Popular social media Facebook-oriented social commerce (S-commerce), commonly known as Facebook commerce (F-commerce) has progressed towards a bevy business in Bangladesh. Many young people, especially at the age of 20-28, are now in this industry. The pandemic situation due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) forces people to buy more from the online market because of the safety issue. People are getting more interested in the new trend of buying from an online store. The current study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on F-commerce, particularly in Bangladesh. It uses the non-probability purposive sampling method and collects 181 usable responses through an online questionnaire. A research model is developed following the social commerce acceptance model (SCAM), and structural equation model partial least square (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS 3.0 is applied to find out and justify the result. Likert fivepoint scale for determining the independent variables, including COVID-19 awareness (CA), consumer behavior (CB), and purchase intention (PI), is used. The study result confirms that these three variables have a positive impact on F-commerce. The survey covers other measurable items that indicate some assumptions, which reflect F-commerce consumers’ behavior. The researchers recommend that F-commerce businesspeople must emphasize on mitigating trust issues and provide enhanced home delivery service.
This document summarizes the development of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It finds that while e-commerce is still developing, internet usage and online shopping have grown rapidly in recent years. The number of internet users in Bangladesh tripled between 2016 and 2018 to over 80 million people. Several large e-commerce companies have emerged and seen success in Bangladesh, focusing on business-to-consumer retail sales as well as consumer-to-consumer marketplaces. However, e-commerce still only accounts for about 0.7% of total retail sales in Bangladesh. The document analyzes trends in internet infrastructure, online shopping behaviors, and the overall growth potential of the e-commerce sector in Bangladesh.
E-commerce or Electronic commerce, is the purchasing, selling and exchanging of goods and services over computer network. These business transactions occur either as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business
Status, potential & constraints of e commerce in BangladeshFahimNeloy47
The document discusses the status, potential, and constraints of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It begins by defining e-commerce and outlining the main types: B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G, and B2E. It then examines the current status of e-commerce in Bangladesh, including details on popular e-commerce sites, the number of e-commerce and Facebook-based businesses, e-commerce traffic and trends. The potential for future growth is also discussed. However, constraints like infrastructure and online payment options are still holding back the sector from reaching its full potential. In conclusion, while e-commerce has grown significantly in recent years in Bangladesh, further developments are
This document is a project report on internet marketing submitted by Piyansh Mantry, a student at Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Management. The report includes a declaration signed by Piyansh, a certificate signed by the principal and project guide, and an acknowledgements section thanking various individuals who helped with the project. The report will cover topics such as the evolution of marketing, growth of internet usage globally and in India, an overview of Indian internet users, the 7Ps of internet marketing, tools of internet marketing, e-commerce, blogging as a business, challenges to internet marketing, and the future of internet marketing.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of COVID-19 on digital marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), and business performance. It finds that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted business performance but that this can be mitigated by adopting digital marketing strategies and building strong CRM. It proposes that digital marketing and CRM can help improve business performance during the pandemic by allowing businesses to better reach and engage customers online. The conceptual study is based on previous empirical research showing the relationship between these variables.
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact that the coronavirus known as Covid-19 has had on the e-commerce in Asia. Coronavirus, one of the most lethal viruses currently known, is responsible for the deaths of many people. This indicates that the rate of economic growth in the nation has slowed down. On a very large scale, it has nearly completely disrupted all other kinds of businesses, including the e-commerce company. Most outlets owned by major merchants had been closed indefinitely. Aside from that, the situation is difficult for medium and small-sized enterprises (SMEs) since there are less customers shopping at their stores. Additionally, e-commerce companies should not be excluded from consideration. Additionally, Asia has a significant negative impact on them. China is the primary source of more than half of the goods items sold by many online retailers. As a result, it is presumable that this lethal virus will have a significant influence on the internet commerce conducted across Asia, particularly about the sale of Chinese goods. A survey was carried out as part of this study, and primary research was carried out as well, to get a more fruitful conclusion. The findings showed that most goods originate in China, and most industries are under lockdown, which implies that no items are imported or exported. This was shown by the fact that most industries are closed.
The document summarizes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on e-commerce in Asia. Some key points:
- E-commerce saw a large boost in Asia due to lockdowns and social distancing measures during the pandemic. Online sales increased significantly across countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and China.
- Certain product categories like food, hygiene products, and vitamins saw spikes in demand as people prepared for the pandemic. Luxury goods and other categories declined.
- The supply chain was disrupted as many factories and businesses in China shut down. This led to shortages and difficulties importing goods for online retailers.
- Long term, the pandemic is expected to further shift consumers to online shopping even after
This document summarizes the development of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It finds that while e-commerce is still developing, internet usage and online shopping have grown rapidly in recent years. The number of internet users in Bangladesh tripled between 2016 and 2018 to over 80 million people. Several large e-commerce companies have emerged and seen success in Bangladesh, focusing on business-to-consumer retail sales as well as consumer-to-consumer marketplaces. However, e-commerce still only accounts for about 0.7% of total retail sales in Bangladesh. The document analyzes trends in internet infrastructure, online shopping behaviors, and the overall growth potential of the e-commerce sector in Bangladesh.
E-commerce or Electronic commerce, is the purchasing, selling and exchanging of goods and services over computer network. These business transactions occur either as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business
Status, potential & constraints of e commerce in BangladeshFahimNeloy47
The document discusses the status, potential, and constraints of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It begins by defining e-commerce and outlining the main types: B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G, and B2E. It then examines the current status of e-commerce in Bangladesh, including details on popular e-commerce sites, the number of e-commerce and Facebook-based businesses, e-commerce traffic and trends. The potential for future growth is also discussed. However, constraints like infrastructure and online payment options are still holding back the sector from reaching its full potential. In conclusion, while e-commerce has grown significantly in recent years in Bangladesh, further developments are
This document is a project report on internet marketing submitted by Piyansh Mantry, a student at Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Management. The report includes a declaration signed by Piyansh, a certificate signed by the principal and project guide, and an acknowledgements section thanking various individuals who helped with the project. The report will cover topics such as the evolution of marketing, growth of internet usage globally and in India, an overview of Indian internet users, the 7Ps of internet marketing, tools of internet marketing, e-commerce, blogging as a business, challenges to internet marketing, and the future of internet marketing.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of COVID-19 on digital marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), and business performance. It finds that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted business performance but that this can be mitigated by adopting digital marketing strategies and building strong CRM. It proposes that digital marketing and CRM can help improve business performance during the pandemic by allowing businesses to better reach and engage customers online. The conceptual study is based on previous empirical research showing the relationship between these variables.
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact that the coronavirus known as Covid-19 has had on the e-commerce in Asia. Coronavirus, one of the most lethal viruses currently known, is responsible for the deaths of many people. This indicates that the rate of economic growth in the nation has slowed down. On a very large scale, it has nearly completely disrupted all other kinds of businesses, including the e-commerce company. Most outlets owned by major merchants had been closed indefinitely. Aside from that, the situation is difficult for medium and small-sized enterprises (SMEs) since there are less customers shopping at their stores. Additionally, e-commerce companies should not be excluded from consideration. Additionally, Asia has a significant negative impact on them. China is the primary source of more than half of the goods items sold by many online retailers. As a result, it is presumable that this lethal virus will have a significant influence on the internet commerce conducted across Asia, particularly about the sale of Chinese goods. A survey was carried out as part of this study, and primary research was carried out as well, to get a more fruitful conclusion. The findings showed that most goods originate in China, and most industries are under lockdown, which implies that no items are imported or exported. This was shown by the fact that most industries are closed.
The document summarizes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on e-commerce in Asia. Some key points:
- E-commerce saw a large boost in Asia due to lockdowns and social distancing measures during the pandemic. Online sales increased significantly across countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and China.
- Certain product categories like food, hygiene products, and vitamins saw spikes in demand as people prepared for the pandemic. Luxury goods and other categories declined.
- The supply chain was disrupted as many factories and businesses in China shut down. This led to shortages and difficulties importing goods for online retailers.
- Long term, the pandemic is expected to further shift consumers to online shopping even after
Supply chain performance scandals of e-commerce industry qualitative evidence...NAAR Journal
This document summarizes a study on supply chain performance scandals in the e-commerce industry in Bangladesh. The study used a qualitative newspaper content analysis methodology to examine criticisms of e-commerce companies Evaly and Daraz from the perspective of consumers and authorities. The study found numerous scandals related to these companies' services, including selling substandard or defective products, sending the wrong products, or sending empty boxes. This suggests issues with their supply chain systems that could mislead or cheat customers. The document provides background on the growth of e-commerce in Bangladesh and details of the methodology used in the study.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence techniques in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to e-commerce and AI, and how AI is being used increasingly in e-commerce applications worldwide. It then reviews literature on how AI can be integrated into e-commerce systems and the various applications of AI in e-commerce. Some key applications discussed include AI assistants, personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, supply chain management, fraud detection and more. The document concludes that Saudi Arabia is well positioned to benefit from using AI to boost its growing e-commerce sector.
