This document summarizes a study that tested different motivational strategies for engaging people to collect environmental data using mobile apps. The study compared three apps created for a campaign to reduce energy waste from open shop doors: 1) a control app with no extra motivators, 2) an app using gamification techniques like points and leaderboards, and 3) an app offering financial incentives. The gamification app increased data collection but not significantly, while financial rewards significantly increased the amount of data collected. The study provided evidence that extrinsic motivators can more effectively engage people in pro-environmental data collection than intrinsic interest alone.
The wisdom of sustainable communities in the digital era: the case of efficie...Digibiz'09 Conference
The document discusses a model of cooperation in energy management between different types of resource users (cooperators and defectors). It examines how fairness norms and different levels of monitoring (perfect vs local) impact the evolution of cooperation over time using game theory. The model shows that cooperation can be sustained if the proportion of cooperators is large enough and monitoring prevents excessive free-riding, but cooperation is less stable if defectors can disguise themselves or the resource faces uncertainty.
3.2 System Design For Eco Efficiency Vezzoli Polimi 07 08 3.11vezzoli
This document provides an overview of system design for eco-efficiency. It discusses criteria for system design that optimize eco-efficiency, including system life optimization, transportation/distribution reduction, resources reduction, waste minimization/valorization, conservation/biocompatibility, and toxicity reduction. The document provides examples and guidelines for applying each of these criteria when designing new product-service systems to steer them towards more sustainable solutions.
Public Health Innovation through Cloud Adoption: A Comparative Analysis of Dr...Araz Taeihagh
Governments are increasingly using cloud computing to reduce cost, increase access, improve quality, and create innovations in healthcare. Existing literature is primarily based on successful examples from developed western countries, and there is a lack of similar evidence from Asia. With a population close to 4.5 billion people, Asia faces healthcare challenges that pose an immense burden on economic growth and policymaking. Cloud computing in healthcare can potentially help increase the quality of healthcare delivery and reduce the economic burden, enabling governments to address healthcare challenges effectively and within a short timeframe. Advanced Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore provide successful examples of how cloud computing can be used to develop nationwide databases of electronic health records; real-time health monitoring for the elderly population; genetic database to support advanced research and cancer treatment; telemedicine; and health cities that drive the economy through medical industry, tourism, and research. This article examines these countries and identifies the drivers and barriers of cloud adoption in healthcare and makes policy recommendations to enable successful public health innovations through cloud adoption.
The document summarizes the results of IBM's 2008 Utility Consumer Survey of over 5,000 energy consumers from 12 countries. It finds that consumers are becoming more open to new ways of interacting with energy providers and taking more control over their energy usage. However, cost remains the primary motivator for most. The survey identifies four emerging consumer profiles - Passive Ratepayers, Frugal Goal-Seekers, Energy Stalwarts, and Energy Epicures - based on their initiative and disposable income levels. Younger consumers and those with higher incomes are more receptive to new programs from utilities that focus on energy management. Utilities need to better understand these shifting consumer segments to align technology investments and customer offerings.
Using a lens of feedback and engagement this paper discusses the relationships between people, organisations, and energy use in workplaces. It reflects on two projects that explored participatory energy practices in public and private organisations. The first, “Working with Infrastructure, Creation of Knowledge, and Energy strategy Development (WICKED)”, explored energy management practices in a range of different retail companies. The second, ‘Gooddeeds’ aimed to collaboratively create an ICT based tool and related social processes with a city municipality. The paper concludes, firstly, that energy management sits against the backdrop of competing organisational, institutional and political priorities and the core strategy of an organisation matters. Second, we need to move beyond the ‘them and us’ culture and ‘information-deficit’ approach intrinsic in the notion of dashboards and feedback to appreciate the positive contribution all can make to energy efficiency. Finally, there are still large discrepancies across organisations with regards to energy management capabilities and metering technologies. In conclusion we note that relationships and partnerships are central in moving forward.
EXTENDING UTAUT TO EXPLAIN SOCIAL MEDIA ADOPTION BY MICROBUSINESSESIJMIT JOURNAL
Bloom’s Taxonomy (BT) have been used to classify the objectives of learning outcome by dividing the learning into three different domains; the cognitive domain, the effective domain and the psychomotor domain. In this paper, we are introducing a new approach to classify the questions and learning outcome statements (LOS) into Blooms taxonomy (BT) and to verify BT verb lists, which are being cited and used by academicians to write questions and (LOS). An experiment was designed to investigate the semantic relationship between the action verbs used in both questions and LOS to obtain more accurate classification of the levels of BT. A sample of 775 different action verbs collected from different universities allows us to measure an accurate and clear-cut cognitive level for the action verb. It is worth mentioning that natural language processing techniques were used to develop our rules as to induce the questions into chunks in order to extract the action verbs. Our proposed solution was able to classify the action verb into a precise level of the cognitive domain. We, on our side, have tested and evaluated our proposed solution using confusion matrix. The results of evaluation tests yielded 97% for the macro average of precision and 90% for F1. Thus, the outcome of the research suggests that it is crucial to analyse and verify the action verbs cited and used by academicians to write LOS and classify their questions based on blooms taxonomy in order to obtain a definite and more accurate classification.
The wisdom of sustainable communities in the digital era: the case of efficie...Digibiz'09 Conference
The document discusses a model of cooperation in energy management between different types of resource users (cooperators and defectors). It examines how fairness norms and different levels of monitoring (perfect vs local) impact the evolution of cooperation over time using game theory. The model shows that cooperation can be sustained if the proportion of cooperators is large enough and monitoring prevents excessive free-riding, but cooperation is less stable if defectors can disguise themselves or the resource faces uncertainty.
3.2 System Design For Eco Efficiency Vezzoli Polimi 07 08 3.11vezzoli
This document provides an overview of system design for eco-efficiency. It discusses criteria for system design that optimize eco-efficiency, including system life optimization, transportation/distribution reduction, resources reduction, waste minimization/valorization, conservation/biocompatibility, and toxicity reduction. The document provides examples and guidelines for applying each of these criteria when designing new product-service systems to steer them towards more sustainable solutions.
Public Health Innovation through Cloud Adoption: A Comparative Analysis of Dr...Araz Taeihagh
Governments are increasingly using cloud computing to reduce cost, increase access, improve quality, and create innovations in healthcare. Existing literature is primarily based on successful examples from developed western countries, and there is a lack of similar evidence from Asia. With a population close to 4.5 billion people, Asia faces healthcare challenges that pose an immense burden on economic growth and policymaking. Cloud computing in healthcare can potentially help increase the quality of healthcare delivery and reduce the economic burden, enabling governments to address healthcare challenges effectively and within a short timeframe. Advanced Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore provide successful examples of how cloud computing can be used to develop nationwide databases of electronic health records; real-time health monitoring for the elderly population; genetic database to support advanced research and cancer treatment; telemedicine; and health cities that drive the economy through medical industry, tourism, and research. This article examines these countries and identifies the drivers and barriers of cloud adoption in healthcare and makes policy recommendations to enable successful public health innovations through cloud adoption.
The document summarizes the results of IBM's 2008 Utility Consumer Survey of over 5,000 energy consumers from 12 countries. It finds that consumers are becoming more open to new ways of interacting with energy providers and taking more control over their energy usage. However, cost remains the primary motivator for most. The survey identifies four emerging consumer profiles - Passive Ratepayers, Frugal Goal-Seekers, Energy Stalwarts, and Energy Epicures - based on their initiative and disposable income levels. Younger consumers and those with higher incomes are more receptive to new programs from utilities that focus on energy management. Utilities need to better understand these shifting consumer segments to align technology investments and customer offerings.
Using a lens of feedback and engagement this paper discusses the relationships between people, organisations, and energy use in workplaces. It reflects on two projects that explored participatory energy practices in public and private organisations. The first, “Working with Infrastructure, Creation of Knowledge, and Energy strategy Development (WICKED)”, explored energy management practices in a range of different retail companies. The second, ‘Gooddeeds’ aimed to collaboratively create an ICT based tool and related social processes with a city municipality. The paper concludes, firstly, that energy management sits against the backdrop of competing organisational, institutional and political priorities and the core strategy of an organisation matters. Second, we need to move beyond the ‘them and us’ culture and ‘information-deficit’ approach intrinsic in the notion of dashboards and feedback to appreciate the positive contribution all can make to energy efficiency. Finally, there are still large discrepancies across organisations with regards to energy management capabilities and metering technologies. In conclusion we note that relationships and partnerships are central in moving forward.
