The document discusses crop development and cassava production trends in sub-Saharan Africa from 1985 to 2008. It finds that while cereal production increased, the rate of growth slowed after 2000. Production of oilseeds, legumes, tubers and bananas improved but did not keep up with population growth. Cassava yields increased slowly across Africa. In West Africa, cassava production per capita doubled but progress varied by country. In East Africa, cassava production per capita decreased on average except in a few countries like Malawi.

2. CROP DEVELOPMENT AND CASSAVA DEVELOPMENT IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA Dr ALAIN ANGE Technical Adviser to FARA FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA ACCRA - GHANA

3. FAO grouping for SSA countries Eastern Africa Middle Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Burundi Comoros Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Reunion Rwanda Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Sudan (in North Africa) Angola Cameroon Central African Rep. Chad Congo DRC Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Cote d’Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

7. Changes in crop production for 25 years in SSA Indexes 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 cereals 1 1.13 1.21 1.38 1.70 1.86 Beans + peas 1 1.30 1.43 1.70 2.09 2.34 Oil seeds 1 1.42 1.52 2.03 2.55 2.63 Tubers + bananas 1 1.25 1.60 1.82 2.18 2.32 Vegetables 1 1.25 1.60 1.82 2.18 2.32 Fruits 1 1.13 1.31 1.60 1.82 1.88 Perennial food crops 1 1.05 1.06 1.24 1.33 1.32 Spices 1 1.14 1.19 1.47 1.64 1.73 Non food crops 1 1.20 1.34 1.52 2.14 1.74 Total Population 1 1.15 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.83 Agricultural population 1 1.12 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.53

12. Cassava Production in West Africa Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index Prod./cap. Index Population Index Production Benin 169.6 352.9 303.5 1.79 2.10 3.76 Burkina Faso 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.18 1.98 0.34 Cote d’Ivoire 119.5 121.5 143.3 1.20 1.97 2.36 Gambia 8.2 5.8 4.7 0.57 2.26 1.30 Ghana 176.8 415.1 486.1 2.75 1.80 4.94 Guinea 87.7 100.8 114.1 1.30 1.89 2.43 Guinea Bissau 9.8 24.5 30.3 3.09 1.71 5.30 Liberia 127.4 156.0 147.6 1.16 1.71 1.98 Mali 0.1 1.4 7.9 - 1.62 - Niger 28.7 14.9 7.5 0.26 2.15 0.56 Nigeria 142.0 256.4 294.8 2.08 1.78 3.68 Senegal 4.8 13.4 75.4 15.7 1.87 29.75 Sierra Leone 30.3 57.0 66.5 2.19 1.53 3.36 Togo 141.8 133.6 136.4 0.96 1.93 1.86 WEST AFRICA 112.2 198.3 219.5 1.96 1.82 3.57

13. Cassava Production in East Africa Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index Prod./cap. Index Population Index Production BURUNDI 103.2 101.4 94.9 0.67 1.65 1.11 COMOROS 59.1 76.1 70.6 1.19 1.86 2.22 KENYA 32.3 13.3 19.4 0.60 1.97 1.18 MADAGASCAR 219.1 161.3 125.6 0.57 1.95 1.12 MALAWI 28.8 236.2 235.2 8.17 2.04 16.68 MAURITIUS 0.3 0.1 0.2 - 1.26 - MOZAMBIQUE 270.2 293.8 225.1 0.83 1.68 1.40 RWANDA 94.7 103.2 100.7 1.06 1.59 1.69 SOMALIA 6.3 9.5 9.2 1.46 1.40 2.05 TANZANIA 376.3 156.5 155.3 0.41 1.95 0.80 UGANDA 182.5 203.2 160.2 0.88 2.14 1.88 ZAMBIA 53.1 77.9 61.3 1.15 1.86 2.15 ZIMBABWE 9.3 14.1 15.4 1.66 1.41 2.34 EAST AFRICA 115.0 94.7 84.0 0.73 1.87 1.37 SUDAN 3.7 0.3 0.2 - 1.72 -

14. Cassava Production in Middle Africa Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index Prod./cap. Index Population Index Production ANGOLA 146.8 310.4 558.1 3.80 1.93 7.34 CAMEROON 142.6 120.9 131.0 0.92 1.82 1.67 CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 221.3 149.6 143.3 0.65 1.66 1.07 CHAD 68.9 30.5 14.7 0.21 2.09 0.44 CONGO DRC 500.0 314.0 233.6 0.47 2.05 0.96 CONGO Rep 337.0 272.8 276.6 0.82 1.71 1.40 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 133.8 85.1 68.3 0.51 2.10 1.07 GABON 214.6 184.9 165.7 0.77 1.83 1.41 MIDDLE AFRICA 327.5 247.1 228.6 0.70 1.96 1.37

