated Backpropagation through time
Loss
Run forward and backward
through chunks of the
sequence instead of whole
sequence
43. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201743
Truncated Backpropagation through time
Loss
Carry hidden states
forward in time forever,
but only backpropagate
for some smaller
number of steps
44. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201744
Truncated Backpropagation through time
Loss
45. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201745
min-char-rnn.py gist: 112 lines of Python
(https://gist.github.com/karpathy/d4dee
566867f8291f086)
46. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201746
x
RNN
y
47. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201747
train more
train more
train more
at first:
48. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201748
49. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201749
The Stacks Project: open source algebraic geometry textbook
Latex source http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/
The stacks project is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
50. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201750
51. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201751
52. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201752
53. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201753
Generated
C code
54. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201754
55. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201755
56. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201756
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
57. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201757
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
Figures copyright Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei, 2015; reproduced with permission
58. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201758
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
Figures copyright Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei, 2015; reproduced with permission
quote detection cell
59. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201759
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
Figures copyright Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei, 2015; reproduced with permission
line length tracking cell
60. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201760
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
Figures copyright Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei, 2015; reproduced with permission
if statement cell
61. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201761
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
Figures copyright Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei, 2015; reproduced with permission
quote/comment cell
62. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201762
Searching for interpretable cells
Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei: Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networks, ICLR Workshop 2016
Figures copyright Karpathy, Johnson, and Fei-Fei, 2015; reproduced with permission
code depth cell
63. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201763
Explain Images with Multimodal Recurrent Neural Networks, Mao et al.
Deep Visual-Semantic Alignments for Generating Image Descriptions, Karpathy and Fei-Fei
Show and Tell: A Neural Image Caption Generator, Vinyals et al.
Long-term Recurrent Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognition and Description, Donahue et al.
Learning a Recurrent Visual Representation for Image Caption Generation, Chen and Zitnick
Image Captioning
Figure from Karpathy et a, “Deep
Visual-Semantic Alignments for Generating
Image Descriptions”, CVPR 2015; figure
copyright IEEE, 2015.
Reproduced for educational purposes.
64. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201764
Convolutional Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
75. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201775
A cat sitting on a
suitcase on the floor
A cat is sitting on a tree
branch
A dog is running in the
grass with a frisbee
A white teddy bear sitting in
the grass
Two people walking on
the beach with surfboards
Two giraffes standing in a
grassy field
A man riding a dirt bike on
a dirt track
Image Captioning: Example Results
A tennis player in action
on the court
Captions generated using neuraltalk2
All images are CC0 Public domain:
cat suitcase, cat tree, dog, bear,
surfers, tennis, giraffe, motorcycle
76. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201776
Image Captioning: Failure Cases
A woman is holding a
cat in her hand
A woman standing on a
beach holding a surfboard
A person holding a
computer mouse on a desk
A bird is perched on
a tree branch
A man in a
baseball uniform
throwing a ball
Captions generated using neuraltalk2
All images are CC0 Public domain: fur
coat, handstand, spider web, baseball
77. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201777
Image Captioning with Attention
Xu et al, “Show, Attend, and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention”, ICML 2015
Figure copyright Kelvin Xu, Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Kiros, Kyunghyun Cho, Aaron Courville, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Richard S. Zemel, and Yoshua Benchio, 2015. Reproduced with permission.
RNN focuses its attention at a different spatial location
when generating each word
78. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201778
Image Captioning with Attention
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
Xu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
79. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201779
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
a1
Distribution over
L locations
Xu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
Image Captioning with Attention
80. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201780
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
a1
Weighted
combination
of features
Distribution over
L locations
z1
Weighted
features: D
Xu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
Image Captioning with Attention
81. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201781
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
a1
z1
Weighted
combination
of features
h1
Distribution over
L locations
Weighted
features: D
y1
First wordXu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
Image Captioning with Attention
82. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201782
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
a1
z1
Weighted
combination
of features
y1
h1
First word
Distribution over
L locations
a2 d1
Weighted
features: D
Distribution
over vocab
Xu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
Image Captioning with Attention
83. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201783
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
a1
z1
Weighted
combination
of features
y1
h1
First word
Distribution over
L locations
a2 d1
h2
z2 y2
Weighted
features: D
Distribution
over vocab
Xu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
Image Captioning with Attention
84. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201784
CNN
Image:
H x W x 3
Features:
L x D
h0
a1
z1
Weighted
combination
of features
y1
h1
First word
Distribution over
L locations
a2 d1
h2
a3 d2
z2 y2
Weighted
features: D
Distribution
over vocab
Xu et al, “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural
Image Caption Generation with Visual
Attention”, ICML 2015
Image Captioning with Attention
85. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201785
Soft attention
Hard attention
Image Captioning with Attention
Xu et al, “Show, Attend, and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention”, ICML 2015
Figure copyright Kelvin Xu, Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Kiros, Kyunghyun Cho, Aaron Courville, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Richard S. Zemel, and Yoshua Benchio, 2015. Reproduced with permission.
86. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201786
Image Captioning with Attention
Xu et al, “Show, Attend, and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention”, ICML 2015
Figure copyright Kelvin Xu, Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Kiros, Kyunghyun Cho, Aaron Courville, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Richard S. Zemel, and Yoshua Benchio, 2015. Reproduced with permission.
87. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201787
Visual Question Answering
Agrawal et al, “VQA: Visual Question Answering”, ICCV 2015
Zhu et al, “Visual 7W: Grounded Question Answering in Images”, CVPR 2016
Figure from Zhu et al, copyright IEEE 2016. Reproduced for educational purposes.
88. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201788
Zhu et al, “Visual 7W: Grounded Question Answering in Images”, CVPR 2016
Figures from Zhu et al, copyright IEEE 2016. Reproduced for educational purposes.
Visual Question Answering: RNNs with Attention
89. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201789
time
depth
Multilayer RNNs
LSTM:
90. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201790
ht-1
xt
W
stack
tanh
ht
Vanilla RNN Gradient Flow
Bengio et al, “Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent
is difficult”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1994
Pascanu et al, “On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks”,
ICML 2013
91. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201791
ht-1
xt
W
stack
tanh
ht
Vanilla RNN Gradient Flow
Backpropagation from ht
to ht-1
multiplies by W
(actually Whh
T
)
Bengio et al, “Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent
is difficult”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1994
Pascanu et al, “On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks”,
ICML 2013
92. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201792
Vanilla RNN Gradient Flow
h0
h1
h2
h3
h4
x1
x2
x3
x4
Computing gradient
of h0
involves many
factors of W
(and repeated tanh)
Bengio et al, “Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent
is difficult”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1994
Pascanu et al, “On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks”,
ICML 2013
93. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201793
Vanilla RNN Gradient Flow
h0
h1
h2
h3
h4
x1
x2
x3
x4
Largest singular value > 1:
Exploding gradients
Largest singular value < 1:
Vanishing gradients
Computing gradient
of h0
involves many
factors of W
(and repeated tanh)
Bengio et al, “Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent
is difficult”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1994
Pascanu et al, “On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks”,
ICML 2013
94. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201794
Vanilla RNN Gradient Flow
h0
h1
h2
h3
h4
x1
x2
x3
x4
Largest singular value > 1:
Exploding gradients
Largest singular value < 1:
Vanishing gradients
Gradient clipping: Scale
gradient if its norm is too bigComputing gradient
of h0
involves many
factors of W
(and repeated tanh)
Bengio et al, “Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent
is difficult”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1994
Pascanu et al, “On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks”,
ICML 2013
95. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201795
Vanilla RNN Gradient Flow
h0
h1
h2
h3
h4
x1
x2
x3
x4
Computing gradient
of h0
involves many
factors of W
(and repeated tanh)
Largest singular value > 1:
Exploding gradients
Largest singular value < 1:
Vanishing gradients
Change RNN architecture
Bengio et al, “Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent
is difficult”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 1994
Pascanu et al, “On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks”,
ICML 2013
96. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201796
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, “Long Short Term Memory”, Neural Computation
1997
Vanilla RNN LSTM
97. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 201797
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
[Hochreiter et al., 1997]
x
h
vector from
before (h)
W
i
f
o
g
vector from
below (x)
sigmoid
sigmoid
tanh
sigmoid
4h x 2h 4h 4*h
f: Forget gate, Whether to erase cell
i: Input gate, whether to write to cell
g: Gate gate (?), How much to write to cell
o: Output gate, How much to reveal cell
98. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017
☉
98
ct-1
ht-1
xt
f
i
g
o
W ☉
+ ct
tanh
☉ ht
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
[Hochreiter et al., 1997]
stack
99. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017
☉
99
ct-1
ht-1
xt
f
i
g
o
W ☉
+ ct
tanh
☉ ht
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM): Gradient Flow
[Hochreiter et al., 1997]
stack
Backpropagation from ct
to
ct-1
only elementwise
multiplication by f, no matrix
multiply by W
100. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017100
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM): Gradient Flow
[Hochreiter et al., 1997]
c0
c1
c2
c3
Uninterrupted gradient flow!
101. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017101
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM): Gradient Flow
[Hochreiter et al., 1997]
c0
c1
c2
c3
Uninterrupted gradient flow!
Input
Softmax
3x3conv,64
7x7conv,64/2
FC1000
Pool
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128/2
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128
...
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
Pool
Similar to ResNet!
102. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017102
Long Short Term Memory (LSTM): Gradient Flow
[Hochreiter et al., 1997]
c0
c1
c2
c3
Uninterrupted gradient flow!
Input
Softmax
3x3conv,64
7x7conv,64/2
FC1000
Pool
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128/2
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128
3x3conv,128
...
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
3x3conv,64
Pool
Similar to ResNet!
In between:
Highway Networks
Srivastava et al, “Highway Networks”,
ICML DL Workshop 2015
103. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017103
Other RNN Variants
[LSTM: A Search Space Odyssey,
Greff et al., 2015]
[An Empirical Exploration of
Recurrent Network Architectures,
Jozefowicz et al., 2015]
GRU [Learning phrase representations using rnn
encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation,
Cho et al. 2014]
104. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017104
Summary
- RNNs allow a lot of flexibility in architecture design
- Vanilla RNNs are simple but don’t work very well
- Common to use LSTM or GRU: their additive interactions
improve gradient flow
- Backward flow of gradients in RNN can explode or vanish.
Exploding is controlled with gradient clipping. Vanishing is
controlled with additive interactions (LSTM)
- Better/simpler architectures are a hot topic of current research
- Better understanding (both theoretical and empirical) is needed.
105. Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 10 - May 4, 2017105
Next time: Midterm!
Then Detection and Segmentation