EXTENDING UTAUT TO EXPLAIN SOCIAL MEDIA ADOPTION BY MICROBUSINESSESIJMIT JOURNAL
Bloom’s Taxonomy (BT) have been used to classify the objectives of learning outcome by dividing the learning into three different domains; the cognitive domain, the effective domain and the psychomotor domain. In this paper, we are introducing a new approach to classify the questions and learning outcome statements (LOS) into Blooms taxonomy (BT) and to verify BT verb lists, which are being cited and used by academicians to write questions and (LOS). An experiment was designed to investigate the semantic relationship between the action verbs used in both questions and LOS to obtain more accurate classification of the levels of BT. A sample of 775 different action verbs collected from different universities allows us to measure an accurate and clear-cut cognitive level for the action verb. It is worth mentioning that natural language processing techniques were used to develop our rules as to induce the questions into chunks in order to extract the action verbs. Our proposed solution was able to classify the action verb into a precise level of the cognitive domain. We, on our side, have tested and evaluated our proposed solution using confusion matrix. The results of evaluation tests yielded 97% for the macro average of precision and 90% for F1. Thus, the outcome of the research suggests that it is crucial to analyse and verify the action verbs cited and used by academicians to write LOS and classify their questions based on blooms taxonomy in order to obtain a definite and more accurate classification.
Extending UTAUT to Explain Social Media Adoption by Microbusinesses IJMIT JOURNAL
This paper extends the use of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to explain
social media adoption by microbusinesses. A canonical action research method is used to study social
media adoption in microbusiness, and a post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a
predetermined premise. It is found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played
an insignificant role, and social influence and facilitating conditions did not influence the behavioral and
adoption intentions of social media by microbusiness owners. Owner characteristics and codification effort
dominated the use behavior. The goal of microbusiness owners in gaining additional customers leads to
behavioral modification resulting in replacing of behavioral intention with goals as a superior method of
predicting adoption behavior within the context of microbusinesses
1) The AEIOU project aimed to develop a recommendation service using activity data from Welsh educational institutes to increase awareness of Welsh academic research.
2) Focus groups found that undergraduates valued recommendations from successful peers while postgraduates preferred recommendations from trusted sources like tutors.
3) By reporting on usage data and promoting research through recommendations, the repository could help publicize Welsh research, improve collaboration between institutes, and attract potential students and visitors long-term to support sustainable excellence in Welsh higher education research.
Extending utaut to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper extends the use of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. A canonical action research method is used to study social media adoption in microbusiness, and a post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It is found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played an insignificant role, and social influence and facilitating conditions did not influence the behavioral and adoption intentions of social media by microbusiness owners. Owner characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behavior. The goal of microbusiness owners in gaining additional customers leads to behavioral modification resulting in replacing of behavioral intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behavior within the context of microbusinesses.
Extending utaut to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesIJMIT JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that extends the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. The study used action research to facilitate the adoption of a Facebook business page by a microbusiness. It found that key UTAUT constructs like performance and effort expectancy played insignificant roles, and social influence and facilitating conditions did not influence adoption intentions. Instead, the microbusiness owners' characteristics and the effort required to codify content dominated social media use. When owners saw gaining new customers as a goal, their behavior changed and they made more effort using the Facebook page, replacing behavioral intention as the main predictor of adoption within the microbusiness context.
GREEN ICT POLICY MATURITY FOR ACTUALIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE COMPUTING IN DEVEL...ijcseit
Green ICT Policy encompasses the frameworks an organization has developed and put in place to apply environmental sustainability criteria throughout its value chain. The lack of appropriate green policy alignment to application of ICT uptake challenges the reaping of the benefits often stated of ICT. Multiple case study design with case from different sectors of the economy selected based on information richness,
accessibility, size as well as diversity in application of ICT was employed. Triangulation of data collection and findings interpretation was utilised. The study established that green ICT policy maturity was very low. In effect, calling for purposed policy set up on green ICT application by developing nations to ensure ICT benefits are realised while limiting environmental degradation.
Extending UTAUT to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesDebashish Mandal
This paper establishes inadequacies of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. Literature review confirms the explaining power of UTAUT in variety of technology adoption by businesses. This paper uses UTAUT theory to implement social media technology in microbusinesses. Canonical action research method is adopted to introduce social media in microbusinesses. A post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It was found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played insignificant role in establishing behavioural and adoption intention of social media by microbusinesses. Social influence and facilitating condition did not influence the behavioural intentions of the microbusiness owners. Individual characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behaviour. Goal of gaining customers leads to behavioural modification resulting in replacing of behavioural intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behaviour within the context of microbusinesses. This paper extends the UTAUT to explain social media adoption in microbusinesses.
Open Data in Ukraine (@Kyiv School of Economics)Denis Gursky
This document discusses open data and the work of SocialBoost, an organization that promotes civic engagement through open data initiatives. It summarizes three of SocialBoost's programs: 1) Helping civic startups develop apps based on open data and funding 10 projects, 2) Networking volunteers and developing local teams in 3 partner cities, and 3) Creating an open data portal and law to make cities smarter and more open through open data. The document outlines how open data can improve public services and transparency when governments make their data available through APIs and when civic groups and developers create apps and services based on this data.
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Searches related to single european market benefits
single european market advantages disadvantages
effects single european market
benefits eu single market
single european market definition
single european market act
advantages and disadvantages of single european market
case studies on benefits of single market to business
difficulties in european single market
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
This document discusses open data and e-government initiatives in Ukraine led by the nonprofit SocialBoost. SocialBoost has organized numerous hackathons around Ukraine to develop apps using open government data. Through these events, they have helped create over 10 apps, engaged over 800 volunteers, and launched national open data and e-government portals. SocialBoost also works with the government to identify high-demand public services that can be converted to digital services using an API-based approach. Their goal is to promote open data and e-government through civic engagement and public-private partnerships to develop useful digital services for citizens.
Опрос населения Украины о потреблении СМИ: раздел 2 - освещение событий на До...Irina Negreyeva
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Extending UTAUT to Explain Social Media Adoption by Microbusinesses IJMIT JOURNAL
This paper extends the use of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to explain
social media adoption by microbusinesses. A canonical action research method is used to study social
media adoption in microbusiness, and a post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a
predetermined premise. It is found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played
an insignificant role, and social influence and facilitating conditions did not influence the behavioral and
adoption intentions of social media by microbusiness owners. Owner characteristics and codification effort
dominated the use behavior. The goal of microbusiness owners in gaining additional customers leads to
behavioral modification resulting in replacing of behavioral intention with goals as a superior method of
predicting adoption behavior within the context of microbusinesses
1) The AEIOU project aimed to develop a recommendation service using activity data from Welsh educational institutes to increase awareness of Welsh academic research.
2) Focus groups found that undergraduates valued recommendations from successful peers while postgraduates preferred recommendations from trusted sources like tutors.
3) By reporting on usage data and promoting research through recommendations, the repository could help publicize Welsh research, improve collaboration between institutes, and attract potential students and visitors long-term to support sustainable excellence in Welsh higher education research.
Extending utaut to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper extends the use of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. A canonical action research method is used to study social media adoption in microbusiness, and a post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It is found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played an insignificant role, and social influence and facilitating conditions did not influence the behavioral and adoption intentions of social media by microbusiness owners. Owner characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behavior. The goal of microbusiness owners in gaining additional customers leads to behavioral modification resulting in replacing of behavioral intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behavior within the context of microbusinesses.
Extending utaut to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesIJMIT JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that extends the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. The study used action research to facilitate the adoption of a Facebook business page by a microbusiness. It found that key UTAUT constructs like performance and effort expectancy played insignificant roles, and social influence and facilitating conditions did not influence adoption intentions. Instead, the microbusiness owners' characteristics and the effort required to codify content dominated social media use. When owners saw gaining new customers as a goal, their behavior changed and they made more effort using the Facebook page, replacing behavioral intention as the main predictor of adoption within the microbusiness context.
