ABSTRACT: This study is an attempt to bring us toward an understanding of courage, its nature, and its use
in Amos Tutuola‟s novel. Courage is perceived as a stable characteristic of human beings. The presence of
physical courage is linked to increased resilience, and greater feelings of personal competence. It is identified as
a factor of strength in his positive psychology model. The individual who performed acts of heroism and
bravery is more likely to be self-confident, has a tendency to take risk, and attribute their success on modeling of
others. Courage has helped win over all forces against except hunger.
KEY WORDS: Courage, nature use, physical, positive psychology, personality, characteristic.
The fairy tale is usually regarded as children’s literature. It shapes the characters through rich fantasy and exaggeration. The story reflects every aspect of our life and has an educational effect on readers, especially on children. Originated from the folk lore, fairy tale is one of the most important materials for the research on local conditions and customs at that time as well as its function of moral education. However, feminists analyze it from a brand new perspective. As most of the fairy tales are written or edited during the period when men hold the leading role in society, it is unavoidable that they contain the ideology of patriarchy to some extent. The paper will focus on one classic fairy tale in The Grimm Fairy Tale -- Sleeping Beauty (Briar Rose in Grimm’s book) and try to analyze the contexts from the angle of feminism. The purpose is to reveal the patriarchy hidden behind the seemingly romantic story. What’s more, it is also helpful to put forward the depth and scope of the research of feminism to improve and develop the women’s liberation, and enrich the diversification of the methodology and perspective of research. From the angle of feminism, it can be concluded from the fairy tales that in patriarchal society, women are in the position of “the other” and totally dependent on men, mentally and financially. They have to obey the social rules set by men and meet men’s pleasure for the seemingly happy ending. There are so much left for us to accomplish in the purpose of changing this situation.
The objectives of this article are to textually and didactically analyse the animals' narratives as a reflection of life. Their oral nature is accompanied by the involvement
of visual and audial dimensions. These aspects are spontaneously enforcing and heightening oratory, comprehensive and audience active participation. The social
fictions of folktales that are inevitably noted are aetiological function, morality, entertainment, social education and validation of culture. Folktales are
multidisciplinary perspectives that are vital for both formal and informal education. They differ according to the nations, but share their significances and functions.
Animal tales can share the characteristics of mythology, aetiology, magic, legends and fables, but their major characters remain the animals. Both textual and didactic
approaches will complement each other to back up the study.
Within the scope of the literary field, hermeneutics is applicable to disclose the subtle textual
implications and the authorial ideological orientations. Attempting to analyze Carter’s The Bloody Chamber
from a hermeneutic perspective reveals the writer’s intents behind the use of various literary techniques.
Metamorphosis, for instance, is deployed to study the male and female animal sides. Carter makes recourse to
this technique aiming at divulging the equal and natural human instincts regardless of the gender orientations.
The males’ transformation from a human shape to a wolf and vice versa connotes the animal side lurking
beneath maleness. Carter rewrites the patriarchal fairy tales of Charles Perrault from a feminist postmodern
angle in order to pay tribute to her female characters. Studying the story of Red Ridding Hood, we notice
Carter’s innovation that makes her story different from Perrault’s original one. Her Red Ridding Hood
character ensures her gender and sexual equality contrary to the traditional passive female who surrenders to
the wolf’s trap. Via the technique of metamorphosis, Carter conveys the postmodern gender equality.
The fairy tale is usually regarded as children’s literature. It shapes the characters through rich fantasy and exaggeration. The story reflects every aspect of our life and has an educational effect on readers, especially on children. Originated from the folk lore, fairy tale is one of the most important materials for the research on local conditions and customs at that time as well as its function of moral education. However, feminists analyze it from a brand new perspective. As most of the fairy tales are written or edited during the period when men hold the leading role in society, it is unavoidable that they contain the ideology of patriarchy to some extent. The paper will focus on one classic fairy tale in The Grimm Fairy Tale -- Sleeping Beauty (Briar Rose in Grimm’s book) and try to analyze the contexts from the angle of feminism. The purpose is to reveal the patriarchy hidden behind the seemingly romantic story. What’s more, it is also helpful to put forward the depth and scope of the research of feminism to improve and develop the women’s liberation, and enrich the diversification of the methodology and perspective of research. From the angle of feminism, it can be concluded from the fairy tales that in patriarchal society, women are in the position of “the other” and totally dependent on men, mentally and financially. They have to obey the social rules set by men and meet men’s pleasure for the seemingly happy ending. There are so much left for us to accomplish in the purpose of changing this situation.
