Crosscltr
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This document discusses cross-cultural communication and cultural understanding. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding foreign cultures and provides historical examples of both good and bad cross-cultural interactions. It then discusses some of the challenges of cross-cultural communication, including personal and cultural baggage. The document goes on to define culture and its key characteristics. It also analyzes some of the components that make up a culture, such as language, religion, attitudes, social organization, law, politics, and technology. Finally, it provides suggestions for improving cross-cultural communication and understanding foreign perspectives.
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Crosscltr
- 1. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- 2. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION • IMPORTANCE • RELEVANCE TO YOUR JOB • HISTORICAL EXAMPLES – BEST: BRITISH IN INDIA – WORST: GERMANS IN RUSSIA
- 3. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT TERMINAL OBJECTIVE • ANALYZE FOREIGN CULTURE • BREAK DOWN INTO COMPONENTS • BEGIN A PROCESS OF UNDERSTANDING
- 4. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENTUSAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT THE CHALLENGE RECEIVER LANGUAGE MIXER SENDER PERSONAL BAGGAGE PERSONAL BAGGAGE CULTURAL BAGGAGE CULTURAL BAGGAGE
- 5. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENTUSAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE IS – LEARNED – ACQUIRED – SOCIAL – IDEATIONAL – GRATIFYING – ADAPTIVE – INTEGRATIVE CULTURE IS A COMPLEX, WHOLE WAY OF LIFE WITH CONSISTENCIES AMONG ITS COMPONENTS
- 6. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION FORIEGNER SEES REAL CULTURE THROUGH PRISM OF HIS IDEAL CULTURE ETHNOCENTRISM BELIEFS FEELINGS PERCEIVED CULTURE CULTURE SHOCK GAP IN UNDERSTANDING REAL CULTURE IDEAL CULTURE CULTURAL FILTER
- 7. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT “OUR” CULTURE AS WE SEE IT • ACTION NOT WORDS • WE CONTROL OUR ENVIRONMENT • PROGRESS IS EVER UPWARD • MATERIAL OVER SPIRITUAL • WE MAKE OUR SUCCESS • THE INDIVIDUAL IS THE KEY • THE INDIVIDUAL IS A MORAL CREATURE • TIME IS MONEY • THE WORLD IS RATIONAL • GOODWILL BEGETS GOODWILL • EQUALITY IS FOR ALL
- 8. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT OUR CULTURE AS OTHERS SEE US • NARCISSISTIC/HEDONISTIC/SELFISH • SHALLOW • VAIN-NEED ADMIRATION • UNEDUCATED/PROVINCIAL • HEGEMONIC • VIOLENT • GLORIFICATION OF MACHINE OVER MAN • SPIRITUALLY EMPTY/IMMORAL • WORSHIP MONEY • RACIST
- 9. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT PROSTITUTION, AIDS AMONG U.S. TROOPS JN2908103790 (CLANDESTINE) HOLY MECCA RADIO IN ARABIC 0840 GMT 29 AUG 90 THE AMERICAN SOLDIER HAS COME WITH ALL OF HIS MANIFESTATIONS OF DECADENCE DOMINATING U.S. SOCIETY, DRUGS, PROSTITUTION, AND AIDS, WHICH IS RAMPANT AMONG THEIR MEN AND WOMEN. YOU KNOW THIS DISEASE AND HOW IT SPREADS QUICKLY. THIS MEANS THAT THE INVASION IS NOT ONLY MILITARY-REPRESENTED BY THE OCCUPATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY-BUT ALSO AN EPEDEMIC SPREADING ALL THE DISEASES OF U.S. SOCIETY, INCLUDING DRUGS, ALCOHOL, PROSTITUTION, AND AIDS. WHETHER WE LIKE IT OR NOT, WE WILL BE THE VICTIMS OF ALL THESE SINS IN OUR GREATER SOCIETY, AND AMONG OUR FAMILIES AND CHILDREN. FBIS-NES-90-169 30 AUG 1990
- 10. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT C3: TALKING POINTS U.S. TO DO ACHIEVED SELF-RELIANT INDEPENDENT FUTURE OTHER TO BE ASCRIBED FAMILY DEPEND HERITAGE “IN AMERICA YOU ARE WHAT YOU HAVE ACHIEVED” “IN OTHER CULTURES YOU ARE WHAT YOUR FAMILY IS”
- 11. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURE DEFINITION SET OF RULES OR STANDARDS SHARED BY MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY THAT, WHEN ACTED UPON BY THE MEMBERS, PRODUCES BEHAVIOR THAT OTHER MEMBERS FIND ACCEPTABLE OR……”A WAY OF LIFE”
- 12. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION WE ARE WHAT WE ARE DUE TO:
- 13. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT IDENTIFYING CULTURES WITHIN CULTURES SUBCULTURES FOLLOW MANY NORMS OF THE MASS CULTURE, BUT ALSO HAVE MANY NORMS OF THEIR OWN. COUNTERSUBCULTURES RESIST MANY NORMS OF THE MASS CULTURE WE SHOULD AVOID STEREOTYPING A CULTURE: THERE ARE MANY SUBCULTURES WITHIN CULTURES.