GREEN ICT POLICY MATURITY FOR ACTUALIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE COMPUTING IN DEVEL...ijcseit
Green ICT Policy encompasses the frameworks an organization has developed and put in place to apply environmental sustainability criteria throughout its value chain. The lack of appropriate green policy alignment to application of ICT uptake challenges the reaping of the benefits often stated of ICT. Multiple case study design with case from different sectors of the economy selected based on information richness,
accessibility, size as well as diversity in application of ICT was employed. Triangulation of data collection and findings interpretation was utilised. The study established that green ICT policy maturity was very low. In effect, calling for purposed policy set up on green ICT application by developing nations to ensure ICT benefits are realised while limiting environmental degradation.
Extending UTAUT to explain social media adoption by microbusinessesDebashish Mandal
This paper establishes inadequacies of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to explain social media adoption by microbusinesses. Literature review confirms the explaining power of UTAUT in variety of technology adoption by businesses. This paper uses UTAUT theory to implement social media technology in microbusinesses. Canonical action research method is adopted to introduce social media in microbusinesses. A post positivist approach is used to report the results based on a predetermined premise. It was found that the major constructs of performance and effort expectancy played insignificant role in establishing behavioural and adoption intention of social media by microbusinesses. Social influence and facilitating condition did not influence the behavioural intentions of the microbusiness owners. Individual characteristics and codification effort dominated the use behaviour. Goal of gaining customers leads to behavioural modification resulting in replacing of behavioural intention with goals as a superior method of predicting adoption behaviour within the context of microbusinesses. This paper extends the UTAUT to explain social media adoption in microbusinesses.
Open Data in Ukraine (@Kyiv School of Economics)Denis Gursky
This document discusses open data and the work of SocialBoost, an organization that promotes civic engagement through open data initiatives. It summarizes three of SocialBoost's programs: 1) Helping civic startups develop apps based on open data and funding 10 projects, 2) Networking volunteers and developing local teams in 3 partner cities, and 3) Creating an open data portal and law to make cities smarter and more open through open data. The document outlines how open data can improve public services and transparency when governments make their data available through APIs and when civic groups and developers create apps and services based on this data.
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Searches related to single european market benefits
single european market advantages disadvantages
effects single european market
benefits eu single market
single european market definition
single european market act
advantages and disadvantages of single european market
case studies on benefits of single market to business
difficulties in european single market
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
This document discusses open data and e-government initiatives in Ukraine led by the nonprofit SocialBoost. SocialBoost has organized numerous hackathons around Ukraine to develop apps using open government data. Through these events, they have helped create over 10 apps, engaged over 800 volunteers, and launched national open data and e-government portals. SocialBoost also works with the government to identify high-demand public services that can be converted to digital services using an API-based approach. Their goal is to promote open data and e-government through civic engagement and public-private partnerships to develop useful digital services for citizens.
Опрос населения Украины о потреблении СМИ: раздел 2 - освещение событий на До...Irina Negreyeva
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Аналітичний звіт з впровадження медіосвіти в Україні. 2014. Частина 1.Irina Negreyeva
Звіт підготовлено Європейською дослідницькою організацією на замовлення Інтерньюз Нетворк в рамках Українського медійного проекту "У-Медіа", що реалізується за підтримки USAID.
Звіт надає інформацію про стан впровадження медіаосвіти (МО) в Україні. Зокрема, частина 1 містить результати опитування координаторів експерименту з МО з обласних інститутів післядипломної освіти, які проходили навчання та отримували методичну підтримку з боку партнеру проекту "У-Медіа" - Академії української преси (АУП).
Програма з провадження курсу медіаосвіти здійснювалась Академією української преси (АУП).
Цели и задачи опроса:
- Определить отношение широкой общественности к СМИ
- Оценить уровень удовлетворенности региональными, общенациональными и российскими медиа всех типов
- Оценить предпочтения потребителей по отношению к разным типам СМИ
- Оценить уровень потребления разных типов СМИ
- Оценить уровень доверия к разным типам СМИ
- Оценка уровень медиа-грамотности населения
Towards Decision Support and Goal AchievementIdentifying Ac.docxturveycharlyn
Towards Decision Support and Goal Achievement:
Identifying Action-Outcome Relationships From Social
Media
Emre Kıcıman
Microsoft Research
[email protected]
Matthew Richardson
Microsoft Research
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Every day, people take actions, trying to achieve their per-
sonal, high-order goals. People decide what actions to take
based on their personal experience, knowledge and gut in-
stinct. While this leads to positive outcomes for some peo-
ple, many others do not have the necessary experience, knowl-
edge and instinct to make good decisions. What if, rather
than making decisions based solely on their own personal
experience, people could take advantage of the reported ex-
periences of hundreds of millions of other people?
In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of mining the
relationship between actions and their outcomes from the
aggregated timelines of individuals posting experiential mi-
croblog reports. Our contributions include an architecture
for extracting action-outcome relationships from social me-
dia data, techniques for identifying experiential social media
messages and converting them to event timelines, and an
analysis and evaluation of action-outcome extraction in case
studies.
1. INTRODUCTION
While current structured knowledge bases (e.g., Freebase)
contain a sizeable collection of information about entities,
from celebrities and locations to concepts and common ob-
jects, there is a class of knowledge that has minimal cov-
erage: actions. Simple information about common actions,
such as the effect of eating pasta before running a marathon,
or the consequences of adopting a puppy, are missing. While
some of this information may be found within the free text of
Wikipedia articles, the lack of a structured or semi-structured
representation make it largely unavailable for computational
usage. With computing devices continuing to become more
embedded in our everyday lives, and mediating an increasing
degree of our interactions with both the digital and physical
world, knowledge bases that can enable our computing de-
vices to represent and evaluate actions and their likely out-
comes can help individuals reason about actions and their
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1. The document discusses the potential uses of social media analytics in local government. It identifies four main purposes: communication, public relations, customer services, and public consultation/engagement.
2. It details a research project with two UK city councils that included a workshop introducing social media analytics tools and interviews. The workshop aimed to demonstrate tools and generate reflection on their value.
3. Interview findings suggested analytics could provide insights supplementing existing knowledge of public networks and discussions. Tools were seen as potentially valuable across different council departments.
FirstReview these assigned readings; they will serve as your .docxclydes2
First:
Review these assigned readings; they will serve as your scientific sources of accurate information:
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/Top_10_Stem_Cell_Treatment_Facts.html
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/How_Science_Becomes_Medicine.html
http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649266-fighting-ageing-using-stem-cell-therapy.html
http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cells-in-texas-cowboy-culture-1.12404
http://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/blog/stem-cell-hype-and-risk-1.3654515
http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/278/278ps4.full
Next:
Use a standard Google search for this phrase: “stem cell therapy.” Do not go to Google Scholar. Select one of the websites, blogs, or other locations that offer stem cell therapies.
Save the link for your selected site.
Read the materials provided on your selected site and find out who the authors and sponsors of the site are by going to their “home” or “about us” pages.
Finally, submit your responses to the following in an essay of 500-750 words (2-3 pages of text—use a separate page for a title and for your references):
You are going to prepare a critique of the site you located and compare it to the scientific information available on this therapy.
Give the full title of the website, web blog, or other site that you selected, along with the link.
Describe the therapy that is being offered and what conditions it is designed to treat.
Who are the authors and sponsors of the site you selected?
Compare the claims about the therapy offered to what is said in the assigned readings about this type of therapy. You may have to use our library, as well, to determine what scientists and researchers have to say about the use of stem cells to treat this condition.
Would you say that the therapy you found is a well-established, proven technique for humans, or more of an experimental, unproven approach?
What about the type of language discussed in the Goldman article? Is the therapy you found using sensationalist claims and terminology that are not supported by the scientific research?
Would you recommend that a patient with this condition go ahead and participate in this treatment? Why or why not?
Literature review on how Information Technology has impacted governing bodies’ ability to align public policy with stakeholder needs
Nowadays, the governing bodies both in public and private sectors are dealing with complex systems on a day to day operations. These systems are made up of different components which present varying interactions and interrelationships with and/or among each other; therefore, making their management to be difficult or challenging. Indeed, Ruiz, Zabaleta & Elorza (2016), highlighted that public policymakers have to deal with complex systems which involve heterogeneous agents that act in non-linear behaviors making their management difficult. Neziraj & Shaqiri (2018) also stated that the policymakers are faced with problems which are complex and non-uniform due to a lot of uncertainties and risk situ.