16. Cassava Productivity in West Africa Kg / Agricultural people 1985 2000 2008 Index Prod./cap. Index Ag. Population Index Production Benin 261.0 654.1 656.5 2.52 1.49 3.76 Burkina Faso 1.9 0.2 0.3 - 1.97 0.34 Cote d’Ivoire 193.0 249.2 357.9 1.85 1.27 2.36 Gambia 9.8 7.3 6.1 0.62 2.08 1.30 Ghana 295.2 736.2 895.0 3.03 1.63 4.94 Guinea 98.5 100.8 141.5 1.44 1.69 2.43 Guinea Bissau 11.3 29.7 37.9 3.35 1.59 5.30 Liberia 170.9 230.7 233.4 1.37 1.45 1.98 Mali 0.1 1.7 10.3 - 1.42 100 Niger 32.2 17.4 9.0 0.28 2.02 0.56 Nigeria 293.5 770.7 1.115.3 3.80 0.97 3.69 Senegal 6.1 18.3 106.3 17.40 1.70 29.80 Sierra Leone 42.1 87.6 108.8 2.58 1.30 3.36 Togo 211.1 223.8 249.5 1.18 1.57 1.86 WEST AFRICA 184.7 396.4 487.8 2.64 1.35 3.57

17. Cassava Productivity in East Africa Kg / Agricultural people 1985 2000 2008 Index Prod./cap. Index Ag. Population Index Production BURUNDI 111.5 111.7 77.2 0.69 1.60 1.11 COMOROS 74.8 103.5 100.5 1.34 1.65 2.22 KENYA 40.0 17.6 27.0 0.68 1.75 1.18 MADAGASCAR 272.0 215.5 176.5 0.65 1.73 1.12 MALAWI 34.8 302.7 317.7 9.13 1.82 16.68 MAURITIUS 1.5 1.1 2.7 1.80 0.50 - MOZAMBIQUE 335.6 374.1 294.0 0.88 1.60 1.40 RWANDA 102.3 113.5 112.1 1.10 1.54 1.69 SOMALIA 8.3 13.5 13.8 1.66 1.24 2.05 TANZANIA 451.8 200.0 209.0 0.46 1.74 0.80 UGANDA 214.9 257.2 214.6 1.00 1.88 1.88 ZAMBIA 71.6 112.6 95.0 1.33 1.62 2.15 ZIMBABWE 13.1 22.3 26.6 2.03 1.15 2.34 EAST AFRICA 139.5 94.7 113.3 0.81 1.68 1.37 SUDAN 5.3 0.5 0.5 0.10 1.30 -

18. Cassava Productivity in Middle Africa Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index Prod./cap. Index Ag. Population Index Production ANGOLA 194.9 432.6 799.9 4.10 1.79 7.34 CAMEROON 213.8 227.4 302.0 1.41 1.18 1.67 CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 268.9 206.2 219.6 0.82 1.31 1.07 CHAD 81.9 40.5 21.6 0.26 1.68 0.44 CONGO DRC 719.1 505.1 401.2 0.56 1.71 0.96 CONGO Rep 638.0 681.0 824.4 1.29 1.08 1.40 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 175.7 121.6 103.9 0.59 1.81 1.07 GABON 367.1 490.3 591.1 1.61 0.88 1.41 MIDDLE AFRICA 461.3 394.3 396.4 0.86 1.59 1.37

20. Cassava cropped area/ farm in West Africa Ha / 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index Ha/farm Index Ag. Population Index Area Benin 0.379 0.611 0.458 1.21 1.49 1.80 Burkina Faso 0.002 0.001 0.001 - 1.97 1.25 Cote d’Ivoire 0.213 0.312 0.473 2.22 1.27 1.75 Gambia 0.033 0.024 0.020 0.61 2.08 1.30 Ghana 0.372 0.599 0.662 1.78 1.63 2.90 Guinea 0.133 0.176 0.176 1.32 1.69 2.24 Guinea Bissau 0.013 0.019 0.038 2.92 1.59 4.80 Liberia 0.277 0.351 0.363 1.31 1.45 1.90 Mali 0.000 0.002 0.006 - 1.42 42.85 Niger 0.033 0.007 0.004 0.12 2.02 0.25 Nigeria 0.261 0.795 0.945 3.62 0.97 3.51 Senegal 0.015 0.037 0.131 8.73 1.70 14.46 Sierra Leone 0.092 0.169 0.218 2.37 1.30 3.08 Togo 0.275 0.396 0.361 1.31 1.57 2.06 WEST AFRICA 0.197 0.408 0.436 2.21 1.35 2.98