The objectives of this article are to textually and didactically analyse the animals' narratives as a reflection of life. Their oral nature is accompanied by the involvement
of visual and audial dimensions. These aspects are spontaneously enforcing and heightening oratory, comprehensive and audience active participation. The social
fictions of folktales that are inevitably noted are aetiological function, morality, entertainment, social education and validation of culture. Folktales are
multidisciplinary perspectives that are vital for both formal and informal education. They differ according to the nations, but share their significances and functions.
Animal tales can share the characteristics of mythology, aetiology, magic, legends and fables, but their major characters remain the animals. Both textual and didactic
approaches will complement each other to back up the study.
Within the scope of the literary field, hermeneutics is applicable to disclose the subtle textual
implications and the authorial ideological orientations. Attempting to analyze Carter’s The Bloody Chamber
from a hermeneutic perspective reveals the writer’s intents behind the use of various literary techniques.
Metamorphosis, for instance, is deployed to study the male and female animal sides. Carter makes recourse to
this technique aiming at divulging the equal and natural human instincts regardless of the gender orientations.
The males’ transformation from a human shape to a wolf and vice versa connotes the animal side lurking
beneath maleness. Carter rewrites the patriarchal fairy tales of Charles Perrault from a feminist postmodern
angle in order to pay tribute to her female characters. Studying the story of Red Ridding Hood, we notice
Carter’s innovation that makes her story different from Perrault’s original one. Her Red Ridding Hood
character ensures her gender and sexual equality contrary to the traditional passive female who surrenders to
the wolf’s trap. Via the technique of metamorphosis, Carter conveys the postmodern gender equality.
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The stories are everywhere in the world. The characters are scattered all around us. We as narrators
need to pick up such stories and connect them to real life situations. Fiction can be a technique to place stories
in real contexts and derive meanings out of them. There are instances where the storytellers, the writers have
symbolized messages through a storyline that is genuine and realistic. Stories are ample, in profusion. They
have substance, carrying weight. Writers simply need the sincerity of purpose to get such narratives out in
public domain.
Beyond Belief: The Transformative Power of Mythic FictionLisaConnors6
For readers and writers, this critical paper explores the conditions writers create to engage readers beyond what they may believe about the nature of the worlds in mythic fiction.
Long-held assumptions and beliefs about health, risk, behavior change, motivation, and engagement — subjects on which Dr. Strecher has been writing and speaking for years — are reconsidered. This presentation takes a journey through ancient and modern philosophy, literature, psychology, genetics, neuroscience, and Egyptology, where you will be introduced to an unlikely role model: a six-legged superhero with a unique relationship to a ball of excrement. In the presentation, Dr. Strecher will also demonstrate a platform of multimedia strategies designed to help people make quantum, meaningful, and fully engaged changes in their lives.
Research Paper Example. (PDF) RESEARCH REPORT WRITING. find research papers | Research paper, Research methods, Research writing. Research report. Example of research report writing. Example Of An Argumentative Research Essay | PDF. FREE 11+ Sample Research Reports in MS Word | Google Docs | Pages | PDF. Buy Lab Report writing. How to write lab reports?. Amazing How To Write A Research Report For Work Good Introduction Lab. Research report example.
≫ Causes and Effects of Sex Trafficking Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. 1 Introduction | Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex .... Human trafficking - Crime Stoppers Australia. Sex trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words. Essay human trafficking united states - helpessay599.web.fc2.com. Write encomium essay - thesiscompleted.web.fc2.com. ≫ Human Sex Trafficking in the United States: A Social Examination Free .... Summary | Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex .... Front Matter | Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex .... Human Trafficking and Child Sex Trafficking Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. The Reality Of Sex Trafficking - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. ⚡ Free essays on human trafficking. Human Trafficking Essay Examples .... March Against Child Sex Trafficking – Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas ....