Evaluating two interventions for scaling up upcycling: Community event and up...Kyungeun Sung
Presentation slides for the full paper, "Evaluating two interventions for scaling up upcycling: Community event and upcycling plaza", presented at the 2021 International Conference on Resource Sustainability between 19th and 23rd of July, 2021 at the University College Dublin, Ireland (virtual).
Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle - Collective Intelligence 2014 Araz Taeihagh ...Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy. In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well-established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking.
Master thesis sdeg pieter van de glind - 3845494 - the consumer potential o...Pieter van de Glind
This document summarizes a master's thesis that studied collaborative consumption in Amsterdam. It used qualitative interviews and a large survey to identify motives for collaborative consumption and measure willingness among Amsterdam residents. The results found financial, social, and environmental motives. Over 80% of respondents were willing to participate in some form of collaborative consumption. Factors like income, age, and experience affected willingness. Despite limitations, the research provided valuable empirical evidence on collaborative consumption's consumer potential.
Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment - Oxford IPP 2014Araz Taeihagh
This document summarizes an experiment that tested whether non-expert crowds can assess policy measures as well as experts. Researchers conducted two experiments using crowdsourced labor markets: one with Dutch participants and one with global participants. Both crowds evaluated 96 climate change adaptation policy measures on criteria like importance and urgency. The measures were previously assessed by Dutch experts. Results were analyzed to see how non-expert crowd assessments compared to expert assessments and whether geography impacted non-expert performance. The goal was to determine if crowds could be useful for policy design by evaluating policy alternatives.
A virtual environment for formulation of policy packagesAraz Taeihagh
The interdependence and complexity of socio-technical systems and availability of a wide variety of policy measures to address policy problems make the process of policy formulation difficult. In order to formulate sustainable and efficient transport policies, development of new tools and techniques is necessary. One of the approaches gaining ground is policy packaging, which shifts focus from implementation of individual policy measures to implementation of combinations of measures with the aim of increasing efficiency and effectiveness of policy interventions by increasing synergies and reducing potential contradictions among policy measures. In this paper, we describe the development of a virtual environment for the exploration and analysis of different configurations of policy measures in order to build policy packages. By developing systematic approaches it is possible to examine more alternatives at a greater depth, decrease the time required for the overall analysis, provide real-time assessment and feedback on the effect of changes in the configurations, and ultimately form more effective policies. The results from this research demonstrate the usefulness of computational approaches in addressing the complexity inherent in the formulation of policy packages. This new approach has been applied to the formulation of policies to advance sustainable transportation.
This document provides a review of data science initiatives for social good. It discusses how data-driven approaches have been used to address challenges in healthcare accessibility, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability through initiatives leveraging machine learning, predictive modeling, and other techniques. The review highlights both the positive impacts and potential challenges of applying data science to effect social change.
This document provides guidance on mapping civic tech and data ecosystems. It discusses choosing a purpose, scope, data collection methodology, and mapping software. The document also covers key steps like analyzing the ecosystem map to identify gaps, opportunities for collaboration, and areas for growth. The overall goal is to help groups strengthen relationships and identify shared priorities through the mapping process.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated a gamified mobile application called Biotracker, which collects plant phenology data from citizen scientists. The study aimed to see if Biotracker could engage Millennial technology enthusiasts as new citizen science volunteers. 71 undergraduates used and provided feedback on an advanced prototype of Biotracker. Results suggested gamification was key to attracting Millennials, as were social motivations and education. Potential benefits to participants included increased awareness of community and knowledge of plant biology.
This document summarizes the findings of a study that used concept mapping to assess requirements for electronically linking farmers to markets in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Bangladesh. Key findings include:
1) In Ethiopia, increased production and market analysis were seen as most important, while mobile phones & agriculture was seen as relatively less important but highly feasible.
2) In Rwanda, value added technology, market analysis, increased production, and climate/weather were seen as most important. Mobile phones was rated lower in importance due to an existing system (e-Soko), but all clusters were seen as highly feasible except improved infrastructure.
3) Concept mapping identified specific statements within each cluster that were rated as both
Crowdfunding in the development of social media fanbase – case study of two c...Karan Menon
The aim of the explorative study is to understand the role of crowdfunding in the development of the fanbase using data from two recent cases of competing business ecosystems. We conducted an event study that employed social set analysis (SSA) of Facebook data to uncover and better understand the users’ interactions and brand associations before, during and after a crowdfunding campaign event. Key contribution of the study is the introduction of a new data source on co-creative interaction between companies and their customers, as well as an approach to support the study of ecosystems from a customer perspective. Our paper focuses especially on the role of Jolla’s tablet crowdfunding campaign in the development of its fanbase in relation with Nokia’s tablet launch during Slush 2014 event. We discuss the results, present substantive interpretations of the findings, implications of crowdfunding on fanbase development and conclude with directions for future work.
Social Media Datasets for Analysis and Modeling Drug Usageijtsrd
This paper based on the research carried out in the area of data mining depends for managing bulk amount of data with mining in social media on using composite applications for performing more sophisticated analysis. Enhancement of social media may address this need. The objective of this paper is to introduce such type of tool which used in social network to characterised Medicine Usage. This paper outlined a structured approach to analyse social media in order to capture emerging trends in medicine abuse by applying powerful methods like Machine Learning. This paper describes how to fetch important data for analysis from social network. Then big data techniques to extract useful content for analysis are discussed. Sindhu S. B | Dr. B. N Veerappa "Social Media Datasets for Analysis and Modeling Drug Usage" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25246.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/25246/social-media-datasets-for-analysis-and-modeling-drug-usage/sindhu-s-b
Using Community Heuristics for Crowdsourcing Platforms Interface EvaluatioMathew_Ryan
Crowdsourcing is growing rapidly in both industry and academia, introducing new ways of conducting work and improving our understanding of how to utilize the potential of crowds. Related research has emphasized on how to improve crowdsourcing platforms and related practices to foster collaboration, motivation, trust, quality and creativity. However these challenges don’t seem to be as apparent in vibrant online communities. Research in how to make online communities work provides insights in how to address the challenges crowdsourcing is facing right now
Civic Stewardship Measurement Initiative -- draft slides for discussionwmsnyder
Proposal for measuring population-based outcomes at the community level; as basis for community-based understanding and ownership of local outcomes; as platform to support an ecology of social innovation efforts, led by local residents and organizations; as basis for contracting with external partners on initiatives to improve community wellbeing (government agencies, social entrepreneurs, foundations, researchers, policy-makers, etc.)
Асинхронна дистанційна та змішана освіта для дітей
Українська школа майбутнього - це ліцензований приватний навчальний заклад 5-11 класів дистанційного та змішаного навчання з можливістю отримати атестат державного зразка.
The document is a university profile for the National University of Water and Environmental Engineering (NUWEE) in Ukraine for 2017/2018. It provides information about NUWEE such as its history, degree programs offered, research areas, campus facilities, international students, and contact details. NUWEE is one of the leading technical universities in Ukraine, established in 1915, that offers degrees from bachelor's to doctoral levels in various fields including water management, engineering, agriculture, law, and economics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
2. tendencies towards pro-environmental behavior did not
correlate with greater data collection. Qualitative data,
collected through semi-structured interviews, allowed us to
investigate such issues in greater details. For example we
found that the factors that encourage people to initially take
part in a community activism project can differ from those
that maintain interest. Also, although motivational factors
impact a person’s use of an app, motivation is complex and
is only half the battle. Designers must also consider the
enabling factors that influence casual volunteers’ use of
crowdsourcing apps.
The research presented in this paper extends HCI research
on pro-environmental technologies in several key ways.
Prior research in this area has largely focused on systems
targeting individual behavior change [13, 17, 21]. This
paper provides new insights on systems targeting groups
and communities rather than individuals. It provides both
quantitative and qualitative evidence on the effectiveness of
different motivational and enabling strategies. By drawing
on this evidence we provide recommendations to guide the
design of crowdsourcing applications that support pro-
environmental community activism.
RELATED WORK
This paper builds on prior research on pro-environmental
behavior change, citizen science and participatory
urbanism, and motivational techniques for crowdsourced
data. We will begin by considering the pro-environmental
literature that has influenced our research.