A Project Report On Internet Marketing hscprojects.com(3).docxsathish825009
This document is a project report on internet marketing submitted by Piyansh Mantry, a student at Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Management. The 3-page report includes a declaration signed by the student, a certificate signed by the principal and project guide, and an acknowledgement recognizing those who helped with the project.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes factors contributing to the global expansion of mobile commerce (m-commerce). The study uses a panel data set of 42 countries from 2011-2020 to examine the impact of 8 variables on m-commerce growth, including socioeconomic factors like internet access, mobile users, and consumer confidence, as well as macroeconomic factors like GDP and wages. The empirical analysis found that wages, GDP, consumer confidence, card transactions, mobile users, internet access, and internet use for selling goods/services positively impacted m-commerce, while mobile internet penetration negatively impacted it. The study aims to advance understanding of m-commerce drivers and provide policy recommendations to enhance the m-commerce industry.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Impact of Digital Marketing on eCommerce - Final ReportCybez
This document is a dissertation report submitted by Atul Jain to the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report examines the impact of digital marketing on e-commerce in India. It includes sections on the objectives and methodology of the research, the state of e-commerce in India, types of digital marketing strategies used, research findings, and the future outlook of digital marketing in India. The report provides an overview of the topic while fulfilling degree requirements.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
EXPLORING FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF ONLINE SHOPPING WITH SAUDI ESHO...ijcsit
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
Local Small Scale Enterprises Expectations and Potential Benefits on e Commer...ijtsrd
This study assessed the expectations and potential benefits on e commerce of local small scale enterprises in Northern Samar, Philippines. Specifically, it tried to find out the profile of the seventy four enterprises in the province, evaluate the expectations of the small scale enterprises on e commerce capabilities and determine the potential benefits of the small scale enterprises from e commerce implementation. The descriptive evaluative research was used. This study likewise employed the complete enumeration of the enterprises that have potential in adapting e commerce. The enterprise’s primary business included industrial products manufacturing, computers and electronics manufacturing, communications, financial services, computer services, consulting, consumer products manufacturing, food and agriculture, and others. The enterprises had one 1 to four 4 personal computers and had one telephone line. Majority of the enterprises had an access to the internet on a broadband line. And that, e commerce capabilities will be implemented within one year. The potential benefits of e commerce use to the enterprise were very significant. The respondents considered that through e commerce the enterprises will improve its information exchange with customers, increase the loyalty and retention of the customers, and increase the service to the customer as well as the revenue. Moreover, e commerce is very important in the improvement of the competitive position to the enterprise and also the enhancement of the image of enterprise. Dr. Maiden Grace Anquilo Gan "Local Small Scale Enterprises: Expectations and Potential Benefits on e-Commerce Landscape" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49705.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-and-retail-research/49705/local-small-scale-enterprises-expectations-and-potential-benefits-on-ecommerce-landscape/dr-maiden-grace-anquilo-gan
A PROJECT REPORT ON INTERNET MARKETING SUBMITTED BYMartha Brown
This document provides an overview of internet marketing. It discusses the growth of internet usage globally and in India, with India emerging as the second largest internet market in Asia. The document outlines the key activities people engage in online like social networking, shopping, banking, etc. It also discusses the characteristics of internet users in India and how their behaviors are evolving. Finally, it compares traditional marketing approaches to internet marketing, highlighting the advantages the internet provides like customization, interactivity, and the ability to closely track user actions.
This document discusses how digital marketing can help small rural entrepreneurs in Malaysia amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. It notes that the pandemic and associated movement control orders have severely impacted small businesses' daily operations and income. However, making optimal use of digital applications and platforms can help small businesses continue operations and lessen the financial impact. The study examines rural entrepreneurs in Penang, Malaysia to understand how they have navigated the pandemic through digital business activities and use of information and communication technologies. It aims to provide insights on how to further support rural entrepreneurs' digital skills and boost digital business.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It discusses the definition and history of e-commerce, the different dimensions of e-commerce including business to business, business to consumer, and business to government. It also outlines some of the major sectors involved in e-commerce in Bangladesh, examples of e-commerce companies, constraints to e-commerce development like infrastructure and skills shortages, and the prospects and benefits of further e-commerce growth.
The world economy, and particularly international commerce, has incurred huge losses because of the
coronavirus epidemic. Due to the worldwide lockdown, social isolation, and other precautions taken to
prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers have boosted their purchases on digital
services. Therefore, the corporate environment underwent dramatic changes throughout the quarantine
period. The COVID-19 crisis sped up the expansion of the digital commerce industry. The digital
commerce industries have exploded in growth during the COVID-19 disaster. Businesses and consumers
progressively "went online" as lockdowns became routine. It is anticipated that the growth rate of global e-
commerce will be 12.2 percent in the year 2022, which will bring the total sales of global e-commerce to
$5.542 trillion. Despite this, the pace of increase is slower than it was this time last year. By 2021, growth
rates for worldwide e-commerce will have reached 16.3 percent
Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countriesijtsrd
M commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. M commerce like E commerce can be B2B business to business , P2P person to person or B2C business to customer oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user's distribution criterion. Mobile E commerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. On the contrary in M trade the consumer has eye contact with offered products and services. In both case the payment procedure is executed via the mobile network. Prof. Rekha D. M | Divya. L "Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29410.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/29410/impact-of-m-commerce-technologies-on-developing-countries/prof-rekha-d-m
1) Thailand has actively developed its ICT infrastructure and adopted digital technologies like AI and cloud computing to enhance business efficiency. Mobile activities like e-commerce are also widely embraced.
2) Supported by its digital readiness and strategic location, Thailand has attracted significant investment in its digital transformation and startup community, positioning it as a leading digital economy in Southeast Asia.
3) Thailand provides incentives for digital investment and has improved regulations to promote sectors like fintech and e-commerce. It aims to become a top global startup hub and digital investment destination.
Info Edge (India) Limited is an Indian internet company with various online businesses including recruitment (Naukri.com), real estate (99acres.com), education (Shiksha.com), and matrimony (Jeevansathi.com). It has also invested in startups like Zomato, MeritNation, and PolicyBazaar. While India's economic slowdown impacted Info Edge's recruitment and real estate businesses, overall internet and mobile usage continued growing in India. Info Edge focuses on developing quality online platforms and gaining market share over competitors through investments in technology, talent, and new ventures to achieve long-term leadership in its business domains.
This document discusses a study on the adoption of e-commerce by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bahrain during the COVID-19 pandemic. It finds that SMEs faced many challenges transitioning to e-commerce, including financial costs. The study analyzed obstacles through three categories: organizational readiness, environmental readiness, and technological readiness. A questionnaire was distributed to employees at SMEs, with 100 responses analyzed. The findings revealed that while e-commerce provided benefits, financial barriers hindered SMEs in Bahrain from fully adopting online business models during the pandemic.
Ecommerce in India has grown rapidly, with the market estimated at Rs. 43,930 crore in 2013. India ranks third globally in internet users after China and the US. While ecommerce has seen strong growth, it still accounts for only about 1.5% of total retail sales due to low internet penetration from poor infrastructure. The industry is dominated by the travel segment at over 70% of transactions, while e-retail accounts for around 12.5%. E-retailing in particular is growing quickly at a 30.5% CAGR but still only makes up 0.2% of total retail sales in India. Allowing foreign direct investment in business-to-consumer ecommerce could provide needed funding
Assess the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in facebook soc...IJMIT JOURNAL
The numbers of social network users are boomingas a result of increased Internet access and smartphone accessibility. Facebook in particular is considered one of the most important social networks in Egypt, where there is a noticeable increase in the preferences to shop on Facebook. This paper examines the service quality dimensions that influence customers’ satisfaction and their purchase intention in the context of B2C social commerce through Facebook. The proposed model includes eight dimensions: usability, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, courtesy, trust, price, and security. The results revealed all dimensions had a positive effect on overall service quality variable which in turn positively influenced the user satisfaction which affects the purchase intentions of customers.
This document discusses a study on the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior through online value propositions in the e-commerce sector of Bangladesh. It examines how social media influences consumers and explores how e-commerce businesses can utilize social media strategies effectively. The study found that social media is positively impacting the e-commerce sector in Bangladesh, but local companies are underutilizing opportunities for branded e-commerce development on social media. It provides implications for how the sector can advance by expressing value propositions more clearly on social media to improve consumer awareness and engagement.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh
Supply chain performance scandals of e-commerce industry qualitative evidence...NAAR Journal
This document summarizes a study on supply chain performance scandals in the e-commerce industry in Bangladesh. The study used a qualitative newspaper content analysis methodology to examine criticisms of e-commerce companies Evaly and Daraz from the perspective of consumers and authorities. The study found numerous scandals related to these companies' services, including selling substandard or defective products, sending the wrong products, or sending empty boxes. This suggests issues with their supply chain systems that could mislead or cheat customers. The document provides background on the growth of e-commerce in Bangladesh and details of the methodology used in the study.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence techniques in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to e-commerce and AI, and how AI is being used increasingly in e-commerce applications worldwide. It then reviews literature on how AI can be integrated into e-commerce systems and the various applications of AI in e-commerce. Some key applications discussed include AI assistants, personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, supply chain management, fraud detection and more. The document concludes that Saudi Arabia is well positioned to benefit from using AI to boost its growing e-commerce sector.
A Project Report On Internet Marketing hscprojects.com(3).docxsathish825009
This document is a project report on internet marketing submitted by Piyansh Mantry, a student at Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Management. The 3-page report includes a declaration signed by the student, a certificate signed by the principal and project guide, and an acknowledgement recognizing those who helped with the project.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes factors contributing to the global expansion of mobile commerce (m-commerce). The study uses a panel data set of 42 countries from 2011-2020 to examine the impact of 8 variables on m-commerce growth, including socioeconomic factors like internet access, mobile users, and consumer confidence, as well as macroeconomic factors like GDP and wages. The empirical analysis found that wages, GDP, consumer confidence, card transactions, mobile users, internet access, and internet use for selling goods/services positively impacted m-commerce, while mobile internet penetration negatively impacted it. The study aims to advance understanding of m-commerce drivers and provide policy recommendations to enhance the m-commerce industry.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Impact of Digital Marketing on eCommerce - Final ReportCybez
This document is a dissertation report submitted by Atul Jain to the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report examines the impact of digital marketing on e-commerce in India. It includes sections on the objectives and methodology of the research, the state of e-commerce in India, types of digital marketing strategies used, research findings, and the future outlook of digital marketing in India. The report provides an overview of the topic while fulfilling degree requirements.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
EXPLORING FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF ONLINE SHOPPING WITH SAUDI ESHO...ijcsit
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
Local Small Scale Enterprises Expectations and Potential Benefits on e Commer...ijtsrd
This study assessed the expectations and potential benefits on e commerce of local small scale enterprises in Northern Samar, Philippines. Specifically, it tried to find out the profile of the seventy four enterprises in the province, evaluate the expectations of the small scale enterprises on e commerce capabilities and determine the potential benefits of the small scale enterprises from e commerce implementation. The descriptive evaluative research was used. This study likewise employed the complete enumeration of the enterprises that have potential in adapting e commerce. The enterprise’s primary business included industrial products manufacturing, computers and electronics manufacturing, communications, financial services, computer services, consulting, consumer products manufacturing, food and agriculture, and others. The enterprises had one 1 to four 4 personal computers and had one telephone line. Majority of the enterprises had an access to the internet on a broadband line. And that, e commerce capabilities will be implemented within one year. The potential benefits of e commerce use to the enterprise were very significant. The respondents considered that through e commerce the enterprises will improve its information exchange with customers, increase the loyalty and retention of the customers, and increase the service to the customer as well as the revenue. Moreover, e commerce is very important in the improvement of the competitive position to the enterprise and also the enhancement of the image of enterprise. Dr. Maiden Grace Anquilo Gan "Local Small Scale Enterprises: Expectations and Potential Benefits on e-Commerce Landscape" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49705.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-and-retail-research/49705/local-small-scale-enterprises-expectations-and-potential-benefits-on-ecommerce-landscape/dr-maiden-grace-anquilo-gan
A PROJECT REPORT ON INTERNET MARKETING SUBMITTED BYMartha Brown
This document provides an overview of internet marketing. It discusses the growth of internet usage globally and in India, with India emerging as the second largest internet market in Asia. The document outlines the key activities people engage in online like social networking, shopping, banking, etc. It also discusses the characteristics of internet users in India and how their behaviors are evolving. Finally, it compares traditional marketing approaches to internet marketing, highlighting the advantages the internet provides like customization, interactivity, and the ability to closely track user actions.