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The stories are everywhere in the world. The characters are scattered all around us. We as narrators
need to pick up such stories and connect them to real life situations. Fiction can be a technique to place stories
in real contexts and derive meanings out of them. There are instances where the storytellers, the writers have
symbolized messages through a storyline that is genuine and realistic. Stories are ample, in profusion. They
have substance, carrying weight. Writers simply need the sincerity of purpose to get such narratives out in
public domain.
Beyond Belief: The Transformative Power of Mythic FictionLisaConnors6
For readers and writers, this critical paper explores the conditions writers create to engage readers beyond what they may believe about the nature of the worlds in mythic fiction.
Long-held assumptions and beliefs about health, risk, behavior change, motivation, and engagement — subjects on which Dr. Strecher has been writing and speaking for years — are reconsidered. This presentation takes a journey through ancient and modern philosophy, literature, psychology, genetics, neuroscience, and Egyptology, where you will be introduced to an unlikely role model: a six-legged superhero with a unique relationship to a ball of excrement. In the presentation, Dr. Strecher will also demonstrate a platform of multimedia strategies designed to help people make quantum, meaningful, and fully engaged changes in their lives.
Research Paper Example. (PDF) RESEARCH REPORT WRITING. find research papers | Research paper, Research methods, Research writing. Research report. Example of research report writing. Example Of An Argumentative Research Essay | PDF. FREE 11+ Sample Research Reports in MS Word | Google Docs | Pages | PDF. Buy Lab Report writing. How to write lab reports?. Amazing How To Write A Research Report For Work Good Introduction Lab. Research report example.
≫ Causes and Effects of Sex Trafficking Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. 1 Introduction | Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex .... Human trafficking - Crime Stoppers Australia. Sex trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words. Essay human trafficking united states - helpessay599.web.fc2.com. Write encomium essay - thesiscompleted.web.fc2.com. ≫ Human Sex Trafficking in the United States: A Social Examination Free .... Summary | Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex .... Front Matter | Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex .... Human Trafficking and Child Sex Trafficking Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. The Reality Of Sex Trafficking - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. ⚡ Free essays on human trafficking. Human Trafficking Essay Examples .... March Against Child Sex Trafficking – Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas ....
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The Archetypal Criticism'. P-109_ Literary Theory & Criticism and Indian Aest...Rajeshvariba Rana
This PPT is based on Presentation of Semester 2 Submitted to DoE, MKBU.
Paper no. 109 Literary Theory and Criticism and Indian Aesthetics and topic is 'The Archetypal Criticism'.
Essay On History. Sample History Essay. What is history essay. What is histo...Kelly Simon
History Essay Writing - 19+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. ⭐ What is history essay. What is history? essay Essay — Free college .... How to Write a History Essay (with Pictures) - wikiHow - My Family .... 009 Family History Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Reflective essay: Write my history essay. History Essay: A Complete Writing Guide for Students. History Essay Examples – Table of contents. How to Write a History Essay (with Pictures) - wikiHow. 019 Essay Example In Writing Historical Research Report It Is Best To .... How to write a history essay at a-level / admission essay editing. Analytical Essay: Essays on history.
The Crucible Persuasive Essay by Jennifer Casler | TpT. Surprising The Crucible Essay Prompts ~ Thatsnotus. ️ The crucible persuasive essay. The Crucible Persuasive Letter Free .... The Crucible Essay Prompts. Essay on 'The Crucible' | English (Advanced) - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. the crucible timeline | Microsoft Power Point | Persuasion. The Crucible Persuasive Essay. The Crucible Persuasive Letter. The Crucible Essay | English (Advanced) - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Essay on 'The Crucible' - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Crucible Essay | English (Standard) - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. The Argumentative Essay: The Crucible A good argumentative. The Crucible Essay | Religion And Belief | Philosophical Science. Persuasive Essay: The Crucible. "The Crucible" Essay/Project Assignment. Literature: Essay on 'The Crucible' - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Crucible Essay. THE CRUCIBLE: Persuasive Prompt. The Crucible Essay | Year 12 HSC - English (Advanced) | Thinkswap. Crucible persuasive essay | Teaching Resources.