Pro-Environmental Behavior Change
Prior HCI research on technology-supported environmental
behavior change has been dominated by systems targeting
individual behavior change [13, 17]. Such systems are often
driven by rational choice models, which assume that
individual behavior is driven by self-interest. For example,
rational economic models assume that – given access to the
relevant information – people behave in such a way as to
maximize rewards and minimize costs (although costs and
rewards need not be purely financial), thus adopting
behaviors that are advantageous [17, 21]. An alternative
approach to behavior change, which has received less
attention in pro-environmental HCI research, focuses on
communities rather than individuals. Theories such as the
norm-activation model hypothesize that individual behavior
is strongly shaped by community norms and everyday
practices [17]. Rather than focusing on individual reward,
such approaches recognize the benefits of collective and
coordinated actions. These approaches are beginning to be
applied to pro-environmental behavior [28, 33], and some
studies, such as [30], have shown that these norms can more
positively affect behavior than traditional pro-
environmental messages or messages highlighting money
saving opportunities.
The CTD campaign, and apps described in this paper, aim
to take advantage of both individual (rational choice) and
community (norm-activation) strategies.
Citizen Science and Participatory Urbanism
With the increasing ubiquity of smart phone technology,
mobile data collection through crowdsourcing is increasing.
It has been used in citizen science to collect data in support
of scientific research, including monitoring the spread of
invasive plants through the What’s Invasive app [18] and
monitoring animal population distributions through the
reporting of roadkill [5]. It has also been used
in participatory urbanism, by municipal authorities seeking
to engage people in monitoring and improving their urban
environments. Examples include monitoring noise pollution
[26] and repairing potholes and streetlights [24]. The
boundary between these two genres blurs in applications
such as water quality [23] and air quality [31] monitoring,
where the data both increases scientific understanding and
can also contribute to local management policies. Our work
can be viewed as a form of participatory urbanism, but
rather than supporting the efforts of municipal authorities it
instead supports the efforts of community activists. As
such, it adopts a similar position to the work of Kuznetsov
et al. [25], who engage local citizens with their concerns
around air quality with portable sensing equipment.
Motivating and Engaging Contributors
In common with all crowdsourcing approaches, Citizen
Science and Participatory Urbanism face key challenges in
engaging contributors – namely how to recruit them, and
how to get them to make an active ongoing contribution. In
a review of crowdsourcing literature, Doan et al. [14]
categorize common approaches, including (amongst others)
coercion, payment, intrinsic enjoyment and competition. In
citizen science literature, Kim et al. [23] report the use of
incentives, competition, entertainment and education to
support ongoing engagement. However, neither compared
or analyzed the effect of these different types of approaches
to assess their effectiveness on recruitment or contribution.
Rotman et al. [32] explored the motivation of volunteers in
projects making a scientific contribution and found a
complex network of factors at play, with initial scientific
interest and curiosity moving towards a desire for
attribution and acknowledgment over time.
Focusing on motivation, the factors that motivate
individuals can be viewed as either intrinsic or extrinsic.
People who are intrinsically motivated are willing to do an
activity “for its inherent satisfactions rather than for some
separable consequence” [10]; examples of intrinsic
motivators include interest, curiosity, competence, and
enjoyment [21]. Within the context of sustainability, De
Young [9] posits that behavior that is intrinsically
motivated is more effective for self-sustaining individual
behavioral change. In community activist campaigns such
as CTD, core members are likely to have a high degree of
intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is carrying out an
activity “to attain some separable outcome”, such as
material incentives or social reinforcement [10, 21].
“Gamification” is an approach that has rapidly gained
prominence as a motivational technique. Deterding et al.
3. define it as “using game design elements in non-gaming
contexts” [11]. Elements can include point scoring,
leaderboards, goal setting, questing, and artifact collecting.
Gaming techniques have been applied in the domain of eco-
feedback technology. A series of games concentrating on
creating awareness of household energy in adolescents were
trialed through the use of smart meters and mobile phone
applications [2, 19], and participants often compared the
changing ambient display of UbiGreen to gaming levels
[16]. However, these applications focused on the behavior
of an individual, with the ultimate goal of awareness or
behavior change by system users, rather than data
collection. Providing participants with small financial
rewards in return for carrying out basic tasks such as image
identification has also been successfully employing as a
way of attracting and motivating participants, e.g.
Amazon’s Mechanical Turk [29]. This approach has been
found to increase the amount of effort expended [32];
however, it has also been suggested that financial rewards
may reduce intrinsic motivation [10].
The study in this paper provides the first systematic
analysis of the effectiveness of two forms of extrinsic
motivation on environmental data collection performance: a
financial pay-for-results scheme, and a virtual reward
scheme, which uses points, badges and a leaderboard. We
also analyze the effect of intrinsic motivation by examining
if a positive disposition towards environmental behaviors
affects performance. Furthermore, through a qualitative
study, we examine the interrelationships between different
motivators and the other factors affecting the motivation
and performance of people using the CTD app.
THE CLOSE THE DOOR CAMPAIGN
On UK high streets it is common to see shop doors propped
open to encourage potential customers to step over the
threshold. However, during cold weather these open doors
allow heat to escape. A detailed study of typical 150m2
UK
high street shops found that keeping doors closed can
reduce emissions and energy from heating by 30-50% [3].
The CTD campaign was established in response to this
finding. Since its inception in 2007 it has grown to include
chapters in nine UK and two international cities, and it was
named Best Campaign by UK Climate Week 2012.
Considered purely in terms of energy costs, closing doors is
a rational choice for shop owners. However owners fear
that they will lose customers if they close their doors whilst
other shop doors remain open. This is a classic “I will if
you will” environmental problem [34]. The CTD campaign
attempts to combat this problem by sending volunteers to
shopping streets to record whether shops have their doors
open or closed. Owners or managers are then approached to
determine if they want to join the campaign – i.e. keep their
doors closed when heating or air-conditioning systems are
running. Shops that join the campaign are listed on the CTD
website and Facebook page, and are given a door sticker to
publicize their membership. To incentivize participation by
shops, the CTD team also runs a public information
campaign. Members of the public are given information
about the environmental benefits of closed doors and
encouraged to support shops carrying a CTD logo. The
message to the public is: “If a shop will not Close the Door:
don’t shop there, go elsewhere.” By targeting both shop
owners and their customers, the campaign aims to make
closed doors the accepted norm. Ultimately this new norm
benefits both shop owners and the environment.
DESIGN OF THE CLOSE THE DOOR APPS
Through conversations with members of the CTD
campaign, we found that the time spent recruiting and
retaining shop owners is critical to their success. However,
in order for this advocacy to work, members need to collect
data about shops in the local area. This is time and labor
intensive and must be undertaken on an ongoing basis to
check that shops continue to follow the Close the Door
policy. It has placed great strain on the core members of the
campaign. Working in collaboration with campaigners, we
therefore decided to develop mobile apps that allow casual
participants to record shop doors via a smartphone. If
people use our apps on a regular basis it would allow the
CTD campaign to scale up their data collection and would
also free campaigners to focus on advocacy activities.
Rather than evaluating a single data collection app, we
chose to design three iPhone apps. Each app applied a
different strategy to encourage users to collect data. By
comparing the effectiveness of these apps we aimed to
provide evidence of the effectiveness of different
motivational strategies that can be applied to engage casual
participants to collect pro-environmental data. In designing
the apps, we deliberately sought to keep things simple.
Rather than exploring a wide range of functionality and
overlapping motivational strategies, our aim was to
compare and provide strong evidence on the relative
effectiveness of particular strategies.
Our apps are designed to allow people to collect data while
they go about their daily routines. Each app is built around
a core design that uses the map and GPS functionality on an
iPhone. As people move around a city they can open a map
that shows an overlay of shops in their vicinity (Figure 1a).
People can click on shops – represented by door symbols –
and record whether the shop door is open (red) or closed
(green), Figure 1b. The initial shop database was populated
using the CTD campaign’s existing list of shops. If a shop
was not in the existing database a user could add it
manually. A traffic light system was employed to signal a
shop’s status: a consistently opened door would appear as
red, an occasionally open door as yellow, and a consistently
closed door as green (Figure 1a). Participants also had the
option to report any problems, such as duplications,
incorrect shop names, or to record if a store was
permanently closed, allowing the database to be kept up to
date. The statuses of shops were updated in real time to
reflect participants’ ongoing ratings.
4. Across all our apps, two approaches were used to promote
data quality and help to avoid cheating. Firstly, a system of
independent verification by a second user was used to
validate new shops. Thus, new shops only appeared on our
maps when validated by two independent users. Secondly,
participants were only able to add new shops or to record
doors within 200 yards of their present location and could
only rate a shop once each day.
