Monetary policy influences interest rates and money supply to promote economic growth and stability. The central bank uses various tools to implement monetary policy, including open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Expansionary policy increases money supply to boost the economy during recessions, while contractionary policy decreases money supply to curb inflation. The goals of monetary policy include price stability, full employment, and economic growth. Tools include bank rates, cash reserve ratios, and credit controls.
This presentation explains various monetary instruments being adopted by the Reserve Bank of India. It also shows their impact on stock market. It also show the statistic trend of inflation, repo rate, reverse repo rate, etc in India.
This presentation explains various monetary instruments being adopted by the Reserve Bank of India. It also shows their impact on stock market. It also show the statistic trend of inflation, repo rate, reverse repo rate, etc in India.
Neo classical general equilibrium theory which is based on Walrasian theory of general equilibrium 2*2*2 model and Marshallian graphical representation
Neo classical general equilibrium theory which is based on Walrasian theory of general equilibrium 2*2*2 model and Marshallian graphical representation
it is a full information for the students according to thrir examinations point of view about monetary policy and objectives,nature, instruments of monitary policy
includes objectives of monetary policy and its importance and discussed different monetary instruments like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutary liquidity ratio, rationing of credit , moral suasion, repo rate, marginal requirement
.Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY
Full Employment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
Indian Financial System : Monetary And Fiscal Policy,Economic Trends, Price Policy,Stock Exchange Of
India,Role of regulatory instituions in Indian financial system – RBI and SEBI , National Income,Role of
Industry in Economic Development, Foreign Trade and Balance of Payment,Poverty in India, Unemployment
in India, Inflation, Human Development, Rural Development, Problems of Growth
Monetary Policy Definition
Fiscal Policy Definition
Difference between them
Inflation
Bank reserve ratio
Open market operation
Repo & Reserve repo rates
Cash reserve ratio
Statutory liquid ratio
Factors affecting
Impact
Limitation
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how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
2. Introduction
• Monetary policy influences the decisions that
we make about how much we save, borrow and
spend
• Monetary policy is the process by which
the monetary authority of a country controls
the supply of money.
• It often targets a rate of interest for the purpose
of promoting economic growth and stability.
3. Introduction(cont..)
• The official goals usually include relatively
stable prices and low unemployment.
• Monetary policy rests on the relationship
between the rates of interest in an economy,
that is, the price at which money can be
borrowed, and the total supply of money.
• Monetary policy is conducted by a nation's
central bank.
4. Scope of monetary policy
Scope of monetary policy depends on two factors:
1. level of monetization of economy:
In a fully monetized economy, all economic
transactions are carried out with money as a
medium of exchange. In that case, monetary
policy works by changing the supply of and
demand for money and the general price level. It
is therefore capable of affecting all economic
activates-production, consumption savings and
investment. The monetary policy can influence all
major macro variables- GDP savings and
investment, employment
5. 2. Level of development of capital market
Another factor that matters in determining the
scope and the effectiveness of the monetary
policy are how developed and integrated is the
capital-market. Some instruments of monetary
control (bank ate and cash reserve ratio) work
through the capital market. Where capital market
is fairly developed monetary policy affects the
level of economic activates through the changes
in the capital market
8. Expansionary monetary policy
• Expansionary monetary policy is simply a
policy which expands (increases) the supply of
money
• an increase in the quantity of money in
circulation
• reductions in interest rates.
• Lower interest rates lead to higher levels of
capital investment.
9. • expansionary policy is used after a recession
has already started
• purpose is to prevent a business-
cycle contraction and to address the problem
of unemployment
10. Implementation of the expansionary
monetary policy
1)Open Market Operations-:
• An activity by a central bank to buy or sell
government bonds on the open market.
• The purchase of the government bonds
increase the money supply & through their
effect on interest rates, promote investment.
11. 2)increasing the amount of discount
window lending
• The discount window allows eligible
institutions to borrow money from the central
bank, usually on a short-term basis, to meet
temporary shortages caused by internal or
external disruptions.
• Decreasing the rate charged at the discount
window, the discount rate, will encourage
more discount window lending, which will put
downward pressure on other interest rates.
12. 3) decreasing the reserve
requirement
• reserve requirement -:
it is a central bank regulation that sets the
minimum fraction of customer deposits
each commercial bank must hold as reserves
with central bank.
• By decreasing the reserve requirement, more
money is made available to the economy at
large
13. Contractionary Monetary Policy
• Contractionary monetary policy is a decrease in
the quantity of money in circulation, with
corresponding increases in interest rates
• purpose is to put the brakes on an overheated
business-cycle expansion and to address the
problem of inflation
• causes a decrease in bond prices and an
increase in interest rates.
14. Implementation of Contractionary
monetary policy
1)Open Market Operations-:
• The central bank sells government bonds ,
which decreases the money in the circulation.
2) Decreasing the amount of discount window
lending
• This makes it harder for commercial banks to
borrow reserves from the central bank.
15. 3)Increasing reserve requirement
• Due to increase in the reserve requirement
banks need to devote more reserves to back up
deposits. This forces banks to make fewer
loans at higher interest rates, which decreases
checkable deposits and the money supply
16. Objectives:
1. Price Stability
• fluctuations in prices bring uncertainty and
instability to the economy.
• The centre of focus is to facilitate the
environment which is favourable to the
architecture that enables the developmental
projects to run swiftly while also maintaining
reasonable price stability.
• It helps in reducing the income and wealth
inequalities.
17. 2. Rapid Economic Growth
• Monetary policy can influence economic growth
by controlling real interest rate and its resultant
impact on the investment.
• If the RBI opts for a cheap or easy credit policy
by reducing interest rates, the investment level
in the economy can be encouraged.