This document discusses how digital marketing can help small rural entrepreneurs in Malaysia amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. It notes that the pandemic and associated movement control orders have severely impacted small businesses' daily operations and income. However, making optimal use of digital applications and platforms can help small businesses continue operations and lessen the financial impact. The study examines rural entrepreneurs in Penang, Malaysia to understand how they have navigated the pandemic through digital business activities and use of information and communication technologies. It aims to provide insights on how to further support rural entrepreneurs' digital skills and boost digital business.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It discusses the definition and history of e-commerce, the different dimensions of e-commerce including business to business, business to consumer, and business to government. It also outlines some of the major sectors involved in e-commerce in Bangladesh, examples of e-commerce companies, constraints to e-commerce development like infrastructure and skills shortages, and the prospects and benefits of further e-commerce growth.
The world economy, and particularly international commerce, has incurred huge losses because of the
coronavirus epidemic. Due to the worldwide lockdown, social isolation, and other precautions taken to
prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers have boosted their purchases on digital
services. Therefore, the corporate environment underwent dramatic changes throughout the quarantine
period. The COVID-19 crisis sped up the expansion of the digital commerce industry. The digital
commerce industries have exploded in growth during the COVID-19 disaster. Businesses and consumers
progressively "went online" as lockdowns became routine. It is anticipated that the growth rate of global e-
commerce will be 12.2 percent in the year 2022, which will bring the total sales of global e-commerce to
$5.542 trillion. Despite this, the pace of increase is slower than it was this time last year. By 2021, growth
rates for worldwide e-commerce will have reached 16.3 percent
Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countriesijtsrd
M commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. M commerce like E commerce can be B2B business to business , P2P person to person or B2C business to customer oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user's distribution criterion. Mobile E commerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. On the contrary in M trade the consumer has eye contact with offered products and services. In both case the payment procedure is executed via the mobile network. Prof. Rekha D. M | Divya. L "Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29410.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/29410/impact-of-m-commerce-technologies-on-developing-countries/prof-rekha-d-m
1) Thailand has actively developed its ICT infrastructure and adopted digital technologies like AI and cloud computing to enhance business efficiency. Mobile activities like e-commerce are also widely embraced.
2) Supported by its digital readiness and strategic location, Thailand has attracted significant investment in its digital transformation and startup community, positioning it as a leading digital economy in Southeast Asia.
3) Thailand provides incentives for digital investment and has improved regulations to promote sectors like fintech and e-commerce. It aims to become a top global startup hub and digital investment destination.
Info Edge (India) Limited is an Indian internet company with various online businesses including recruitment (Naukri.com), real estate (99acres.com), education (Shiksha.com), and matrimony (Jeevansathi.com). It has also invested in startups like Zomato, MeritNation, and PolicyBazaar. While India's economic slowdown impacted Info Edge's recruitment and real estate businesses, overall internet and mobile usage continued growing in India. Info Edge focuses on developing quality online platforms and gaining market share over competitors through investments in technology, talent, and new ventures to achieve long-term leadership in its business domains.
This document discusses a study on the adoption of e-commerce by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bahrain during the COVID-19 pandemic. It finds that SMEs faced many challenges transitioning to e-commerce, including financial costs. The study analyzed obstacles through three categories: organizational readiness, environmental readiness, and technological readiness. A questionnaire was distributed to employees at SMEs, with 100 responses analyzed. The findings revealed that while e-commerce provided benefits, financial barriers hindered SMEs in Bahrain from fully adopting online business models during the pandemic.
Ecommerce in India has grown rapidly, with the market estimated at Rs. 43,930 crore in 2013. India ranks third globally in internet users after China and the US. While ecommerce has seen strong growth, it still accounts for only about 1.5% of total retail sales due to low internet penetration from poor infrastructure. The industry is dominated by the travel segment at over 70% of transactions, while e-retail accounts for around 12.5%. E-retailing in particular is growing quickly at a 30.5% CAGR but still only makes up 0.2% of total retail sales in India. Allowing foreign direct investment in business-to-consumer ecommerce could provide needed funding
Assess the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in facebook soc...IJMIT JOURNAL
The numbers of social network users are boomingas a result of increased Internet access and smartphone accessibility. Facebook in particular is considered one of the most important social networks in Egypt, where there is a noticeable increase in the preferences to shop on Facebook. This paper examines the service quality dimensions that influence customers’ satisfaction and their purchase intention in the context of B2C social commerce through Facebook. The proposed model includes eight dimensions: usability, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, courtesy, trust, price, and security. The results revealed all dimensions had a positive effect on overall service quality variable which in turn positively influenced the user satisfaction which affects the purchase intentions of customers.
This document discusses a study on the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior through online value propositions in the e-commerce sector of Bangladesh. It examines how social media influences consumers and explores how e-commerce businesses can utilize social media strategies effectively. The study found that social media is positively impacting the e-commerce sector in Bangladesh, but local companies are underutilizing opportunities for branded e-commerce development on social media. It provides implications for how the sector can advance by expressing value propositions more clearly on social media to improve consumer awareness and engagement.
Similar to COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022, pp. 1636~1649
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp1636-1649 1636
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in
Bangladesh
Samsul Alam, Md. Minhajur Rahman
Department of Business Administration, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 17, 2021
Revised Aug 11, 2021
Accepted Sep 6, 2021
Popular social media Facebook-oriented social commerce (S-commerce),
commonly known as Facebook commerce (F-commerce) has progressed
towards a bevy business in Bangladesh. Many young people, especially at
the age of 20-28, are now in this industry. The pandemic situation due to
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) forces people to buy more from the
online market because of the safety issue. People are getting more interested
in the new trend of buying from an online store. The current study aims to
explore the impact of COVID-19 on F-commerce, particularly in
Bangladesh. It uses the non-probability purposive sampling method and
collects 181 usable responses through an online questionnaire. A research
model is developed following the social commerce acceptance model
(SCAM), and structural equation model partial least square (SEM-PLS)
using SmartPLS 3.0 is applied to find out and justify the result. Likert five-
point scale for determining the independent variables, including COVID-19
awareness (CA), consumer behavior (CB), and purchase intention (PI), is
used. The study result confirms that these three variables have a positive
impact on F-commerce. The survey covers other measurable items that
indicate some assumptions, which reflect F-commerce consumers’ behavior.
The researchers recommend that F-commerce businesspeople must
emphasize on mitigating trust issues and provide enhanced home delivery
service.
Keywords:
COVID-19 impact
E-commerce
F-commerce
S-commerce
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Samsul Alam
Department of Business Administration, Daffodil International University
Daffodil Smart City, Ashulia, Dhaka
Email: salam.bba@diu.edu.bd
1. INTRODUCTION
The emergence and its enhanced penetration to social networking site Facebook commerce
(F-commerce) are seen worldwide due to the increased use of social media, specifically Facebook, after its
advent in the online arena [1]–[3]. Facebook is launched by Mark Zuckerberg along with his Harvard College
roommates on 4th February 2004. This site has shaped many applications and services for businesspersons in
addition to general users [4]. Facebook is the furthermost popular site wide-reaching based on active users.
F-commerce is a form of social commerce (S-commerce) that intends to develop a platform for purchasing
and selling along with promotional and branding pursuits [5] alike electronic commerce (E-commerce);
hence, S-commerce is a subset of E-commerce [6]. Social media websites have been changing the means of
relations in today’s society and establishing communication between businesses and buyers [7]. Societal
associations reconcile buyer behavior [8], where online purchasing is generally accepted as a social exchange
relationship for the maximum part.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1637
Day by day, E-commerce is becoming a growing business in developing countries like Bangladesh.
Recently, the Bangladesh government has taken policies for online communication and E-commerce
operations [9]. Besides the government, organizations like the E-commerce association of Bangladesh
(e-CAB) work for Bangladeshi E-commerce development. Thus, the government, private, and non-profit
organizations are developing this sector [10]. Consequently, the impact of E-commerce technology
accelerates the economy [11] potentially in all segments, including business to business (B2B), business to
consumer (B2C), consumer to consumer (C2C), and business to government (B2G). As Bangladesh
entrepreneurs have financial and technical problems developing and maintaining an E-commerce website,
many pursue an F-commerce business. As a result, F-commerce is going to evolve a new revolution in the
business sector. It has a great potential to grow in this country. Because F-commerce can diminish the
unemployment rate, people can effortlessly launch a new business online with lower marketing and other
business conduction costs [12]. Based on Worldometers and Bangladesh telecommunication regulatory
commission (BTRC) data, Table 1 highlights the yearly number of internet users, population, and gross
domestic product (GDP) in Bangladesh. It indicates how auspicious the E-commerce sector is.
Table 1. Indicators for internet growth in Bangladesh
Year Internet users (million) Population (million) Percentage GDP (per capita in USD)
2009 5.6 146 0.4 574
2010 6.2 148 0.4 624
2011 5.5 149 3.5 700
2012 8.1 151 5.0 700
2015 54.0 156 31.9 1 080
2020 100.0 165 60.7 1,698
Exceedingly 100 million internet subscribers is steadily significant for a country like Bangladesh.
The popularity of internet usage in this country is amongst ordinary people. According to NapoleonCat’s
report in 2020, there are more than 30 million Facebook users in Bangladesh. From Socialbakers 2020 data,
Table 2 shows the top 10 E-commerce brands’ number of fans on Facebook in Bangladesh.