CINE 325 American Women DirectorsThe Monstrous-Feminine.docxmccormicknadine86
CINE 325 | American Women Directors
The Monstrous-Feminine
Witches were originally introduced in cinema in the work of Georges Melies as a perfect figure to showcase his special effects and illusions.
First figuration of witch as evil was in The Wizard of Oz (1939).
The 1960s and 1970s introduced witchsploitation subgenre.
1972
Monstrous mothers in Carrie
The “Glamour Witch”
THE LOVE WITCH (2016)
Dir. Anna Biller
CARRIE (2013)
Dir. Kimberly Peirce
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
The Love Witch deals with a supernatural figure that gain power over mental faculties - emotions, etc. How does this type of power differ from representations of the violent monstrous-feminine we saw yesterday?
“Polarity” seems to be a key theme in The Love Witch - good/evil, men/women, feeding/expelling, love/hate. What do we make of this?
Carrie presents a classic example of the monstrous mother, as well as the monstrosity of puberty and womanhood itself. How are the figures of the monstrous mother and monstrous witch intertwined in this film?
Jennifer’s Body, The Love Witch, and Carrie all tie their monstrous figures to elements of puberty, hormones, and/or menstruation - how is this functioning in the texts?
“Hell is a teenage girl” - Jennifer’s Body
What power lies in monstrosity, in the monstrous?
ENGLISH 1A RESEARCH PAPER
Your final out-of-class paper will be a multi-source research paper of 7-10 pages in which you define a problem and take a position arguing for a specific response or responses that you see as mitigating or solving the problem.
The problem you write about may be related to one of the topic areas from our textbook, The Writer's Presence, and you are encouraged to use one of the essays in our book to help you begin defining the problem and as a jumping off point for your research.
The paper must be an argument, not a personal essay and not a report. In it you should do the following:
· Clearly define the problem and explain why it is a problem.
· Propose a response to the problem that could plausibly solve or mitigate it.
· Present a causal analysis of the problem that establishes the seriousness or stakes of the problem and leads logically to your proposed response.
· Present a counter argument to your position and a refutation of the counter argument.
· Use at least seven documented library sources. You must use at least one of each of the following source types: book, scholarly journal, newspaper, magazine. The periodicals may be print or electronic sources (from Shatford Library's electronic database). Wikipedia may be used at the exploratory stage of research to get an overview of your subject, but it may not be included among the sources cited in the paper.
· Include in-text citations and a Works Cited page following MLA style.
Overdone topics, such as abortion, gun control, media violence, marijuana legalization, gay marriage, the death penalty, etc., are not ...
Running head Thesis and Annotated Bibliography 1Thesis .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: Thesis and Annotated Bibliography
1
Thesis 2
Thesis and Annotated Bibliography
Note to Tutor:
You could change the source Freckelton Sc, I. (2009). Instructor stated that I cannot use this source because it is from the novel. Do not know if this will help but my college is Rasmussen College if you can find sources from there. Also, the thesis statement needs to change to add in the three elements of fiction, two of the three are Christopher’s struggle, and his struggle as a teenager, the third is also listed below, you could choose one that is easier for you along with a credible source
Instructor Notes
Directions and notes from instructor:
It is imperative to follow the instructions as follow to receive an A on your course project.
Your thesis statement should contain 3 elements of fiction. As I read your statement here, I can tell that you are going to discuss Christopher's struggles with possible autism, his struggles as a teenager. Those are themes in the novel. You need to add an addition element to fulfill the requirement. You could show how this novel is an example of post-modern fiction or how this novel fits the definition of mystery genre. You could look at setting or point of view and how one of those elements relates to the themes in the novel. Also, you cannot use the actual novel as a source.
Annotated Bibliography: 5 Resources required. Three must be from our Rasmussen Online Library. No citations may be from Wikipedia or resources like Spark notes, etc. Each reference should be properly formatted per APA, be free of grammatical errors, and have an annotation included that is 5-6 sentences in length in paragraph style under each APA formatted reference.
Grammar, punctuation, and mechanics: Paper should be error-free and correctly formatted per APA rules.