- 14. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT COMPONENTS OF CULTURE CULTURE LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND VALUES RELIGION SOCIAL ORGANIZATION LAW POLITICS TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
- 15. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURE AND LANGUAGE DEFINITIONS CULTURE IS WHAT PEOPLE THINK! LANGUAGE IS HOW PEOPLE THINK!
- 16. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT LAYERS OF CULTURE WHAT WE DO WHAT IS GOOD OR BEST WHAT IS TRUE WHAT IS REAL WORLD VIEW BELIEFS VALUES BEHAVIOR MAN’S BASIC NEEDS (ENVIRONMENT/TECHNOLOGY)
- 17. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT I: LANGUAGE VERBAL ESKIMOS OVER 25 WORDS TO DESCRIBE SNOW/ NONE FOR WAR ARABS OVER 6,000 WORDS TO DESCRIBE CAMEL, ITS PARTS AND EQUIPMENT ENGLISH OVER 300,000 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL WORDS. NON-VERBAL COLORS, DISTANCE, CLOTHING, SMELLS, TASTES, AND BEHAVIOR LANGUAGE IS A CULTURAL MIRROR
- 18. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURE AND LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE NOISES GESTURES EXPRESSION VERBAL NON-VERBAL •ANIMALS COMMUNICATE •ONLY HUMANS USE LANGUAGE
- 19. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE INFORM CONVINCE CREATE
- 20. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT II: RELIGION •MAJOR RELIGIONS ANIMISM HINDUISM BUDDHISM ISLAM (MUSLIM) CHRISTIANITY JUDAISM •RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE ATTITUDES LAWS POLITICS EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION LANGUAGE RELIGION GIVES CULTURES A REASON FOR EXISTENCE
- 21. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT III: ATTITUDES AND VALUES MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS TIME WEALTH MATERIAL GAIN WORK ACHIEVEMENT CHANGE TERRITORY ATTITUDES AND VALUES DIFFER FROM CULTURE TO CULTURE
- 22. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT VALUES •IN PLACE AT AN EARLY AGE (10-12) •IMPRINTED BY FAMILY, SCHOOL, CHURCH, PEERS, MEDIA •THEY ARE THE “GUTS” OF A CULTURE
- 23. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT IV: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION INCLUDES FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS FRIENDSHIPS CLASS STRUCTURE BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS LABOR UNIONS REFERENCE GROUPS MALE/FEMALE RELATIONSHIPS POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS PEOPLE ORGANIZE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS CONSISTENT WITH OTHER CULTURAL VALUES
- 24. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT V: LAW LEGAL SYSTEMS CIVIL LAW COMMON LAW COMMUNIST LAW INDIGENOUS LAW MUSLIM LAW LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FINANCES TAXES TRANSPORTATION MONEY IMPORT EXPORT INVESTMENTS LAWS ARE THE RULES ESTABLISHED BY A CULTURE’S SOCIETY, AUTHORITIES OR CUSTOMS.
- 25. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT VI: POLITICS IS THE NATION-STATE…. CAPITALISTIC? COMMUNISTIC? NATIONALISTIC? COLONIAL? AT WAR? IN A COLD WAR? AN ALLY? POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS MUST PERMEATE EVERY INTERCULTURALTRANSACTION
- 26. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURAL COMPONENT VII: TECHNOLOGY ILLUSTRATED THROUGH LANGUAGE ARTIFACTS/MATERIAL SYMBOLS ENERGY SOURCES PRODUCTION OCCUPATION ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION TECHNOLOGY HAS CREATED INTERCULTURAL DEPENDENCE
- 27. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT ACCEPTING FOREIGN CULTURE FOUR COMPONENTS •ASSESS NATIONAL/CULTURAL PERSONALITIES •KNOW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATIONAL CHARACTER AND STEREOTYPING •KNOW YOUR OWN CULTURE •KNOW YOURSELF
- 28. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURE AND STEREOTYPING STEREOTYPING •ESTONIANS: DULL AND APATHETIC •LATVIANS: SUSPICIOUS, CUNNING, AND OPPORTUNISTIC •LITHUANIANS: TIMID, INSECURE, SUBSERVIENT •ARMENIANS: PARASITES •UKRANIANS/BELORUSSIANS: UNTERMENSCHEN FROM STUDY PREPARED BY WEHRMACHT GHQ PRIOR TO INVASION OF USSR (1941)
- 29. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CHARACTERIZING LEGITIMATE CHARACTERIZATIONS (SPEAKING OF AMERICANS) “ UNDER THE LONG-TERM INFLUENCE OF AFFLUENCE AND COMMERCIALIZED PRESSURES TO CONSUME, THE IDEAL OF SELF-DENIAL HAS COME TO BE LESS AND LESS ACCEPTED.” (R.H. WILLIAMS JR.)