• Faster economic growth is possible if the
monetary policy succeeds in maintaining income
and price stability.
18. 3. Full Employment :
• 'Full Employment' stands for a situation in
which everybody who wants jobs get jobs
• If the monetary policy is expansionary then
credit supply can be encouraged.
• It could help in creating more jobs in different
sector of the economy.
19. 4 . Exchange Rate Stability
• Exchange rate is the price of a home currency
expressed in terms of any foreign currency.
• If the rate of exchange is stable it shows that
economic condition of the country is stable.
• The RBI by altering the foreign exchange
reserves tries to influence the demand for
foreign exchange and tries to maintain the
exchange rate stability.
20. 5. Balance of Payments (BOP) Equilibrium
• The balance of payments (BOP) of a country is
the record of all economic transactions between
the residents of a country and the rest of the
world in a particular period.
• The BOP has two aspects i.e. the 'BOP Surplus'
and the 'BOP Deficit‘
• If the monetary policy succeeds in maintaining
monetary equilibrium, then the BOP equilibrium
can be achieved.
21. 6. Neutrality of Money
• Neutrality of money is the idea that a change in
the stock of money affects only nominal
variables in the economy such as prices,
wages, and exchange rates, with no effect
on real variables, like employment , real GDP,
and real consumption.
• The change in money supply creates monetary
disequilibrium.
• Monetary policy has to regulate the supply of
money and neutralize the effect of money
expansion.
22. Instruments of Monetary Policy
The instrument of monetary policy are tools or
devise which are used by the monetary authority
in order to attain some predetermined objectives.
There are two types of instruments of the
monetary policy:
1. Quantitative Instruments or General Tools
2. Qualitative Instruments or Selective Tools
23. Quantitative Instruments or General
Tools
• These tools are related to the Quantity or
Volume of the money.
• The general tool of credit control comprises of
following instruments:
1. Bank Rate Policy (BRP)
2. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR):
3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
4. Repo Rate
5. Reverse Repo Rate
24. Bank Rate Policy (BRP)
• Important technique used in the monetary policy
for influencing quantity of the credit in a country.
• The bank rate, also known as the discount rate,
is the rate of interest charged by the RBI for
providing funds or loans to the banking system.
• Increase in Bank Rate increases the cost of
borrowing by commercial banks which results
into the reduction in credit volume to the banks
and hence declines the supply of money.
25. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR):
• Commercial Banks are required to hold a
certain proportion of their deposits in the form of
cash with RBI.
• CRR is the minimum amount of cash that
commercial banks have to keep with the RBI at
any given point in time.
• RBI uses CRR either to drain excess liquidity
from the economy or to release additional funds
needed for the growth of the economy.
26. Repo Rate
• The rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to
commercial banks is called Repo Rate.
• If the RBI increases the Repo Rate, it makes
borrowing expensive for commercial banks and
vice versa.
• As a tool to control inflation, RBI increases the
Repo Rate, making it more expensive for the
banks to borrow from the RBI with a view to
restrict the availability of money.
27. Reverse Repo Rate
• The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow
from the commercial banks is called reverse
repo rate.
• If the RBI increases the reverse repo rate, it
means that the RBI is willing to offer
lucrative interest rate to commercial banks to
park their money with the RBI.
• The increase in the Repo rate will increase the
cost of borrowing and lending of the banks
which will discourage the public to borrow
money and will encourage them to deposit.
28. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
• SLR is the amount that commercial banks are
required to maintain in the form of gold or
government approved securities before
providing credit to the customers.
• SLR is stated in terms of a percentage of total
deposits available with a commercial bank and
is determined and maintained by the RBI in
order to control the expansion of bank credit.
30. Qualitative Instruments or Selective
Tools
• These tools are not directed towards the quality
of credit or the use of the credit. They are used
for discriminating between different uses of
credit
• The qualitative measures do not regulate the
total amount of credit created by the
commercial banks.
• This method can have influence over the
lender and borrower of the credit.
• The Selective Tools of credit control comprises
of following instruments.
31. 1. Fixing Margin Requirements
• Generally, commercial bank give loan against
stocks and securities. While giving loan they
keep margin.
• A change in a margin implies a change in the
loan size.
• This method is used to encourage credit supply
for the needy sector and discourage it for other
non-necessary sectors.
• This can be done by increasing margin for the
non-necessary sectors and by reducing it for
other needy sectors.
32. 2. Consumer Credit Regulation
• Now-a-days, most of the consumer durables like
T.V, refrigerator, motor ,etc. are available on
installment basis financed through bank credit.
• Such a credit made available by commercial banks
for the purchase of consumer durables is known as
consumer credit.
• If there is excess demand for certain consumer
durables leading to their high prices, central bank
can reduce consumer credit by(a)increasing down
payment(b)reducing number of installments of
repayment of such credit.
33. 3. Publicity
• Through publicity Central Bank (RBI) publishes
various reports stating what is good and what is
bad in the system.
• This published information can help commercial
banks to direct credit supply in the desired
sectors.
• Through its weekly and monthly bulletins, the
information is made public and banks can use it
for attaining goals of monetary policy.
34. 4. Credit Rationing
• Credit rationing refers to the situation where
lenders limit the supply of additional credit to
borrowers who demand funds, even if the latter
are willing to pay higher interest rates.
• For certain purpose, upper limit of credit can be
fixed and banks are told to stick to this limit.
35. 5. Direct Action
• This method is adopted when a commercial
bank does not co-operate the central bank in
achieving its desirable objectives. So, the direct
action take following form:
• Central bank may charge a penal rate of
interest over and above the bank rate upon the
defaulting banks.