Thesis and Annotated Bibliography
"The Curious Incident of the Dog in Night-Time”
Thesis statement:
The main character Christopher Boone struggles as an autistic teenager to understand his emotions, people in the world, and their intentions.
Annotated Bibliography
Blackford, H. (2013). Raw shok and modern method: Child consciousness in flowers for Algernon and the curious incident of the dog in the night-time. Children's Literature Association Quarterly, 38(3), 284-303.
The article shows the consciousness of a child, who, through his courage, can help the family withstand challenges. The themes are primarily focused on Christopher (Blackford, 2013). A new order of freedom is also used in the article to portray a new order in society, especially with Christopher being able to pull through to fight the perceptions that society has on people with his disorder. Family is a theme that has been used to signify what individuals with this kind of disorder requires. The book by Haddon passes not only the message of literature but also a new set of ideologies. I have used the article as it focuses on environmental conditioning and soc.
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Courage, Determination and Perseverance: A Psychological Approach of Amos Tutuola’s the Witch Herbalist of the Remote Town
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2019
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American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN: 2378-703X
Volume-3, Issue-10, pp-211-220
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Courage, Determination and Perseverance: A Psychological
Approach of Amos Tutuola's the Witch Herbalist of the Remote
Town
1
Anicet Odilon MATONGO NKOUKA, 2
Laurent-Mak Lespoir OUGNOUNZA
1
Lecturer-Researcher, Department of Modern Foreign Languages, Faculty of Arts, Université Marien Ngouabi,
Brazzaville, Congo
2
Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
ABSTRACT: This study is an attempt to bring us toward an understanding of courage, its nature, and its use
in Amos Tutuola‟s novel. Courage is perceived as a stable characteristic of human beings. The presence of
physical courage is linked to increased resilience, and greater feelings of personal competence. It is identified as
a factor of strength in his positive psychology model. The individual who performed acts of heroism and
bravery is more likely to be self-confident, has a tendency to take risk, and attribute their success on modeling of
others. Courage has helped win over all forces against except hunger.
KEY WORDS: Courage, nature use, physical, positive psychology, personality, characteristic.
Résumé
Cette étude se propose de jeter un éclairage sur les concepts du courage, de la determination et de la
persévérance dans le roman d‟Amos Tutuola. Le courage est perçu comme une caractéristique de l‟être humain.
Le courage est lié à la resilience et au sentiment profound de la capacité de l‟individu. Il est identifié comme une
force dans le modèle de la psychologie positive. L‟ individu qui a posé un acte d‟héroïsme et de bravour est
confiant, a tendance à prendre des risques et à attribuer leur succès à la modélisation des autres. Le courage a
aide à vaincre toutes les forces hostiles sauf la faim.
Mots clés: Courage, nature, usage, physique, psychologie positive, personalité, charactéristique.
I. INTRODUCTION
This study is a study of the strategies and devices employed by Amos Tutuola in constructing the
literary narrative. By concentrating on the selected novel, this work examines the construction of the written
narrative by the writer with elements derived from traditional life and culture thereby creating a unique
framework for a novelistic discourse. These strategies are the application of folklore in technical
experimentation of a literary genre and in shaping the literary narrative, the use of journey as a leitmotif in the
narrative to depict an African ontological system, and the use of the grotesque as a tool to challenge a
Eurocentric world view. This means that Tutuola borrows his strategies of narrative construction from an
indigenous cultural resource-base and cultural life thereby necessitating different standards and criteria for
critical evaluation of their works.