Table 2. Facebook fan pages statistics in Bangladesh
Page name Total number of fans (million) Page name Total numer of fans (million)
Rokomari.com 2.25 Bagdoom.com 1.12
Apex4u.com 1.98 Pickaboo.com 1.05
Evaly.com.bd 1.56 Globalbrand.com.bd 0.96
Othoba.com 1.34 Kiksha (Sindabad.com) 0.96
Banglashoppers.com 1.20 Jadroo.com 0.89
Various types of products are sold on the F-commerce platform in Bangladesh. There are many
pages with lots of fans, through which they sell their products. On Facebook, sales can occur anywhere by
posting products for sale from a personal profile, business profile, groups, messenger, et cetera. Again, many
Facebook sales groups are generating sales for thousands of Bangladeshi entrepreneurs. Surprisingly, women
are coming for the F-commerce business. There are thousands of women doing business by various Facebook
groups, for example, “women and E-commerce forum” (more than 1 million members). Hossin et al. [13]
find that females are becoming much more interested than males in their online presence in Bangladesh.
The current world is unable to get out of the COVID-19 crisis without being affected. In major
sectors, it has negatively affected almost all aspects of the world, including the economy, health,
environment, politics, business, technology, consumer behavior et cetera, though to some extent in some
other sectors, it has positively affected. It is shifting and transforming the business model. Nowadays,
businesses seek digital replacements or identify safe ways of delivering their products and services with the
slightest physical contact [14]. Consequently, in developed countries like Japan, before the pandemic, people
using both offline and online markets switch to only online markets because of the COVID-19 [15]. In
contrast, developing and least developed countries (LDCs) lag behind as they face many problems in using
technology because of poor infrastructure. Still, many village areas are not covered even with a third
generation (3G) network [16] due to the lack of network infrastructure besides other reasons where many
countries are now deploying fifth generation (5G) network. As a result, for instance, in Bangladesh, most of
the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are not adopting information and communication technology (ICT) [17]
to tackle issues arising from COVID-19.
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022: 1636-1649
1638
According to the 2020 report of UNICEF Bangladesh and the Daily Star, the COVID-19 situation
forces the government to use the virtual court. Alike, university students attend online classes, school and
college students attend classes via national television. The entire world is now maintaining social distance.
This issue raises the question that despite all problems, will Bangladeshi consumers’ adaptation to buy from
F-commerce be affected due to this pandemic. Would it be a permanent impact on consumer behavior? How
would F-commerce vendors deal with this situation and run their business?.
There are many studies in the information technology (IT) related sectors such as mobile commerce
(M-commerce) and technology adoption frameworks [18], electronic waste (E-waste) management, mobile
cards (M-cards), E-commerce, Internet, green IT environment, et cetera. Nevertheless, very few studies are
seen on F-commerce, especially in the Bangladesh context. As Facebook is the utmost common and popular
social media website, it requires further investigation. COVID-19 is an alarming situation throughout the
world. In this situation, researchers have vital roles to play. Every researcher needs to participate and look at
how it is going in every aspect and bring a viable solution. Realizing the need for research in this field, the
authors conduct this study to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on F-commerce based S-commerce in
Bangladesh during the pandemic. The study is conducted with the specific objectives; i) to observe and
measure the impact of COVID-19 awareness, consumer behavior, and purchase intention on F-commerce;
and ii) to find out the problems associated with F-commerce in Bangladesh, suggest further improvement
measures, and help F-commerce aspirants move forward.
In line with research objectives, this study is organized in a systematic way. After introduction, the
remaining part is organized in the following manner. First, literature review is presented from the related
existed studies. Second, proposed research model and hypotheses development are shown. Third, research
methods are explained including sample size determination, questionnaire design and measures, data analysis
technique, data collection and demographics. Fourth part describes the results and discussions from survey
data analysis where measurement model, structural model, consumers’ perceptions in different F-commerce
dimensions, the arising F-commerce challenges and corresponding solutions, and recommendations are
explained. The final part is about conclusion, practical implications, and research limitations.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
E-commerce starts to be grabbed by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in South-Asian
developing countries in 2004 [19]. Many researchers work in this prominent sector. Rachid et al. [20] study
the E-commerce customer defection rate. In contrast, Zaim et al. [21] investigate how to identify the satisfied
electronic customer (E-customer) from social media regarding their clickstream behavior. Again, Guanchen
et al. [22] study purchasing criteria based on customization and review sentiment. A research paper shows
that Bangladesh’s top popular online shopping sites are using Facebook [23]. In F-commerce and
E-commerce transactions, customers prefer cash on delivery (COD) as a payment method in most cases.
Sometimes, they use mobile banking (M-banking) services to pay for products. However, mobile financial
services (MFS) users are growing in this country. “MFS users do feel it is easier to use when it comes to
paying for online shopping” [24].
In Bangladeshi C2C F-commerce business, argument quality, tie strength, source credibility, and
product usefulness evaluation positively affect purchasing decisions [25]. People show their intention to buy
from S-commerce via engagement and awareness. It is found through the structural equation modeling-partial
least squares (SEM-PLS) approach in a technology acceptance model (TAM) [26]. A study is conducted
based on a survey result of 310 samples from university students of Saudi Arabia by following the unified
theory of acceptance and usage of technology (UTAUT2) model. It reveals that expected performance,
related motivation, lower price, habit, and S-commerce contact and support strongly correlate with behavioral
intention to use S-commerce following the PLS-SEM statistical method. Likewise, favorable conditions,
intention, and habit have a strong association with user behavior. The favorable cultural dimensions have a
powerful influence on behavioral intention [27], [28]. Another study examines the impact of demographic
variables, F-commerce usage pattern, trust transferring theory, and site usage theory on actual purchase from
F-commerce through Q-sort procedure, expert panel, pretest, and pilot test. The result is found from 808
F-commerce users using the non-compensatory and non-linear artificial neural network (ANN) model [28].
Other studies show that security, everyday situation, familiarity, social presence through online community
or forums, and assured structure determine users’ trust. It again shapes users’ intention to use S-commerce.
Perceived ease of use influences perceived usefulness. This result is based on a survey of S-commerce users
by following the TAM [1], [29].
The adoption of F-commerce is determined by the factors of the social image, subjective norms,
perceived value, and usefulness [6], [7], [30]–[33]. In Facebook, “the more experienced the consumers, the
more he or she will purchase” from it [34]. Trust, perceived value, electronic word-of-mouth, return policy,
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1639
and repurchase influence usage intentions of F-commerce [31], [35]–[39]. An interesting fact is that in social
media like Facebook-Instagram, people shop instantly. The enjoyment has a powerful effect on adopting
these media [40], followed by a direct effect of perceived usefulness and an indirect effect of content quality
and social presence [41]. A study shows that users’ personality traits, psychographic characteristics, and
gratifications affect the F-commerce shopping intention. Again, expert market users and social browsers use
social shopping to socialize. In contrast, value-conscious users and internet browsers use this platform to seek
information and online social shopping [42]. Another study conducted in Thailand on 340 respondents shows
that consumers’ attitudes and convenient purchasing affect purchasing intention from F-commerce [43].
The world has been undergoing a pandemic from the beginning of 2020 due to coronavirus disease
originating from Wuhan, China, on 31st December 2019, affecting approximately 217 countries worldwide
[44], [45]. This virus will not disappear and sustain long announced by World Health Organization (WHO) in
2021. COVID-19 seriously affects small businesses where many are closed down, and most of the remaining
are at risk [46], [47]. During the pandemic, 39% of SMEs have been strengthening cash balances, 61% might
run out of cash, involving 8.6% have no retained earnings mentioning that micro-business companies are at
risk [48]. COVID-19 has brought about a dramatic change in the way of doing business. Thus, businesses
have pursued an innovative way to achieve success. Surprisingly, it has boomed E-commerce businesses,
video conferencing platforms, education technology vendors. It is also making a truly digital world through a
concept of a new normal situation [49]. It brings paradigm shifts in the workplace, and businesses need to
cope with this change; otherwise, there will be a survival question [50], [51]. Oliver et al. say that mobile
data are used to deduce human movement and social interaction [52]. Different news publications found that
in Bangladesh, people’s dependency on technology has increased due to COVID-19. Again, it has changed
the nature of shopping, both online and offline. Nevertheless, few studies are seen that show the impact of
COVID-19 on F-commerce. Although some studies have been conducted in this area, no studies are
conducted in the Bangladesh context.
3. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES FORMULATION
Some studies evaluate the factors of purchasing behavior on E-commerce [53], S-commerce [2],
[26], [41], [54], and F-commerce [28], [34]. A widely accepted model, TAM, is used to decide the
E-commerce usage intention in Bangladesh [55], supported by Zhang et al. [56]. Another researcher Hajli
[45], develops a new model named social commerce acceptance model (SCAM) that is useful in predicting
customers’ intention to buy from S-commerce. Hoque et al. [57] propose a conceptual model for evaluating
customer behavior in online shopping through Facebook with various variables. A study tests the big five
model (BFM) for antecedents of an impulse purchase in F-commerce and urges to purchase [58], [59].
The researchers mainly adopt Hasanat et al. [60] conceptual framework following Hajli’s [45]
SCAM model to develop the conceptual framework in this study. None of the studies uses COVID-19 as a
variable or construct in their model, hypothesis, or research framework for identifying its effect on
F-commerce. However, a survey of consumer stockpile behavior for online food purchasing during the
COVID-19 crisis finds that “the share of confirmed COVID-19 cases increases the possibility of consumers
purchasing food online” [61]. Nevertheless, it does not mean to be the same for all online businesses. A
model is developed by adding one more independent variable with Hasanat et al. [60], called purchase
intention. Again, instead of using E-business as the dependent variable, F-commerce is used. Thus, this study
consists of three independent variables and one dependent variable. It is anticipated that all the independent
variables influence the dependent variable as discussed in 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. Developed from previous
literature, Figure 1 illustrates the proposed research model.
Consumer Behavior
Covid-19 Awareness
Purchase Intention
F-commerce
H2
H3
H1
Figure 1. The research model
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022: 1636-1649
1640
3.1. COVID-19 awareness
In 2003, bat spreads a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV) in China that
infects more than 8,000 people and causes 776 people to decease. A decade later, in 2012, another virus,
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV), is found in Saudi Arabia that infects about
2.5 thousands of people, causing 838 to die. These are members of the beta-coronavirus subgroup [62].