Our first app acted as a Control. It used the full
functionality described above. Participants using this app
were asked to record as many shop doors as possible and
could also add new shops to the database.
The second app – the Virtual reward app – again used the
full functionality described above, but also incorporated
pointification techniques. Participants earned points and
badges for their contributions. They received 2 points for
rating a shop already in the database and 15 points for
adding a new shop (but only after it was independently
verified by a second participant). Participants could also
earn up to 15 badges (gold stars) worth 15 points each.
Badges were earned for activities such as using the app for
five days in a row or for rating a shop on the weekend.
Participants could keep track of their point score and
badges and get information on how to earn new badges
through a status screen (Figure 1c). The Virtual app also
included a leaderboard. This showed people their position
and point score relative to other Virtual app users. The
Virtual app therefore augmented the Control app with
extrinsic rewards (points and badges) and a source of
extrinsic motivation for the participants: the desire to
achieve a high score and a high position on the leaderboard.
The leaderboard listed usernames rather than real names.
The Financial app was an adapted version of the Virtual
one. It also had a leaderboard, but in this case participants
received a financial reward based on their points score and
position on the leaderboard (see experimental procedure for
reward values). The leaderboard showed a real-time tally of
the amount of money each participant would earn based on
this running point total (Figure 1d). Participants also earned
money for each badge achieved. The Financial app
therefore augmented the Virtual app with another source of
extrinsic reward and motivation: a payment related to their
relative performance in collecting data.
Participants
Participants were recruited through a mixture of sources: a
university bulletin board, an online classified service, and
local environmental sustainability groups. Participants were
told they could earn gift vouchers for taking part in a study
that would involve using an iPhone application and was
undertaken in collaboration with the CTD environmental
campaign. Overall we recruited 48 participants: 60%
female, aged 17-59, with a mean age of 27 (SD = 10.4).
Experimental procedure
Our participants were randomly assigned to three groups –
Control, Virtual and Financial – with 16 participants per
group. In all cases, participants were asked to record data
on as many shop doors as possible while going about their
everyday routines for a period of 2 weeks. The Control
group were advised that they would receive a £50 voucher
in return for participation. The Virtual group were also
advised that they would receive a £50 voucher for
participating in the study, but in addition that virtual points,
badges and a leaderboard would be available to track their
individual performance. The Financial group were told that
what they earned (in vouchers) would depend on how much
they used the app relative to other participants. They were
told they would receive £2 per badge earned, plus a share of
a fixed pot based on their relative performance on the
leaderboard. The size of the pot was set so that the total
amount available to the participants was equivalent to £50
per head, i.e. equivalent to the total payment to other
groups, but shared based on badges earned and relative
performance on the leaderboard.
All the participants completed a preliminary online
questionnaire to assess their attitude to environmental
sustainability. Questions were adapted from Diekmann and
Preisendörfer’s study regarding environmental behavior
discrepancies [12], and covered both attitudes and
(a) (b) (d)(c)
Figure 1. Screenshots from left to right: (a) the map view shop doors, (b) the submission screen, (c) badges, collected and
available, (d) the financial leaderboard with points and financial tally.
5. Figure 2. A map showing some areas of the city mapped by
participants.
Shops
Added
Total
Points
Total
Badges
Control 221 3158 92
Virtual 274 4492 90
Financial 618 13112 165
Table 1. The total doors recorded, new shops added, points
and badges earned by each group.1
Figure 3. Points scored by the 16 participants in each group.
frequency of pro-environmental behaviors, e.g. recycling
and energy/water conservation. The question took the form
of a five-point Likert scale. Past studies in environmental
psychology have shown that an individual’s general
environmental attitude is not a guaranteed predictor of
whether they will behave in a pro-environmental way [22,
35]. For that reason, we calculated an environmental
disposition score for each participant by summing their
responses to the behavior questions only. This provides a
measure of their intrinsic motivation to engage in
environmental activities. The app was then distributed
through Apple’s TestFlight software, which relied on the
participants to actively install the relevant CTD app on their
iPhone, mimicking real-life deployment. The study then ran
for two weeks. The participants’ usage of the app itself was
recorded through the software, providing a breakdown of
1
Note that the “shops added” totals include those that were not
independently verified by a second participant within the 2 weeks, and
so did not score points.
points and badges earned, and measurements such as the
number of retailers manually added by each participant and
the amount of time the app was used. The Control app kept
track of the points and badges that the participants would
have earned from their behavior to allow for comparison
between the three groups, but this information was not
revealed to participants. At the end of the two-week test
period, a follow-up survey was sent to all participants to
obtain an overview of their opinions on the app. Finally,
based on total points, two high, two mid-range, and two low
scorers from each group were selected for a semi-structured
interview. This delved into further detail about app usage
and motivational factors. Ethical permission was granted by
the University of Bristol Ethics Committee.
QUANTITATIVE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Overall, the three apps proved very successful in allowing
us to map and monitor shops. Over the two-week period,
participants made 6674 individual recordings and added
1113 new shops to the CTD database. As illustrated in
Figure 2, this resulted in a detailed mapping of key
shopping streets in the city center. Table 1 shows the total
points scored by participants, together with the number of
new shops added and badges earned. As can be seen, the
Financial group achieved the highest points totals, with the
Virtual group second and the Control group third.
Data quality was very high across all experimental
conditions. Using Google maps and local knowledge, we
checked a random 10% of all added shops (including
unverified ones) across the three groups. All but one was
found to be accurate. The remaining one was unverifiable,
not necessarily wrong.
Figure 3 plots the points earned by participants in each
group. The behaviors within each group do not follow a
normal distribution, so the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis
Test was carried out to test for differences between the
groups. This showed a significant difference across both
points earned and shops added to the database: (Points:
χ2
(2, n = 48) = 9.79, p = 0.007; Shops added: χ2
(2, n = 48) =
21.48, p = 0.001). We then conducted post-hoc Mann-
Whitney U Tests, with Bonferroni correction, to further
assess the differences:
Control / Virtual
Points: U = 125.0, z =-0.11, p = 0.91, r = 0.016
Shops added: U = 122.5, z =-0.22, p = 0.83, r = 0.032
Control / Financial
Points: U = 49.0, z =-2.98, p = 0.003, r = 0.43
Shops added: U = 18.5, z =-4.16, p = 0.001, r = 0.60
Virtual / Financial
Points: U = 64.5, z =-2.40, p = 0.017, r = 0.35
Shops added: U = 30.0, z =-3.72, p = 0.001, r = 0.54
The points collected and shops added by participants in the
Financial group were significantly greater than those in the
Control and Virtual groups. There was no significant
6. Figure 4. Z-scores for the 16 participants in each group.
difference between the Control and Virtual groups. The
effect size (r) between the Financial group and the Control
and Virtual groups ranges from medium to very large.
Though there is no significant difference in performance of
participants of the Virtual and Control groups, visual
inspection of Figure 3 suggests a different distribution of
performance in these groups. The higher scorers in the
Virtual group outperformed the Control, but the lower
performers were comparable or lower than their Control
equivalent. This is reinforced by the observation that,
although the mean point score in the Virtual group (281) is
greater than that of the Control (197), the median of the
Virtual (112.5) is less than that of the Control (197). To
investigate this further we plotted the Z-scores of all
participants to test the relative comparative performance of
individuals in each group (Figure 4). Results show that that
the Virtual and Financial groups followed a roughly similar
trajectory, with the top three or four participants
outperforming the others. The Control group, with the
exception of the highest scoring participant, follows a
flatter trajectory showing a more even spread of behavior.
The highest-scoring participant from the Control group
earned a score over three standard deviations from the mean
and, per the extreme studentized deviate method, her result
can be considered an outlier (critical value of Z = 2.58, p
<0.05). Overall the Z-scores suggest that competition, both
in the Virtual and Financial groups, motivated the higher
performers, but may have demotivated some of the middle
performers. This issue was investigated further our semi-
structured interviews.
It appears that the option of collecting badges did not have
a significant effect on participants’ behavior. In fact, the
Virtual group earned two fewer overall than the Control,
despite the Control group being unaware of what they were
earning. Furthermore, it was predicted that a majority of the
Financial participants would earn the full set of 15 badges,
worth £30.00 in online vouchers. However, only 25% did
so. The interviews helped elucidate the badge discrepancy;
many participants reported being unaware of how to earn
the badges despite prior instruction: “I wasn’t really aware
of when you would get a badge. I think you could press
them to find out what you needed to get but I didn’t go in
that far, I just saw that the badge wasn’t highlighted.” As a
result, the motivating effect of deliberately earning a virtual
badge could not be adequately assessed.
