学級規模と学力
中学生[Krassel and Heinesen,2014]
方法
説明変数に GPA(いわゆ
る評定) を投入
目的変数に上級学力テ
スト
学級規模が小さいほど
受験する傾向にある
学校を固定効果として
扱う。
分断回帰デザイン
ment is just above a discontinuity point compared to just below (especially for values of
enrollment below about 100 where the density of enrollment is high), and the corre-
lation between class size and M is high.
The 2SLS estimator of the parameter of interest, bCS, may be interpreted as a
weighted average causal effect of changing class size in a more general model where
class-size effects are heterogeneous and nonlinear, given independence and monotoni-
city assumptions (Angrist and Imbens 1995): After control for other variables, the
instrument should be independent of individuals’ potential outcomes (potential GPA
given class size); and an increase in enrollment may not reduce the number of classes.
The independence assumption is crucial. Since M is a (discontinuous) function of
enrollment and enrollment may be correlated with educational outcomes for other
reasons than class size, it is essential to control for these other channels of correlation
between enrollment and outcomes. We use a rich set of control variables (for parental
background and other student specific characteristics, especially lagged academic
achievement) and we also control for SFE. In addition, we control for a smooth function
Figure 1. Average and predicted class size for each value of enrollment, and density of
enrollment.
Downloadedby[126.249.179.227]at18:1328April2015
慶應義塾大学教育学特殊 XIV 第 4 講 2015 年 5 月 13 日 15 / 37
学級規模と学力
中学生[Krassel and Heinesen,2014]
at the 10% level. For brevity, we do not show first-stage estimates, but the instrument
Table 4. Linear probability models of choosing all six advanced exams in mandatory subjects.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
OLS OLS SFE IV IV, SFE
Class size/10 20.007 20.016 20.024∗
20.019 20.065+
(0.014) (0.012) (0.010) (0.026) (0.034)
GPA ninth grade (exam
marks)
0.201∗∗∗
0.192∗∗∗
0.201∗∗∗
0.192∗∗∗
(0.008) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
GPA ninth grade (year marks) 0.152∗∗∗
0.153∗∗∗
0.152∗∗∗
0.153∗∗∗
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006)
R2
0.080 0.284 0.353 0.284 0.250
F-test, weak instrument 138.349 58.227
Schools 482 482 482 482 482
Observations 46,267 46,267 46,267 46,267 46,267
Notes: Robust standard errors clustered at schools in parentheses. In (5) R2
is from the regression using the
within-school transformed variables. All regressions include the control variables of Table 3.
+
p , 0.10.
∗
p , 0.05.
∗∗
p , 0.01.
∗∗∗
p , 0.001.
K.F. Krassel and E. Heinesen422
慶應義塾大学教育学特殊 XIV 第 4 講 2015 年 5 月 13 日 17 / 37
18.
学級規模と学力
中学生[Krassel and Heinesen,2014]
induce schools to reduce class size, which will bias the estimated class-size effect
Table 5. Regression models of GPA from advanced exams in mandatory subjects.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
OLS OLS SFE IV IV, SFE
Class size/10 0.008 20.012 20.015 20.035 20.080∗
(0.013) (0.010) (0.012) (0.021) (0.035)
GPA ninth grade (exam marks) 0.660∗∗∗
0.654∗∗∗
0.660∗∗∗
0.653∗∗∗
(0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.008)
GPA ninth grade (year marks) 0.232∗∗∗
0.250∗∗∗
0.233∗∗∗
0.251∗∗∗
(0.008) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007)
R2
0.086 0.637 0.657 0.637 0.633
F-test, weak instrument 119.474 56.622
Schools 471 471 471 471 471
Observations 29,184 29,184 29,184 29,184 29,184
Notes: Robust standard errors clustered at schools in parentheses. In (5) R2
is from the regression using the
within-school transformed variables. All regressions include the control variables of Table 3.
+
p , 0.10.
∗
p , 0.05.
∗∗
p , 0.01.
∗∗∗
p , 0.001.
Education Economics 423
慶應義塾大学教育学特殊 XIV 第 4 講 2015 年 5 月 13 日 18 / 37
学級規模と動機づけ等
非認知的能力[Dee and West,2011]
対象
米国 8 年生 815 校 19,396 人。
NELS:88 という大規模なデータセットを利用。
生徒の学校や指導の実施状況,家庭背景などを込みにした縦断
データ。
方法
マルチレベルモデリング
固定効果 (生徒,教師,学校) 制約の置き方で比較。
学級規模と非認知的能力との関連を検討するモデル。
AFraid to ASK questions in subject class を教科別に検討。
非認知的能力と学歴,就業との関連を検討。
慶應義塾大学教育学特殊 XIV 第 4 講 2015 年 5 月 13 日 21 / 37
22.
学級規模と動機づけ等
非認知的能力[Dee and West,2011]
結果
大規模学級の方が AFraid to ASK questions in subject class,
subject NOT USEful for my future, do NOt LooK ForwarD to
subject が高い,すなわち学習態度や学習観が悪い (Table 2)。
大規模学級の方が AFraid to ASK questions in subject class
が高い傾向は教科をまたいでいる (Table 4)。
AFraid to ASK questions in subject class, subject NOT
USEful for my future, do NOt LooK ForwarD が高いと学歴が
低くなる (Table 7) とともにフルタイムの就業や収入が低くな
る (Table 8)。
学級規模はひいては収入に影響。
なぜここまでリターン (とロス) が問題となるのか?
慶應義塾大学教育学特殊 XIV 第 4 講 2015 年 5 月 13 日 22 / 37
学級規模が児童生徒に与える影響を検討する視点
引用文献 I
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[Dee and West, 2011] Dee, T. S. and West, M. R. (2011).
The non-cognitive returns to class size.
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35.
学級規模が児童生徒に与える影響を検討する視点
引用文献 II
[Hanushek, 2006]Hanushek, E. A. (2006).
School resources.
In Hanushek, E. A. and Welch, F., editors, Handbook of the
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36.
学級規模が児童生徒に与える影響を検討する視点
引用文献 III
[Konstantopoulos andTraynor, 2014] Konstantopoulos, S. and
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慶應義塾大学教育学特殊 XIV 第 4 講 2015 年 5 月 13 日 36 / 37
37.
学級規模が児童生徒に与える影響を検討する視点
引用文献 IV
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