According to WHO data, COVID-19 creates a colossal outbreak that affects the whole world. Still, it is
ongoing; by July 2021, it causes above four million deaths and 200 million infections worldwide. Although
about four billion people are vaccinated, the epidemic has not yet been vanished. However, people are now
aware of it, hence they are changing their purchasing behavior from physical to digital platform along with
their lifestyle. Therefore, COVID-19 awareness (CA) is taken as an independent variable as it influences the
F-commerce. From the above discussion, the following hypothesis is developed.
H1: CA has a positive impact on F-commerce.
3.2. Consumer behavior
F-commerce is becoming an exciting platform nowadays and appearing to be a “contemporary
research area for an increasing number of researchers to understand this unique nature of online shopping”
[63]. In this study, consumer behavior (CB) is used because it influences F-commerce business. CB is
considered an independent variable because consumers take necessary precautions and act accordingly [60].
Based on items of variable CB adopting from Gurav and Patil [64], the following hypothesis is formulated.
H2: CB has a positive impact on F-commerce.
3.3. Purchase intention
Purchase intention (PI) means one’s intention to buy a product from a shop or anywhere else; in this
case, it is Facebook. The intention is defined as the experiences that inspire consumers to purchase products
and services [65]. KimDawn and Pysarchik [66] state that PI serves as an alternate for measuring consumer’s
purchasing behavior. Haque [67] and Azjen [68] also support that intention motivates the buyers and
influences the behavior of these buyers. As a result, PI is identified as an independent variable. The
questionnaire item for this variable is collected from Shareef et al. [53]. From the discussion, the following
hypothesis is proposed.
H3: PI has a positive impact on F-commerce.
4. METHOD
4.1. Sampling design
Because of the COVID-19, social distance is needed for collecting survey data. Hence, this study
uses Google form as a survey collection tool which is only distributed among the Facebook user of
Bangladesh because only those who use Facebook regularly can contribute to this research. This research
follows the purposive (or judgmental) technique of the non-probability sampling method. To measure the
minimum sample size with a predictive power of 0.95, the researchers adopt Faul et al. [69] power analysis
as part of the purposive sampling technique. According to G*Power 3, the minimum sample size measured is
119 (effect size 0.15), where 181 responses are collected. All of these usable responses are finally considered
for analysis.
4.2. Measures
The questionnaire is divided into three individual sections. The first section is designed to collect the
respondents’ demographic information. The following section contains respondents’ ratings on variables (i.e.,
CA, CB, and PI) and various items based on these variables. Through the final section, respondents’ opinions
on different perspectives regarding F-commerce are collected. Table 3 shows the questionnaire items for each
variable used in this paper for measurement purposes. It also indicates the sources for these items. The survey
data collection starts on 10th October and ends on 9th November 2020. Before distributing the questionnaire,
it is tried to maintain the appropriate demographic ratios. Responses are collected from those active Facebook
users whether or not they purchase from this platform. Likert five-point scale ranging from “strongly agree”
to “strongly disagree” is used in the survey questionnaire to determine the study variables’ impact on
F-commerce. The questionnaire is provided in both English and local language Bengali to ensure respondents
understanding of the items.
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1641
Table 3. Variables, items, and their sources
Variable Item(s) Source(s)
COVID-19 awareness CA1: I am aware of the effect of the COVID-19. [33], [36]
Consumer behavior CB1: Purchasing from F-commerce is cost saving [64]
CB2: Purchasing from F-commerce is time-saving [64]
CB3: F-commerce has an easy way of payment [30], [33], [64]
CB4: F-commerce gives offers and/or discounts [64]
Purchase intention PI1: I would like to purchase from F-commerce. [1], [30], [53]
PI2: I am satisfied with the purchase from F-commerce. [30], [53]
PI3: I will continue purchasing from F-commerce in the future. [30], [53]
Facebook commerce FC1: I am purchasing more from F-commerce considering health issues [70]
FC2: I have been using Facebook more since the COVID-19 pandemic [28]
4.3. Research procedure
The research follows both quantitative and qualitative methods commonly known as the mixed
method. Demographic information such as age, gender, occupation is collected along with users’ rating on
variables’ items (i.e., CA1, CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4, PI1, PI2, PI3, FC1, and FC2) and opinions. To evaluate
and analyze the structural relationship of the proposed theoretical model, the researchers follow structural
equation modeling (SEM), a multivariate technique for statistical analysis. In this regard, a partial least
squares (PLS) software analysis is used. Again, SmartPLS 3.0 is applied as an analysis tool. SEM is a path
modeling approach to test and validate a conceptual research model. It also assumes the relationships among
the theories of that model [71]. It is a broadly accepted technique for measuring the validity of theories with
pragmatic data [72] and is widely used in social science and information systems (IS) research [73]. The
main reason for approaching the PLS in this research is its demonstrated statistical capacity when testing with
small sample size. The researchers further use the bootstrapping technique for checking the significance of
the coefficients previously assessed through the PLS analysis software [74]. This research uses the two-stage
methodology to perform data analysis [75]. In the first stage, composite reliability (CR) and discriminant
validity (DV) are identified to verify the measurement model. In the following parts, the hypotheses and
structural models are tested.
4.4. Data screening and demographics
It is better to do data screening before performing data analysis [76]. The raw data is checked for
seeing missing data or any partial data before processing. The dataset-associated glitches are revised before
statistical analysis because better data preparation leads to a better estimate [77]. Table 4 represents the
demographic information of the survey.
Table 4. Demographic information of respondents
Variable Category Frequency Percentage
Gender Male 112 67.4
Female 59 32.6
Age 15-19 7 3.9
20-24 156 86.2
25-29 17 9.4
Above 40 1 0.6
Division Dhaka 81 44.8
Barishal 3 1.7
Chattogram 17 9.4
Rangpur 57 31.5
Khulna 4 2.2
Mymensingh 6 3.3
Rajshahi 13 7.2
Occupation Not employed 3 1.7
Student 161 89
Job holder 13 7.2
Businessperson 4 2.2
Educational qualification Secondary 3 1.7
Higher secondary 95 52.5
Diploma 4 2.2
Graduate 72 39.8
Postgraduate 5 2.8
Doctoral 1 0.6
Post-Doctoral 1 0.6
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022: 1636-1649
1642
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Measurement model
As per the suggestion of Hair Jr. et al. [74], a researcher must test the outer model after the research
model is formed, which is evaluated by measuring the average variance extracted (AVE). Both reliability and
validity of the variables are tested to confirm the correctness of measurement items. Litwin [78] suggests
testing the internal reliability of items for consistency of outcomes even if the study uses well-established
measurement items of previous studies. In SEM analysis, to measure the variable reliability, CR is utilized.
AVE values must be more than the proposed threshold of 0.50 to prove the model acceptable [79]. CR should
be greater than 0.70 to confirm acceptable reliability [80], [81]. Table 5 shows values within the acceptable
and reliable range.
Table 5. Composite reliability and average variance extracted
Variable CR AVE
CA 1.000 1.000
CB 0.824 0.539
FC 0.741 0.593
PI 0.946 0.855
Discriminant validity (DV) is the valuation of the scope to which different hypotheses are
suggestively different [81]. Alternatively, we can say that it determines the uniqueness of a theory related to a
specific concept. To evaluate DV in PLS, Fornell and Larcker’s [82] advice is considered. Table 6 shows that
all variables are discriminant as the diagonal values are higher than the insider value.
Table 6. Discriminant validity
Variable CA CB FC PI
CA 1.000
CB 0.093 0.734
FC 0.226 0.459 0.770
PI 0.140 0.547 0.576 0.924
5.2. Structural model
Satisfying DV is the requirement to develop accuracy in assessing structural models [83]. The
structural model contains the relationship among the hypotheses in a research model. It is used to evaluate the
degree and level of the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Explicitly, using the PLS
technique, the structural model shows the required path coefficient (β), t-statistics of each path, and the
P-value of the model to test the relationships which is shown in Table 7. β and t-value are estimated using the
bootstrap method [84].
Table 7. Path coefficient and hypotheses testing result
Hypothesis Relationship Beta value T values P values Result
H1 CA -> FC 0.145 2.050 0.041 Supported
H2 CB -> FC 0.202 2.262 0.024 Supported
H3 PI -> FC 0.445 5.181 0.000 Supported
Figure 2 shows the structural modeling assessments that displays the findings of the various
hypothesis tests. Each hypothesis is confirmed as the T-value is more than 1.6 and the p-value is less than
0.05. Thus, it is confirmed that CA has impact on F-commerce; therefore, H1 is acceptable (β=0.145,
t=2.050, p=0.041<0.05). CB also affects F-commerce, and therefore H2 is confirmed (β=0.202, t=2.262,
p=0.024<0.05), similarly, PI has also impact on F-commerce, hence H3 is accepted (β=0.445, t=5.1.81,
p=0.000<0.05). Overall, since the variables are derived considering the COVID-19 situation, and the
hypothesis is accepted; hence, the result unveils that COVID-19 has affirmative impacts on the F-commerce
business in Bangladesh.
5.3. Discussion on consumer perceptions
This section summarizes the respondents’ opinions. Before COVID-19, which means much time to
consider, 102 people (56.4%) in the survey purchased from F-commerce. Nevertheless, after COVID-19,
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1643
which is in a short period, 95 people (52.5%) purchased from F-commerce, and among those individuals,
many are new buyers. It states that people are buying from F-commerce more than before because of the
pandemic as well as it is becoming the Bangladeshi population’s favorite marketplace. Thus, it is anticipated
that those who did not purchase are considered potential consumers. Those who have a Facebook account
might be interested in F-commerce. Table 8 illustrates how many times users buy from F-commerce before
and after COVID-19. As the pandemic is not yet ended by the time this paper is writing, the other results can
be more apparent.
Figure 2. Result of hypotheses testing
Table 8. Consumers’ purchasing behavior before and after COVID-19 pandemic
Situational aspect Purchasing interval Frequency Percentage
Before COVID-19 0 time 70 38.7
1-5 times 74 40.9
5-10 times 17 9.4
10-15 times 4 2.2
15-20 times 4 2.2
More than 20 times 12 6.6
After COVID-19 0 time 86 47.5
1-5 times 65 35.9
5-10 times 14 7.7
10-15 times 7 3.9
15-20 times 4 2.2
More than 20 times 5 2.8
According to the survey, 66.9% of the participants agree that F-commerce is safer than an offline
grocery shop during this COVID-19 pandemic, 27.1% respondents remain neutral, and only 6.1% disagree,
perhaps because F-commerce in Bangladesh has trust issues as many opine improve this issue.