Effect of Existing Environmental Tendencies
In addition to testing extrinsic motivational factors, our
study was also designed to examine whether pre-existing
environmental tendencies would function as an intrinsic
motivator and influence app usage. We therefore performed
a correlation analysis within each group comparing
participants’ environmental disposition scores, from the
initial questionnaire, and their point scores. The results
showed no significant correlation: Control r = 0.16; Virtual
r = -0.30; Financial r =0.18. This is in line with previous
studies [1]. Again, this finding is explored further in our
qualitative study.
QUALITATIVE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The results and analysis presented in this section are
derived from the follow-up survey completed by all
participants, and from semi-structured interviews with 18
participants, six from each group. The interviews were
audio recorded and transcribed. We then undertook a
thematic analysis [4]. The following sections address the
key themes that emerged.
The Usability of the Apps
A vast majority of the participants felt that the app was
intuitive and easy-to-use. For example: “It was easy to use,
only two taps on the screen were needed to report the status
of a shop door.” Some participants expressed frustration at
the GPS receiver not accurately locating their position. This
occasionally prevented them for rating a shop. Overall,
however, it is unlikely that basic usability issues impacted
on the results of our study.
Motivators and Enablers
In considering the design of systems to target individual
behavior change, Fogg emphasizes the importance of both
motivation and ability [15]. A similar trend emerged in our
thematic analysis. However rather than the term ability, we
use the more holistic term “enablers” to address the joint
impact of app functionality and contextual factors (e.g.
lifestyle) on app usage. Alongside motivational factors,
enablers proved critical to participants’ engagement.
Motivator: Performance-Related Financial Incentives
As presented above, the Financial group gathered a
significantly greater quantity of data/points, confirming that
an extrinsic financial incentive tied to contribution served to
motivate users far more than either the extrinsic motivation
of leaderboard position or intrinsic motivation to contribute
to an environmental activity. However, the qualitative data
suggested that this came with a cost. Participants in both the
Control and Virtual groups reported 100% agreement, when
asked in the follow-up survey, whether they would be
willing, without financial compensation, to continue using
an app like CTD to help a community organization on an
ongoing basis. This decreased to 75% of those within the
Financial group, corroborating Deci’s hypothesis [10] that
7. intrinsic motivation, such as helping a charity, is reduced
when performance is explicitly linked to financial rewards.
Motivator: Competition
Quantitative results suggested that the participants near the
top of the Virtual and Financial leaderboards were actively
competing for the top position, and that this competitive
aspect can provide extrinsic motivation to maintain
engagement with the app. The interviews backed this up,
with some high scoring participants reporting feeling
encouraged by competition, and indicating they were
willing to use the app more than they would have
otherwise: “The competition was an extra element that I
wasn’t expecting with the app … I would check it [the
leaderboard] even if I knew I wasn’t going to go out that
day to see if people were coming up near me, and if they
were then I’d be like, ‘Right I’ve got to get on with it’.”
Conversely, distant competition, for participants who were
hundreds or thousands of points behind, had the opposite
effect and served as a very clear demotivator. One low-
scoring participant described this, stating: “I gave up as I
felt as though there was never a chance to catch the
leaders. When I saw that someone had stacked up hundreds
of pounds all my motivation dissipated. Games rely on
positive feedback for the player to want to continue. This
de-motivated me massively so for me the game failed.”
Several of the participants interviewed adopted “self-
gamification” strategies, in which they set goals or
challenged themselves to record more than previously. Two
high-scoring participants in particular exhibiting a tendency
to self-gamify: “I think being kind of competitive with
myself, like ‘Today I’ll do a few more than I did yesterday,
maybe I’ll walk up that street because I’ve not been up
there before so I don’t know what’s up there’.” This trend
has also been found in previous research on eco-feedback
technologies, such as smart meters, which are not explicitly
gamified [37]. Whilst this issue was not specifically
addressed by the app designs used in this study, it would be
interesting to investigate how designs that encourage self-
gamification can be used to motivate participants who find
head-to-head competition to be demotivational.
Motivator: Community Norms
As well as a source of potential competition, leaderboards
can also provide feedback regarding the behavior of the
community, and may therefore result in “norm activation”
in participants, another source of extrinsic motivation. We
have some evidence of this occurring. For example, activity
on the leaderboard acted as a motivational trigger for a
participant who initially delayed using the app: “I think it
[seeing people with points] probably did make me go, ‘Oh,
okay, people have got started I should probably make sure
that I make an effort to do it when I go out’. Yes, that
probably did give me a bit of a kick.”
Despite the anonymous leaderboard, some participants also
expressed a desire for what we can call “acceptable
mediocrity”, i.e. not a desire to be the best through
competition, but to show that they had put some effort into
using the app. For example, a participant felt the
leaderboard “was an indication obviously on how much
other people were using it and I wanted to make sure I was
sort of in the middle or top half rather than the bottom
end.” Overall, the simple pressure or desire to be seen as an
active member of the community, by having an acceptable
presence on the leaderboard, regardless of score, appeared
to affect app usage: “It made me feel bad because I realized
that people had used it more than I had … I felt guilty that I
hadn’t started using it so then I used it.” It is interesting to
observe that this occurred even though the leaderboard in
our study was anonymous and participants were not known
to each other.
Motivator: Environmental Interest
As shown in quantitative results section, environmental
tendencies were not a guarantee of engagement or app use.
The qualitative responses supported this, showing that both
high and low-scoring participants were equally likely to
describe pro-environmental tendencies (e.g. another low-
scoring participant: “I notice doors being open and closed,
and I make sure when I leave a shop I try and close it,
although some shops are like, ‘No, you can’t close the
door.’”) Furthermore, one participant informed us they had
previously volunteered for the CTD campaign, yet was a
low-scoring member of the Virtual group. However, the
topic of the app cannot be dismissed in its entirety as it can
serve as a threshold motivator, encouraging people to
engage initially. Regardless of their final score, the idea that
an easy-to-use mobile app allows a participant to make a
small contribution of time and effort to support an
environmental cause was cited by several participants as a
positive element, and given as a reason for signing up in the
first place. e.g.: “Definitely the whole environment thing,
that definitely motivated me because I like to think of myself
as the kind of person, I might not be destined for greatness
but I can have a part to play, a little role that helps do
something great, helps to make a change, and all I have to
do is use an iPhone app.”
Enabler: Lifestyle
Interviews suggest that participants’ lifestyles played a
significant role in this use of the app. For some, their
lifestyles acted as an enabler to active participation, while
others’ lifestyles reduced their opportunities for data
collection. A common factor shared by the highest scoring
participants from each group was that they were not in
regular employment during the testing period, and therefore
could use the CTD app as and when they saw fit. For
example, the high-performing outlier in the Control group
was on maternity leave: “… when I’m out with her she
tends to sleep when I’m walking and it gives me something
to do so I walked out of my way a lot of the time just to
make sure I would catch as many shops as I could on the
way.” In contrast, one low-scoring participant reported
using the app only when walking to or from work, or while
on breaks: “Well, most of the time I use it because I work
8. on a retail estate so I used it when I was on my break, up
and down because all the shops are within meters of each
other.” Another expressed enthusiasm about the CTD app
in terms of its purpose to reduce energy waste, but
admitted: “I didn’t have that many opportunities … to go
out to different places to have a look … to go out to the
different shops to try it”.
Overall these responses reveal that while people may be
intrinsically motivated in terms of supporting a cause, at the
same time they can be “disabled” by the lack of
opportunities to actually use the app. Given this,
organizations needing data collection on a compressed
timescale may wish to seek out participants who are time
rich, even if they do not seem to be part of a target
motivational group.
Enabler: Technology
The use of smartphones to collect data cannot be
overlooked as a possible threshold motivator to initially
attract participants. Several participants mentioned that our
recruitment advertisement specifically asking for iPhone
users attracted their attention: “My partner works in IT
anyway so I’ve got a soft spot for new bits and pieces and
obviously I’m a bit of a MAC fan so it went together.”