21. Cassava Cropped area/farm in East Africa Ha / 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index Ha/farm Index Ag. Population Index Area BURUNDI 0.124 0.124 0.088 0.71 1.60 1.14 COMOROS 0.182 0.192 0.184 1.01 1.65 1.67 KENYA 0.031 0.026 0.020 0.65 1.75 1.09 MADAGASCAR 0.445 0.308 0.235 0.53 1.73 0.91 MALAWI 0.133 0.196 0.167 1.25 1.82 2.28 MAURITIUS - - - - 0.50 - MOZAMBIQUE 0.839 0.646 0.496 0.59 1.60 0.94 RWANDA 0.098 0.167 0.172 1.76 1.54 2.70 SOMALIA 0.008 0.013 0.014 1.75 1.24 2.32 TANZANIA 0.412 0.303 0.214 0.52 1.74 0.90 UGANDA 0.239 0.208 0.168 0.70 1.88 1.33 ZAMBIA 0.115 0.228 0.252 2.19 1.62 3.53 ZIMBABWE 0.032 0.051 0.062 1.94 1.15 2.25 EAST AFRICA 0.192 0.160 0.126 0.66 1.68 1.11 SUDAN 0.022 0.003 0.001 0.05 1.3 0.16

22. Cassava cropped area/farm in Middle Africa Ha/ 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index Ha/farm Index Ag. Population Index Production ANGOLA 0.569 0.521 0.540 0.95 1.79 1.70 CAMEROON 0.134 0.171 0.441 3.29 1.18 3.88 CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 0.707 0.699 0.732 1.04 1.31 1.36 CHAD 0.182 0.038 0.027 0.15 1.68 0.25 CONGO DRC 0.893 0.623 0.495 0.55 1.71 0.95 CONGO Rep 0.892 0.757 0.907 1.02 1.08 1.10 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 0.628 0.486 0.416 0.66 1.81 1.20 GABON 0.734 0.968 1.158 1.58 0.88 1.38 MIDDLE AFRICA 0.638 0.490 0.475 0.74 1.59 1.19

24. Cassava yields in West Africa Kg/ Ha 1985 2000 2008 Index yield Index Production Index Area Benin 6,885 10,712 14,348 2.08 3.76 1.80 Burkina Faso 8,289 2,000 2,250 0.27 0.34 1.25 Cote d’Ivoire 5,614 7,743 7,567 1.35 2.36 1.75 Gambia 3,000 3,000 3,000 1.00 1.30 1.30 Ghana 7,932 12,281 13,515 1.70 4.94 2.90 Guinea 7,394 6,830 8,025 1.09 2.43 2.24 Guinea Bissau 9,000 15,238 9,945 1.11 5.30 4.80 Liberia 6,164 6,575 6,437 1.04 1.98 1.90 Mali 7,221 11,589 16,667 2.31 100 42.85 Niger 9,800 23,217 22,060 2.25 0.56 0.25 Nigeria 11,247 9,700 11,800 1.05 3.69 3.51 Senegal 3,953 4,888 8,134 2.06 29.75 14.46 Sierra Leone 4,583 5,182 5,000 1.09 3.36 3.08 Togo 7,663 5,653 6,903 0.90 1.86 2.06 WEST AFRICA 9,355 9,715 11,177 1.19 3.57 2.98

25. Cassava Yields in East Africa Ha / 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index Yield Index Production Index Area BURUNDI 9,000 8,995 8,727 0.97 1.11 1.14 COMOROS 4,103 5,392 5,455 1.33 2.22 1.67 KENYA 12,705 6,945 13,736 1.08 1.18 1.09 MADAGASCAR 6,110 7,004 7,500 1.23 1.12 0.91 MALAWI 2,608 15,461 19,076 7.31 16.68 2.28 MAURITIUS 13,913 15,100 13,636 0.98 - - MOZAMBIQUE 4,000 5,791 5,928 1.48 1.40 0.94 RWANDA 10,399 6,815 6,524 0.63 1.69 2.70 SOMALIA 10,811 10,000 9,535 0.88 2.05 2.32 TANZANIA 10,959 6,598 9,778 0.89 0.80 0.90 UGANDA 9,005 12,384 12,744 1.41 1.88 1.33 ZAMBIA 6,207 4,941 3,371 0.61 2.15 3.53 ZIMBABWE 4,141 4,375 4,315 1.04 2.34 2.25 EAST AFRICA 7,259 7,612 8,974 1.24 1.37 1.11 SUDAN 2,368 1,739 1,667 0.70 0.11 0.16

26. Cassava Yields in Middle Africa Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index Yield Index Production Index Area ANGOLA 3,425 8,299 14,808 4.32 7.34 1.70 CAMEROON 15,953 13,299 6,849 0.43 1.67 3.88 CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 3,805 2,949 3,000 0.79 1.07 1.36 CHAD 4,500 10,691 8,059 1.79 0.44 0.25 CONGO DRC 8,050 8,114 8,111 1.00 0.96 0.95 CONGO Rep 7,156 9,000 9,091 1.27 1.40 1.10 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 2,800 2,500 2,500 0.89 1.07 1.20 GABON 5,000 5,067 5,106 1.02 1.41 1.38 MIDDLE AFRICA 7,233 8,038 8,349 1.15 1.37 1.19