Shareef et al. [53] say, “many consumers refrain from online buying only due to absence of trust.” 73.5% of
the participants prefer to pay COD as a payment method. The F-commerce payment is made almost entirely
COD method because of feeling insecurity and mistrust amongst users [63], [85]. Everyone wants to stay safe
at their home in this pandemic, which is reflected in this analysis. 90.6% of people want home delivery for
their products, 7.2% want to pick the product from a courier service point, and only 2.2% prefer collecting
from an individual business point.
People in Bangladesh care about the F-commerce business; thus, they want to improve it in every
way. Table 9 shows that the highest opinion in all F-commerce characteristics is given in “improvement
needed.” It seems that product quality, trustworthiness, security, and availability of information need to be
improved, as more than 22% of respondents vote on these F-commerce characteristics. The table also
illustrates that a particular group is happy with the payment method, easy to place an order, and more
straightforward communication as more than 22% vote on “no improvement needed.”
9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022: 1636-1649
1644
Table 9. Respondents’ opinion on F-commerce service dimensions
Service dimension Level of improvement needed Frequency Percentage
Delivery service No improvement needed 38 21
Improvement needed 114 63
Much improvement needed 29 16
Product quality No improvement needed 19 10
Improvement needed 108 60
Much improvement needed 54 30
Trustworthiness No improvement needed 22 12
Improvement needed 144 80
Much improvement needed 45 25
Security No improvement needed 34 19
Improvement needed 93 51
Much improvement needed 54 30
Payment method No improvement needed 65 36
Improvement needed 92 51
Much improvement needed 24 13
Easy to place order No improvement needed 59 33
Improvement needed 94 52
Much improvement needed 28 15
Response to customer No improvement needed 39 22
Improvement needed 109 60
Much improvement needed 33 18
Availability of information No improvement needed 33 18
Improvement needed 106 59
Much improvement needed 42 23
Customer rating and review No improvement needed 49 27
Improvement needed 101 56
Much improvement needed 31 17
Easier communication No improvement needed 56 31
Improvement needed 104 57
Much improvement needed 21 12
Facebook, the largest social networking site, has become more than a mere social sharing platform.
It is effortless to visit and choose what one needs. In this pandemic, the public gathering is risky; some
people say they would instead purchase from Facebook. Thus, SME businesses use this media to promote,
advertise, and sell their products, thus reaching their target customers. According to a Brandwatch report in
2019, over 60 million active business pages can reach above 2 billion people through Facebook
advertisements worldwide. Surprisingly, only 6 million of these businesses pay to be ‘active advertisers.’ It
means many do their businesses without paying for Facebook advertisement, despite engaging with
customers.
After the advent of COVID-19, the first month of lockdown was too puzzling for online businesses.
They were unsure whether the logistics delivery provider is safe. As a result, many of the F-commerce
businesses shortened their sales. Some logistics service providers like “E-courier” and “Pathao parcel”
gradually initiate a delivery replacement model. The model reduces human contact and ensures the delivery
persons are equipped with masks while working for delivery services.
COVID-19 makes F-commerce an essential platform. Some customers mention trustworthiness and
security as the most important dimensions to be improved in the F-commerce, whereas some argue for
product quality. Some frauds business people deliver the wrong or low-quality products or even do not
deliver the products to the customers. After the COVID-19 situation, because of increasing customers of F-
commerce, fraud groups are also growing. The government should take responsibility for this kind of event
and announce customers’ protection protocol.
Few people complain about product images, and some find no match of their expectations when
they get the product; it makes them dissatisfied. People suggest improving the seller’s loyalty in order to
wining customers’ satisfaction. Nowadays, people depend on online shopping. If F-commerce sellers provide
their product information correctly and respond to customers fast, they will get connected more. It seems
interesting that some people say COVID-19 impact on F-commerce will be favorable because it makes their
lives easier.
5.4. F-commerce challenges and their solutions
The challenges for F-commerce in Bangladesh are found based on the survey results, literature
review [1], [6], [23], [28], [36], [39], [86], and researchers’ observations, which are mentioned herein under
several points. These challenges are: i) become a trustable business; ii) lack of appropriate shipping policy;
iii) lack of knowledge for privacy and security policy among vendors; iv) lack of ICT education and training;
10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1645
v) flawed online marketing concept among vendors; vi) lack of paid advertisement knowledge on Facebook;
vii) limited internet coverage area; viii) high internet cost; ix) lack of law specifically for F-commerce
business in Bangladesh; x) cultural tradition; xi) lack of local business interest in moving on; xii) lack of
participation of banks in negotiation for online transaction; and xiii) relatively high products or services costs
in comparison with the traditional market.
The solutions against these challenges are enumerated based on the survey results, literature review
[1], [6], [23], [28], [36], [39], [86], [87], and researchers’ observations are highlighted. They include several
points involving: i) must build customers’ trust; ii) government mandate for F-commerce law and shipping
policy; iii) ensure adequate privacy and security policy; iv) arrange proper ICT education and training; v)
ensure training on modern online marketing strategies; vi) deploy fast and secure internet connection by
reducing digital divide; vii) BTRC and mobile operator companies should rethink lowering the internet cost
viii) commercial banks should participate with a safe online transaction system; ix) set reasonable and
competitive price compared with local market; x) Facebook should introduce advertising guidelines in native
language; xi) existed F-commerce should be merged with local business; xii) upload high-quality product
images avoiding too much editing; xiii) arrange some physical events to convey customers better about the
business; ivx) consider E-signature that can be a game-changer; and xv) consider air cargo industry to include
in this industry as it has interest that could be a way to earn foreign currencies too.
5.5. Recommendations
Social media websites have changed the means of relations established in today’s society [7], [88].
The future of F-commerce is bright in Bangladesh. Young people are coming towards this industry and
making lots of money. However, everyone has to take responsibility for this industry. Some problems like
“lack of basic automation in place, poor management skill, lack of E-commerce integration” [89] must be
addressed. Especially, entrepreneurs need to achieve the trustworthiness of consumers. If they focus on price,
the demand of products and experience of consumers can be used to gain trust for online business [28], [29],
[36], [86], [90], [91]. In addition, the “third-party guarantee” strategy can be considered, which is well
efficient in promoting consumer’s trust in China [92]. The government should support rural areas for
E-commerce businesses to grow. For instance, in China, E-commerce helps increase rural villagers’ income
to develop their economy [93]. The government can also initiate E-signatures for E-commerce like other
countries in South Asia, namely Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam [94]. A country profile along
with development prospects can be helpful to other developing countries and global E-commerce players
[10]. Being an agricultural country, Bangladesh is mainly dependent on agriculture that plays a vital role in
enhancing economic growth. E-commerce capability, particularly S-commerce like F-commerce, can be
utilized to capitalize on market agility and operational adjustment like China [95]. For this purpose,
simplified and friendly E-commerce policies should be initiated and practiced [96].
6. CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND LIMITATIONS
From the authors’ analysis, it is apparent that consumers’ purchase intention has a substantially and
significantly positive impact on F-commerce. At the same time, consumer behavior also has a positive impact
on F-commerce. Similarly, COVID-19 awareness positively affects F-commerce. This study reveals that the
COVID-19 situation is accelerating the F-commerce business in Bangladesh vis-à-vis earlier times as
consumers are now more accustomed to purchasing from online businesses. Most Bangladeshi people who
use the internet are Facebook users, which creates an opportunity for entrepreneurs to reach a large number
of customers and sell their goods or services. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people use more social media
platforms than before, as they cannot go outside frequently. As a result, F-commerce business is creating
more business opportunities. Thus, it is becoming a significant market for any product.
However, COVID-19 confines peoples’ lives due to their dependency on online platforms to remove
their stagnation. As human beings’ basic needs and wants are fulfilled by shopping, it is impossible to stop it.
Where lockdown phenomena hinder their shopping activity by going to market, this situation paves the way
for online shopping, resulting in growing E-commerce business. In line with purchasing from E-commerce,
people’s purchasing behavior also affects F-commerce. Thus, although COVID-19 has reduced buying
ability, their intention to buy from online platforms increased; consequently, impacting F-commerce.
The current study has direct implications on F-commerce in the contemporary business structure in
Bangladesh. It influences the E-commerce sector in this horizon primarily and other developing countries
secondarily. Alternatively, the findings can contribute to the E-commerce sector knowledge base. The
associated stakeholders, including E-commerce business owners, new entrants, government, and customers,
will be benefited from the outcome and suggestions. The study might be helpful for other relevant
stakeholders in this sector, especially those who already have a business in F-commerce at the national level
primarily and international level secondarily, especially in the developing nations. Again, it will add a
11. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022: 1636-1649
1646
theoretical contribution to the field of S-commerce. Moreover, it will work as a basis for future research in
this field.
This study has some limitations that no scholarly work can avoid. Mainly, the time frame binds up
the scope of this study. More responses could make the result more significant. Although the survey gets
feedbacks from all major country areas, it still does not cover all the regions. Further research can collect
survey responses from all over the country, which can be replicated in other countries, specifically in
developing countries. Again, a new study can better break down coronavirus construct. As the pandemic has
not ended, additional measurements and research might clarify this issue.
REFERENCES
[1] A. S. Al-Adwan, “Revealing the influential factors driving social commerce adoption,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Information,
Knowledge, and Management, vol. 14, pp. 295–324, 2019, doi: 10.28945/4438.
[2] E. Turban, N. Bolloju, and T. P. Liang, “Social commerce: an e-commerce perspective,” in ACM International Conference
Proceeding Series, 2010, pp. 33–42, doi: 10.1145/2389376.2389382.
[3] S. Sukrat and B. Papasratorn, “A maturity model for C2C social commerce business model,” International Journal of Electronic
Commerce Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 27–54, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.7903/ijecs.1545.
[4] L. S. L. Lai and E. Turban, “Groups formation and operations in the web 2.0 environment and social networks,” Group Decision
and Negotiation, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 387–402, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10726-008-9113-2.
[5] M. Zabeen, “F-commerce in Bangladesh: ‘venit, vidit, vicit,’” IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, vol. 17, no. 5, pp.