As previously mentioned, technology did serve as a disabler
on occasions where the GPS receiver was not accurate, and
prevented participants from recording data. Some
participants also expressed concerns that the app used their
mobile data connection and might cause them to exceed
their monthly data allowance. Allowing the data to be
stored and uploaded at a later time would avoid this
problem, but it could also affect the pointified elements if
the real-time nature of the leaderboard was influenced.
Further research is needed to determine whether this delay
would have an impact on app engagement.
Enabler: Weather
Wasting heating energy by leaving doors open in cold
weather is the very raison d’être of the CTD campaign.
However, the changing weather itself came up in the
interviews as affecting a participant’s ability to conduct the
task. Good weather acted as an enabler, encouraging people
to spend more time outside and around the city. However,
there is also evidence that some participants avoided using
the app if they felt a shop was justified in leaving a door
open on an unusually warm day during the trial.
Cold and wet weather acted as a disabler. This was due to
one of four reasons: (1) the participant decided not to go out
because of the weather; (2) the participant used a car or
public transport instead of walking, precluding use of the
app; (3) the participant did not want to get the phone wet;
and (4) participants went out but were in a hurry due to the
weather, so did not use the app. This reliance on weather
must be taken into account if an environmental data
collection app is to be successful. For example, a mobile
app designed to record blocked drainage in the streets
during severe wet weather is unlikely to be used frequently
enough to be useful, as the necessity of recording in the rain
is unappealing to participants.
Behavior and Awareness
The CTD app was developed to investigate how a mobile
app could be used to scale up the activities of a pro-
environmental community activist group. It did not seek to
alter behavior or raise the participants’ awareness of an
environmental issue. Nonetheless, there is evidence in the
interviews that it did have some affect. One-third of the 18
interviewees reported reading the CTD website as a direct
result of taking part in the study. These were spread among
groups, but tended to be those who had a stronger
environmental disposition in the initial questionnaire.
Furthermore, two participants claimed to have even
changed their shopping habits to favor shops with doors
closed: “Using the app made me much more aware of my
surroundings as I walk around the city. It has made me
consider the environmental impact of choices I make when
shopping. I also find I am more inclined to visit a business
whose door is closed!”
Whether this is a lasting, or even genuine, change is
unknown. However it does highlight another potential use
of such data collection apps: as a way of drawing attention
to the issue in a wider population and attracting more
permanent volunteers to the organization. Those who enjoy
the app or have an interest in the subject may be willing to
get further involved and take on additional responsibilities.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the quantitative and qualitative results presented
in the previous sections, we can make recommendations to
researchers and organizations, such as CTD, wishing to
exploit the potential of digital data collection.
1. Seek those whose lifestyle is likely to enable them to
participate.
2. Use passion for a cause as a threshold motivator, but do
not assume it acts as an engagement motivator.
The people in our study who were mobile but not “goal
directed” in their mobility made the greatest contributions –
the parent walking with a pram being our archetypal
example. Hence a good recruitment strategy for CTD would
be to target online discussion boards for new parents, who
are likely to have a lifestyle that would allow ongoing
contribution, and use an environmental message as a
threshold motivator to attract those with compatible
intrinsic motivation to volunteer. This is likely to be more
effective than recruitment through an environmental forum,
which may initially yield many enthusiastic volunteers who
are motivated to cross the threshold to participation but then
do little or no data recording due to lifestyles incompatible
with ongoing contribution.
3. Make competition available, but easy to ignore.
It is clear that close competition among leaders is
productive, but also clear that it demotivates those not in
the leading group. Applications such as foursquare provide
9. multiple and customizable leaderboards, allowing a
participant to choose who they compete with. Some have
weekly resets, ensuring that an existing player cannot build
up a long-term, unassailable lead. Additionally, we could
envisage the use of ‘adaptive leaderboards’ to provide
competition when it is likely to be motivating. This would
consist of a set of leaderboards (e.g. day, week, etc.) by
default in the background, a given board only moving to the
foreground for a participant able to engage in close
competition on it. Alternative approaches to doing this, and
assessments of effectiveness, are areas for further research.
4. Provide information regarding ‘community norms’ in a
way which motivates desired behavior.
A number of interviewees were motivated by “doing their
bit” as opposed to being top. Based on this, it is perhaps as
important to “normify” an app as it is to “gamify” it. For
example, providing the average amount of data collected by
participants may encourage some to try to meet this figure,
even if they cannot compete with the leader. Recent
research in the area of domestic energy reduction has also
provided evidence to support this approach [30, 33].
5. Use financial motivation carefully.
It is clear from the quantitative data that a “pay for results”
approach is a powerful motivator and resulted in more data
being collected. However our interviews also suggested that
it decreased participants’ willingness to use the app in the
future, with only 75% of Financial group participants
expressing willingness in comparison with 100% of other
participants. Hence this short-term gain may be offset by a
longer-term loss of engagement. For that reason, it may be a
better use of financial resources to adopt an approach
combining a small payment as a threshold motivator [8] and
funding prizes and rewards linked to both gamified and
normified achievements. Exploring the size, quantity and
structure of alternative reward mechanisms and their impact
on behavior is a fruitful area for future research.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, through quantitative and qualitative
approaches, we have assessed the impact of different
motivating factors and design strategies on the performance
of subjects collecting data for the CTD pro-environmental
campaign. In our trials a pay-per-results financial reward
mechanism resulted in significantly increased data
collection, though there is also evidence to suggest it may
reduce long-term intrinsic motivation to participate in such
activities. We also found that pointification increased
performance, though not to a statistically significant level.
Our analysis suggested that this was because close
competition acted as an effective motivator of those who
were high ranking, resulting in their increased performance
relative to the Control group. However, this effect was to
some extent offset by reduced performance of lower
ranking participants because of the demotivating effect of
distant competition. We also identified that a leaderboard
can have the effect of inducing social norms to encourage
performance. Finally, we showed that intrinsic motivation
to carry out environmental actions was not correlated with
performance, identifying qualitative evidence that an
appropriate lifestyle had a bigger impact. Based on our
findings, we made recommendations for organizations
wishing to design and use mobile apps to support
community activism. Note that, though our trial participants
were paid, all but the last of these recommendations apply
equally to organizations recruiting unpaid volunteers.
As this paper is amongst the first to use both quantitative
and qualitative techniques to explore motivators and
enablers for pro-environmental data collection, there remain
many topics for further research in addition to those
addressed here. Firstly, our trial was not long enough to
explore how participants’ behavior changes over time, so
valuable work could be conducted to examine motivation
over a longer time period and what can be done to support
continued engagement. Secondly, our participants were a
priori unknown to each other and remained anonymous on
our leaderboards. As a result, we have not explored the
motivating effect of competing with one’s own social
group, something that foursquare provides as an option. Nor
have we explored the effect of allowing teams of
participants to compete together – something that the FoldIt
citizen science game [20] has used to good effect. Also, we
have not investigated the effects of gamification approaches
beyond simple pointification. In particular, we believe the
intrinsic pleasure of carrying out an enjoyable activity for
its own sake is an important motivator, which our work has
(consciously) not explored, due to our focus on simplicity
in the app design. Our qualitative results suggest that “self
gamification” – allowing participants to set themselves
challenges and compete against their prior performance –
may act as a strong motivator for some participants. Each of
these areas warrants further exploration.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, research is needed
on effective design strategies to “close the loop” between
casual volunteers and the “targets” of the community
activist campaigns – in our case shop owners. This could
have several positive effects. Firstly, by providing feedback
to the participants on the ongoing effectiveness of the CTD
campaign, such as newly signed-up shops or a measure of
ongoing carbon emissions saved, intrinsic motivation may
be increased as volunteers may gain a greater sense of
contributing to a project with real impact. Secondly, by
providing data on local shops that keep doors shut, users
could search for shops that support the CTD campaign and
place pressure on retailers to change their behavior. Finally,
by providing data to the retail community, such as maps of
local areas highlighting those shops who do maintain a
doors-closed policy, retailers can see the spread of a
community norm which is both environmentally and
economically beneficial, potentially resulting in an
increased speed of uptake of the norm. Through ongoing
research on these issues, digital technology may further
contribute to the spread of pro-environmental behavior.
10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Sue Pollard and Phil Holtam from
the Bristol-branch of the Close the Door campaign, Darren
Hall from Bristol Green Capital, and the participants of the
study. This work was part funded by UK Research Council
Digital Economy grant number EP/1000151/1.
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