- 30. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT STEREOTYPING “THE DOLLAR IS THE FIRST AND FOREMOST IMPORTANT SYMBOL OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, SECOND THE AUTOMOBILE.” (V. NIKOLAIEV)
- 31. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT NATIONAL STEREOTYPING THE GROSS SIMPLISTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PEOPLE DISTORTING THE TRUTH- •RUSSIANS- MOODY •GERMANS- INDUSTRIOUS •ENGLISH- RESERVED •FRENCH- EXCITABLE
- 32. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT U.S./WESTERN CULTURE ORIGINS OF ANTI-AMERICANISM •PRIMITIVE •COMMUNIST •IDEALOGICAL •CULTURE (BEHAVIOR/VALUES) •ELITIST
- 33. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT SUGGESTIONS BETTER HUMAN RELATIONS CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS •SPEAK TO PEOPLE •CALL PEOPLE BY NAME •ESTABLISH YOURSELF AS A PERSON •BE FRIENDLY AND OPEN •BE CORDIAL
- 34. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT SUGGESTIONS (CONT’D) •FIND A LOCAL CONTACT •ESTABLISH CONTACTS •RETURN APPROPRIATE FAVORS •STRESS FORMALITY •SHOW RESPECT FOR STATUS & AGE •BE PATIENT •MODIFY ATTITUDE ON INDIVIDUALISM •EXPECT PROBLEMS & MISTAKES •AVOID VIOLATING FUNDAMENTAL TABOOS •REMEMBER “NORMAL VS. DEVIANT” BEHAVIOR
- 35. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT SUGGESTIONS (CONT’D) •BE GENUINELY INTERESTED IN PEOPLE •BE GENEROUS WITH PRAISE AND CAUTIOUS WITH CRITICISM •STOP COMPARING EVERYTHING TO THE AMERICAN CULTURE •BE CONSIDERATE OF OTHER’S FEELINGS •BE ALERT TO HELP/ GIVE SERVICES •DON’T TRY TO GO NATIVE •CULTIVATE SENSE OF HUMOR •LEARN AS MUCH AS YOU CAN
- 36. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT ADOPTING A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE ASK: •WHAT ARE THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MY CULTURE AND YOUR CULTURE? •HOW DO THESE DIFFERENCES AFFECT THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PEOPLE? •HOW WILL PEOPLE REACT TO MY MESSAGE? •HAVE I CHECKED ALL OF THE POSSIBLE SOURCES? WATCH FOR CUES FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND FINDINGS FROM THE RESEARCH.
- 37. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS PROCESS CULTURE SHOCK •WHAT? PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATION •WHO? EVERYBODY WHO GOES OCONUS •WHEN? AS SOON AS YOU ENTER THE COUNTRY •LENGTH? IN STAGES
- 38. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT TWO PATHS TO FAILURE •LIVING IN AN AMERICAN EMBRYO •GOING “NATIVE”
- 39. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT CULTURE & MILITARY OPERATIONS SPEAKING ON U.S. MILITARY ROLE IN OPERATION “PROVIDE COMFORT” “AID PROFESSIONALS WELCOMED THEIR LOGISTICAL SUPPORT… BUT NOTED GAPS IN THEIR FAMILIARITY WITH HUMANITARIAN LAW & STANDARD AID PRACTICES. SINCE THE MOST DIFFICULT AID CHALLENGES OFTEN ARE NOT LOGISTICS BUT INTERACTION WITH LOCAL PEOPLE & INSTITUTIONS, PENTAGON HELP MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE BEHIND THE SCENES THAN ON THE FRONT LINES.” L. MINEAR OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (CSM 29 JUL 91)
- 40. USAJFKSWC REGIONAL STUDIES DETACHMENT QUESTIONS?