1–8, 2013, doi: 10.9790/0837-1750108.
[6] F. Liébana-Cabanillas and M. Alonso-Dos-Santos, “Factors that determine the adoption of Facebook commerce: the moderating
effect of age,” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M, vol. 44, pp. 1–18, Apr. 2017, doi:
10.1016/j.jengtecman.2017.03.001.
[7] K. Z. K. Zhang and M. Benyoucef, “Consumer behavior in social commerce: A literature review,” Decision Support Systems, vol.
86, pp. 95–108, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.dss.2016.04.001.
[8] T.-P. Liang, Y.-T. Ho, Y.-W. Li, and E. Turban, “What drives social commerce: the role of social support and relationship
quality,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–90, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.2753/JEC1086-
4415160204.
[9] M. S. Azam, “Diffusion of ICT and SME performance,” in Advances in Business Marketing and Purchasing, vol. 23A, Emerald
Group Publishing Limited, 2015, pp. 7–290.
[10] B. Travica, B. Josanov, E. Kajan, M. Vidas-Bubanja, and E. Vuksanovic, “E-commerce in serbia: where roads cross electrons will
flow,” Journal of Global Information Technology Management, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 34–56, Apr. 2007, doi:
10.1080/1097198X.2007.10856443.
[11] O. Ohidujjaman, M. Hasan, and M. Nurul Huda, “E-commerce challenges, solutions and effectiveness perspective Bangladesh,”
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 9–17, May 2013, doi: 10.5120/11989-7867.
[12] M. A. Ashraf and R. K. Datta, “Determinants of entrepreneurial willingness to participate in f-commerce: a case study in
Bangladesh.” UIU Institutional Repository, 2020.
[13] M. A. Hossin, M. N. I. Sarker, Y. Xiaohua, and A. N. K. Frimpong, “Development dimensions of e-commerce in Bangladesh:
scope, challenges and threats,” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2018, pp. 42–47, doi:
10.1145/3277139.3277152.
[14] P. Seetharaman, “Business models shifts: impact of Covid-19,” International Journal of Information Management, vol. 54, p.
102173, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102173.
[15] T. Watanabe and Y. Omori, “Online consumption during and after the COVID 19 pandemic: evidence from Japan,” in The Impact
of COVID-19 on E-Commerce, Proud Pen, 2020.
[16] S. Chaklader, J. Alam, M. Islam, and A. S. Sabbir, “Bridging digital divide: ‘village wireless LAN’, a low cost network
infrastructure solution for digital communication, information dissemination and education in rural Bangladesh,” in Proceedings
of 2013 2nd International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering, ICAEE 2013, Dec. 2013, pp. 227–231, doi:
10.1109/ICAEE.2013.6750347.
[17] A. M. Dewan, S. M. Dewan, and S. A. Nazmin, “The opportunities and challenges of using ICT by state owned enterprises in
Bangladesh: case of SOEs under privatization commission,” in Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Computer and
Information Technology, ICCIT 2008, Dec. 2008, pp. 611–616, doi: 10.1109/ICCITECHN.2008.4803007.
[18] M. S. Chhonker, D. Verma, and A. K. Kar, “Review of technology adoption frameworks in mobile commerce,” Procedia
Computer Science, vol. 122, pp. 888–895, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.451.
[19] A. Seyal, M. M. Awais, S. Shamail, and A. Abbas, “Determinants of electronic commerce in Pakistan: preliminary evidence from
small and medium enterprises,” Electronic Markets, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 372–387, Dec. 2004, doi:
10.1080/10196780412331311801.
[20] A. D. Rachid, A. Abdellah, B. Belaid, and L. Rachid, “Clustering prediction techniques in defining and predicting customers
defection: the case of e-commerce context,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8, no. 4,
pp. 2367–2383, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2367-2383.
[21] H. Zaim, A. Haddi, and M. Ramdani, “A novel approach to dynamic profiling of e-customers considering click stream data and
online reviews,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 602–612, Feb. 2019,
doi: 10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp602-612.
[22] W. Guanchen, M. Kim, and H. Jung, “Personal customized recommendation system reflecting purchase criteria and product
reviews sentiment analysis,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 2399–
2406, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2399-2406.
[23] S. M. Rahman, “Consumer expectation from online retailers in developing e-commerce market: an investigation of generation Y
in Bangladesh,” International Business Research, vol. 8, no. 7, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.5539/ibr.v8n7p121.
[24] A. Y. Chowdhury, A. K. M. A. Hossain, M. M. Habib, and X.-G. Yue, “Role of mobile financial service in promoting online
small business in Bangladesh,” IETI Transactions on Social Sciences and Humanities, pp. 140–148, 2019, doi:
10.6896/IETITSSH.201911_5.0015.
12. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1647
[25] R. Haque et al., “Modeling the role of C2C information quality on purchase decision in Facebook,” in Lecture Notes in Computer
Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 11195, Springer
International Publishing, 2018, pp. 244–254.
[26] N. Hajli and X. Lin, “Consumer adoption of social commerce,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 9191, Springer International Publishing, 2015,
pp. 279–287.
[27] Z. Sheikh, T. Islam, S. Rana, Z. Hameed, and U. Saeed, “Acceptance of social commerce framework in Saudi Arabia,” Telematics
and Informatics, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1693–1708, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2017.08.003.
[28] L. Y. Leong, N. I. Jaafar, and S. Ainin, “Understanding Facebook commerce (f-commerce) actual purchase from an artificial
neural network perspective,” Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 75–103, 2018.
[29] P. L. Teh and P. K. Ahmed, “Understanding social commerce adoption: an extension of the technology acceptance model,” in
2012 IEEE 6th International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology, ICMIT 2012, Jun. 2012, pp. 359–364,
doi: 10.1109/ICMIT.2012.6225832.
[30] S. M. M. Anari, R. Ibrahim, and A. Bakri, “Understanding factors on the customer intention behavior through Facebook
commerce: a conceptual model,” in ISTMET 2014 - 1st International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging
Technologies, Proceedings, May 2014, pp. 107–112, doi: 10.1109/ISTMET.2014.6936488.
[31] C. Herrando, J. Jiménez-Martínez, and M. J. Martín-De Hoyos, “Social commerce users’ optimal experience: stimuli, response
and culture,” Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 20, no. 4, 2019.
[32] F. Liébana-Cabanillas, J. A. Corral-Hermoso, Á. F. Villarejo-Ramos, and E. Higueras-Castillo, “New social consumer?
determining factors of Facebook commerce,” Journal of Decision Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 213–237, Oct. 2018, doi:
10.1080/12460125.2019.1592990.
[33] I. Akman and A. Mishra, “Factors influencing consumer intention in social commerce adoption,” Information Technology and
People, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 356–370, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1108/ITP-01-2016-0006.
[34] L. Y. Leong, N. I. Jaafar, and S. Ainin, “The effects of Facebook browsing and usage intensity on impulse purchase in f-
commerce,” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 78, pp. 160–173, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.033.
[35] M. Alonso-Dos-Santos, M. Alguacil Jiménez, and E. Carvajal-Trujillo, “Facebook commerce usage intention: a symmetric and
asymmetric approach,” Information Technology and Management, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 145–156, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10799-
019-00311-2.
[36] M. Aljaafari, “A holistic social commerce framework,” in International Conferences ICT, Society, and Human Beings, 2020, pp.
241–246.
[37] Y. S. Ali, A. R. C. Hussin, and H. M. Dahlan, “Electronic word of mouth engagement in social commerce platforms: an empirical
study,” Information Development, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 438–456, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1177/0266666919867488.
[38] A. S. Yusuf, A. R. Che Hussin, and A. H. Busalim, “Influence of e-WOM engagement on consumer purchase intention in social
commerce,” Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 493–504, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1108/JSM-01-2017-0031.
[39] A. S. Al-Adwan and H. Kokash, “The driving forces of Facebook social commerce,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied
Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 15–32, May 2019, doi: 10.4067/S0718-18762019000200103.
[40] I. Brusch and N. Rappel, “Exploring the acceptance of instant shopping – an empirical analysis of the determinants of user
intention,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 54, p. 101936, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101936.
[41] Y. D. Handarkho, “Social experience vs. social technology in enhancing the intention to use social commerce: a case study of
Indonesia,” Journal of Enterprise Information Management, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 860–883, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1108/JEIM-01-2020-
0013.
[42] J. Y. M. Kang and K. K. P. Johnson, “F-Commerce platform for apparel online social shopping: testing a mowen’s 3M model,”
International Journal of Information Management, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 691–701, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.07.004.
[43] W. Suraworachet, S. Premsiri, and N. Cooharojananone, “The study on the effect of Facebook’s social network features toward
intention to buy on f-Commerce in Thailand,” in Proceedings - 2012 IEEE/IPSJ 12th International Symposium on Applications
and the Internet, SAINT 2012, Jul. 2012, pp. 245–250, doi: 10.1109/SAINT.2012.46.
[44] M. Usman, Y. Ali, A. Riaz, A. Riaz, and A. Zubair, “Economic perspective of coronavirus (COVID-19),” Journal of Public
Affairs, vol. 20, no. 4, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1002/pa.2252.
[45] H. Hajli, “An integrated model for e-commerce adoption at the customer level with the impact of social commerce,” International
Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM), pp. 77–97, 2012.
[46] A. W. Bartik, M. Bertrand, Z. Cullen, E. L. Glaeser, M. Luca, and C. Stanton, “The impact of COVID-19 on small business
outcomes and expectations,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 30, pp. 17656–17666, Jul. 2020, doi:
10.1073/pnas.2006991117.
[47] I. Vidaurreta, C. de la Fe, J. Orengo, Á. Gómez-Martín, and B. Benito, “Short-term economic impact of COVID-19 on Spanish
small ruminant flocks,” Animals, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 1357, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ani10081357.
[48] M. Cowling, R. Brown, and A. Rocha, “Did you save some cash for a rainy COVID-19 day? The crisis and SMEs,” International
Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 593–604, Nov. 2020, doi:
10.1177/0266242620945102.
[49] N. Kaur, S. L. Sahdev, V. Chaturvedi, and D. Rajawat, “Fighting COVID-19 with technology and innovation, evolving and
advancing with technological possibilities,” International Journal of Advanced Research In Engineering and Technology, vol. 11,
no. 7, pp. 395–405, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.34218/IJARET.11.7.2020.039.
