The document discusses credit control methods used by central banks to achieve objectives like price stability and economic growth. It describes quantitative methods like adjusting the bank rate, open market operations, cash reserve ratios and liquidity ratios. Qualitative methods include regulating consumer credit, changing loan requirements and moral persuasion. Quantitative methods control overall credit while qualitative targets specific uses. Choosing methods depends on their directness and ability to influence creditors versus debtors. Effectiveness can be limited by an unorganized banking system and lack of cooperation.
includes objectives of monetary policy and its importance and discussed different monetary instruments like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutary liquidity ratio, rationing of credit , moral suasion, repo rate, marginal requirement
.Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY
Full Employment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country, like the central bank or currency board, controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency
it is a full information for the students according to thrir examinations point of view about monetary policy and objectives,nature, instruments of monitary policy
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
includes objectives of monetary policy and its importance and discussed different monetary instruments like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutary liquidity ratio, rationing of credit , moral suasion, repo rate, marginal requirement
.Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY
Full Employment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country, like the central bank or currency board, controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency
it is a full information for the students according to thrir examinations point of view about monetary policy and objectives,nature, instruments of monitary policy
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Meaning
Credit Control refers to the regulation of
credit by the Central Bank for achieving
definite objectives
3. Objectives of Credit Control
Internal Price stability
Exchange rate stability
Achievement of a high level of
Employment and output
Control over trade cycles
Economic planning
6. Qualitative Credit Control
Regulation of consumer’s credit
Change in marginal requirements of loans
Rationing of credit
Moral Persuasion
Publicity
Direct action
7. Quantitative Credit Control
Bank Rate
It is rate of interest at which the central
bank rediscounts the first class securities
of other banks.
Also called Discount Rate
8. Bank rate policy
Bank rate policy is that policy by which the
Central Bank controls the credit creation of
the banks
Contraction of credit
Expansion of credit
9. Conditions of success of Bank Rate
Relationship between different rates
Elasticity in the economy
Psychology of the investors
10. Limitations of Bank rate policy in
underdeveloped countries
Long term effect
Less elastic
Unorganised bill market
No increase in deposits
International flow of capital
Less dependence
Ignores the rate of profit
Less effective in planned economies
11. Open market operations
In broader sense, open market operation
refers to the sale and purchase of
securities by central bank in the open
market
In narrow sense, when the central bank or
the Government buys or sells only the
government securities then it is called
open market operations
13. Objectives of open market
operations
To remove the effects of inflow and outflow of gold
under gold standard
To check the export of capital to other countries
To regulate the power of the banks to expand credit
To remove the shortage of money in money market
To control credit properly by supplementing bank rate
policy in the event of bank rate proving ineffective
14. Limitations of open market
operations
Influence on the cash reserve ratio of banks
Change in the credit policy of the banks
Demand and supply of securities
No change in the credit policy of the customers
Powers of the central bank to purchase and sell
securities
The money market should be well organised
Normal conditions
15. Difference between Bank rate and
open market operations
Open market
1. Function independently
2. It influence the rate of interest
directly
3. Have immediate effect on both
short and long term effect on ROI
4. They can be changed as many
times as possible during a week,
day and month
5. This policy is free from such
compulsions on all banks
Bank rate
Does not function independently
It influence rate of interest indirectly
Has immediate effect on short term
ROI and but its long term effect is very
slow
It is not possible to change bank rate
again and again
Change in bank rate implies a sort of
compulsion on the commercial banks
to increase or decrease the market
rate of interest
16. Change in cash reserve ratio
According to this policy all banks must
keep a certain percentage of their deposits
with the central bank as reserve fund
17. Policy of variation in CRR
When central bank has to control credit it
raises the ratio of CRR
When central bank has to expand credit it
lowers its CRR
18. Change in liquidity ratio
According to it, the banks have to keep
compulsorily a certain portion of their
assets in liquid form. It comprises cash
and government securities, it also curtails
the power of the commercial banks to
create credit
19. Qualitative or Selective credit
control
Changes in the marginal requirement of
loans
Regulation of consumers credit
Moral persuasion
Publicity and propaganda
Direct action
20. Choice between qualitative and
quantitative control
Qualitative credit control
1. It is more direct and
effective
2. It influence both
creditors and debtors
3. It do not make any
distinction between
essential and non
essential credit
4. It control the entire
quantity of method
Quantitative credit control
It has its initial impact on
some external conditions
It influence creditors alone
It makes the distinction
It control the use of credit
for specific purposes
21. Difficulties in credit control
Difficulties in controlling various forms of credit
Lack of control over all banks
Unorganized banking system
Conditions of money and capital market
lack of traditions
Non banking elements in the money market
Lack of co operation from other banks
Lack of co operation from non financial
institutions