[50] M. Kaushik, “Pandemic COVID-19 and its implications on human life,” in Impact of COVID-19 and Pandemic Lockdown in
India, Balewadi: Eureka Publications, 2020, pp. 231–243.
[51] M. Shammi, M. Bodrud-Doza, A. R. M. Towfiqul Islam, and M. M. Rahman, “COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic crisis and
human stress in resource-limited settings: a case from Bangladesh,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 5, p. e04063, May 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04063.
[52] N. Oliver et al., “Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the COVID-19 pandemic life cycle,” Science
Advances, vol. 6, no. 23, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0764.
[53] M. A. Shareef, Y. K. Dwivedi, V. Kumar, G. Davies, N. Rana, and A. Baabdullah, “Purchase intention in an electronic commerce
environment: a trade-off between controlling measures and operational performance,” Information Technology and People, vol.
32, no. 6, pp. 1345–1375, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1108/ITP-05-2018-0241.
[54] Y. Bai, Z. Yao, and Y. F. Dou, “Effect of social commerce factors on user purchase behavior: an empirical investigation from
renren.com,” International Journal of Information Management, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 538–550, Oct. 2015, doi:
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.04.011.
[55] M. T. Islam, M. R. Hoque, and G. Sorwar, “Understanding customers’ intention to use ecommerce in Bangladesh: an application
13. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2022: 1636-1649
1648
of the technology acceptance model (TAM),” in 19th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, ICCIT
2016, Dec. 2017, pp. 512–516, doi: 10.1109/ICCITECHN.2016.7860251.
[56] L. Zhang, J. Zhu, and Q. Liu, “A meta-analysis of mobile commerce adoption and the moderating effect of culture,” Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1902–1911, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.008.
[57] F. Hoque, T. A. Joya, A. Akter, T. Afrina, T. H. Beg, and A. Z. A. Mukul, “Customer perception on purchasing through Facebook
in Bangladesh: An empirical study on Dhaka City,” Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1–14, 2020.
[58] S. S. and Shawon, M. A. Hasan, A. R. Nayeem, and M. B. Uddin, “Online purchasing behavior among bangladeshi young
generation: influencing factors and impact,” Asian Business Review, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 125–130, 2018, doi: 10.18034/abr.v8i3.163.
[59] L. Y. Leong, N. I. Jaafar, and A. Sulaiman, “Understanding impulse purchase in Facebook commerce: does big five matter?,”
Internet Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 786–818, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0107.
[60] M. W. Hasanat, A. Hoque, F. Afrin, and M. Anwar, “The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) on e-business in Malaysia,” Asian
Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, 2020.
[61] X. Gao, X. Shi, H. Guo, and Y. Liu, “To buy or not buy food online: The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the adoption of e-
commerce in China,” PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 8, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237900.
[62] M. A. Shereen, S. Khan, A. Kazmi, N. Bashir, and R. Siddique, “COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of
human coronaviruses,” Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 24, pp. 91–98, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005.
[63] M. A. Rahman, M. A. Islam, B. H. Esha, N. Sultana, and S. Chakravorty, “Consumer buying behavior towards online shopping:
an empirical study on Dhaka city, Bangladesh,” Cogent Business and Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–22, Jan. 2018, doi:
10.1080/23311975.2018.1514940.
[64] V. S. Gurav and V. R. Patil, “A study of consumer behavior towards online buying with reference to Ichalkaranji City,”
International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 97–103, 2016.
[65] D. I. Hawkins and D. L. Motherbaugh, Consumer behavior building marketing strategy, 11th ed. New York, New York, USA:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010.
[66] S. Kim and D. Thorndike Pysarchik, “Predicting purchase intentions for uni-national and bi-national products,” International
Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 280–291, Jul. 2000, doi: 10.1108/09590550010328544.
[67] A. Haque, N. Anwar, F. Yasmin, A. Sarwar, Z. Ibrahim, and A. Momen, “Purchase intention of foreign products: a study on
Bangladeshi consumer perspective,” SAGE Open, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–12, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1177/2158244015592680.
[68] I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179–
211, Dec. 1991, doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
[69] F. Faul, E. Erdfelder, A. G. Lang, and A. Buchner, “G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social,
behavioral, and biomedical sciences,” Behavior Research Methods, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 175–191, May 2007, doi:
10.3758/BF03193146.
[70] N. Hao, H. H. Wang, and Q. Zhou, “The impact of online grocery shopping on stockpile behavior in Covid-19,” China
Agricultural Economic Review, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 459–470, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1108/CAER-04-2020-0064.
[71] C. H. Weiß, “StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK.: STATISTICA, version 8,” AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 339–
341, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1007/s10182-007-0038-x.
[72] O. Götz, K. Liehr-Gobbers, and M. Krafft, “Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS)
approach,” in Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 691–711.
[73] M. D. Williams, N. P. Rana, and Y. K. Dwivedi, “The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): a literature
review,” Journal of Enterprise Information Management, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 443–448, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1108/JEIM-09-2014-
0088.
[74] J. F. Hair, M. Sarstedt, L. Hopkins, and V. G. Kuppelwieser, “Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an
emerging tool in business research,” European Business Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 106–121, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1108/EBR-10-
2013-0128.
[75] J. C. Anderson and D. W. Gerbing, “Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach,”
Psychological Bulletin, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 411–423, May 1988, doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
[76] J. Pallant, SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Open University Press, 2005.
[77] B. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell, “Profile analysis: the multivariate approach to repeated measures,” Using Multivariate Statistics,
pp. 314–376, 2013.
[78] M. Litwin, How to measure survey reliability and validity. California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1995.
[79] C. M. Chiu, E. T. G. Wang, Y. H. Fang, and H. Y. Huang, “Understanding customers’ repeat purchase intentions in B2C e-
commerce: The roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk,” Information Systems Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 85–
114, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2575.2012.00407.x.
[80] J. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, C. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt, A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling. SAGE
Publications, Inc., 2014.
[81] D. Barclay, R. Thompson, and C. Higgins, “The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: personal computer use
as an illustration,” Technology Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 285–309, 1995.
[82] C. Fornell and D. F. Larcker, “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error,”
Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 39–50, Feb. 1981, doi: 10.1177/002224378101800104.
[83] P. I. Santosa, K. K. Wei, and H. C. Chan, “User involvement and user satisfaction with information-seeking activity,” European
Journal of Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 361–370, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000545.
[84] W. W. Chin, “Commentary: issues and opinion on structural equation modeling,” MIS Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 7–16, 1998.
[85] A. S. Ishtiaque and A. Sarwar, “E-commerce in Bangladesh,” Center for Enterprise and Society, 2016.
[86] C. Moser, P. Resnick, and S. Schoenebeck, “Community commerce: facilitating trust in mom-to-mom sale groups on Facebook,”
in Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, May 2017, vol. 2017, pp. 4344–4357, doi:
10.1145/3025453.3025550.
[87] T. Van Asch, W. Dewulf, F. Kupfer, I. Cárdenas, and E. Van de Voorde, “Cross-border e-commerce logistics – Strategic success
factors for airports,” Research in Transportation Economics, vol. 79, p. 100761, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100761.
[88] H. Zhang, Y. Lu, S. Gupta, and L. Zhao, “What motivates customers to participate in social commerce? the impact of
technological environments and virtual customer experiences,” Information and Management, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1017–1030, Dec.
2014, doi: 10.1016/j.im.2014.07.005.
[89] A. Salman, “Elusive challenges of e‐change management in developing countries,” Business Process Management Journal, vol.
10, no. 2, pp. 140–157, Apr. 2004, doi: 10.1108/14637150410530226.
[90] K. W. Nafi, T. S. Kar, M. A. Hossain, and M. M. A. Hashem, “A fuzzy logic based certain trust model for e-commerce,” in 2013
14. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in Bangladesh (Samsul Alam)
1649
International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), May 2013, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/ICIEV.2013.6572693.
[91] E. Siregar, “Young attitudes towards f-commerce advertising,” in 2018 7th International Conference on Industrial Technology
and Management (ICITM), Mar. 2018, vol. 2018, pp. 218–223, doi: 10.1109/ICITM.2018.8333950.
[92] X. Kaihong, “An empirical study of e-commerce trust promotion strategies efficiency based on Chinese samples,” in International
Asia Symposium on Intelligent Interaction and Affective Computing, ASIA 2009, Dec. 2009, pp. 124–127, doi:
10.1109/ASIA.2009.28.
[93] W. Tang and J. Zhu, “Informality and rural industry: rethinking the impacts of e-commerce on rural development in China,”
Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 75, pp. 20–29, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.02.010.
[94] H. Kim, “Globalization and regulatory change: the interplay of laws and technologies in e-commerce in Southeast Asia,”
Computer Law & Security Review, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 105315, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.clsr.2019.03.009.
[95] J. Lin, L. Li, X. (Robert) Luo, and J. Benitez, “How do agribusinesses thrive through complexity? the pivotal role of e-commerce
capability and business agility,” Decision Support Systems, vol. 135, p. 113342, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.dss.2020.113342.
[96] N. Moon, S. Sultana, F. Nur, and M. Saifuzzaman, “Literature review of the trend of electronic commerce in bangladesh
perspective,” Global Journal of Management and Business Research, vol. 17, no. 3, 2017.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Samsul Alam was born in Madaripur, Bangladesh. He is an Erasmus
Scholar who received an M.Sc. (Master’s by Research) degree from Universidad de
Extremadura, Spain, through a fully funded scholarship in 2016. Again, Mr. Alam
completed his MBA & BBA in Management Information Systems from University of
Dhaka. Currently, he is working as a faculty member in the MIS discipline at Daffodil
International University. His research interests include fintech, e-Commerce, Social e-
Business, digital education, digital Islamic finance, HRIS, smart city, IoT, HIS, 4IR, AI,
strategy, ethics, and contemporary issues and thoughts. He can be contacted at
salamdu.bd@outlook.com.
Md. Minhajur Rahman was born in Rangpur, Bangladesh. He completed a
Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Management Information Systems from
Daffodil International University. He has a tremendous interest in IT and wants to build
his career in this related field. Presently, Mr. Minhaj is serving a privately owned
company in the IT industry. He is an independent researcher whose primary research
interest is ICT related applications in the society. He can be contacted at
minhajur.rahman.sakkhor@gmail.com.