V.Y. Mudimbe in The Invention of Africa observes that Africa is perpetually caught within the grasp of
a Western knowledge-base, to the extent that Western interpreters as well as African analysts could be said to
have been using categories and conceptual systems which depend entirely on a Western epistemological order
(Mudimbe, 1988: n.p). Anjali Gera in Three Great African Novelists makes a case for non-Eurocentric criteria in
the evaluation of the African novel. She urges: When a certain Western critical theory does not seem to account
fully for the aesthetic merit of a work, it is necessary to look for alternative models (Gera, 2001: 82). Gera‟s
argument could be applied in a critical assessment of the novels of Tutuola. Therefore, this work makes a study
of the selected novel of The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town by taking into account the concepts of courage,
determination and perseverance, and the tradition elements deployed as strategies that have helped to shape
them. Wole Soyinka describes novel as best and least impeachable novel. According to Arthur Calder-Marshall,
who reviewed Tutuola‟s novel, Tutuola credits “a very old man” on his father‟s farm for inspiring him with the
initial story of the palm-wine drinkard, after feeding him with palm-wine to a point where “it was intoxicating
me as if I was dreaming.” Following Tutuola‟s death, Yinka Tutuola, one of his sons, reiterated this in an
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interview, and provided additional sources of inspiration to his late father. According to Yinka, his father was
“never tired of writing and typing” up stories he collected from visits to the village. Tutuola took regular
advantage of his annual leave to “travel to his village with an old Pye reel-to-reel tape recorder,” where “he
collected stories of all kinds”. Tutuola‟s novel is not just a work of fiction. It is founded on the lived realities of
Yoruba society – realities shared with many other communities across the continent – and depict endogenous
epistemologies that are very popular in Africa. The stories he recounts are commonplace across the continent.
Such epistemologies are largely silent and invisible in scholarly circles because they are often ignored,
caricatured or misrepresented in derogatory and ideologically loaded categories of “magic,” “witchcraft,”
“sorcery,” “superstition,” “primitivism,” “savagery” and “animism” inspired by the origins and dominance of
homogenizing Eurocentric modernity and its traditions of meaning making. Like the narrators in his book,
Tutuola is unapologetically and actively part and parcel of the universe that fascinates him.
The successful practice of courageous behaviour leads to a reduction in subjective fear and ultimately
to a state of fearlessness. To borrow a phrase from Ebbinghaus (1908 as cited in Farr, 1991) courage “has a long
past but a short history”. It has been discussed in ancient times, in medieval times, in philosophy, but its official
history starts with psychology and makes a peak in today‟s positive psychology movement. Courage as a
sporadically investigated subject in psychology received attention from diverse fields. From artworks to battle
fields, from philosophical writings to operation rooms of hospitals we see its footprints. Influencing such
diverse fields, there has been different definitions of courage. Psychology tries to build a scientific framework of
courage. By whatever name we choose, it is an essential ingredient in growing up. It‟s what propels us to reach
new milestones starting with learning to walk to learning cursive writing. These ordinary tasks seem difficult
and the effort seems hard or painful, but with encouragement most people acquire these skills. Courage is the
ability to take action despite fear of failure or negative outcomes. This quality gives us the strength to face the
challenges both great and small that confront us daily.
In The Witch Herbalist of the Remote Town, Amos Tutuola tells the story of a hunter of the Rocky
Town and his beautiful wife, Lola who is still without a child after four years of marriage. Equipped with juju,
sharpened machete, bow and poisonous arrows, flints and thunderbolts, the hunter sets off in search of the
Witch-Herbalist‟s medicine. For six years he journeys, conquering of escaping from such haunting characters as
the Abnormal Squatting Man of the Jungle and the Crazy Removable-Headed Wild Man. Finally he reaches the
Remote Town of the Witch-Mother and is given medicine for his wife, but on the way home he makes a
decision with interesting consequences. As we ponder these true-life events in the society of the novel, we ask
ourselves: are these acts courageous? If so, why? And if not, why not? What is courage? How it is manifested
and used in the novel? Does the brave hunter win over all the forces against him? As one‟s perceptions of the
events above show, courage is at least, in part, in the eye of the beholder. What one person might view as
courageous (jumping into an ice-covered lake) another might view as foolhardy. More to our point, then, is the
question of what people think courage is. The current investigation is an attempt to bring us toward an
understanding of courage, its nature, and its use. In congruence with the literature, courage might positively be
correlated with voice behaviour and personality characteristics. Those personality characteristics could include
social responsibility, altruistic moral reasoning, empathic concern, and risk-taking tendency. In addition, people
might have balanced and separated-individuated selves. They might also satisfy both individuational, relational
needs, or only individuational need. Last but not least, they might have other self types indicating the
importance of intrapersonal developmental orientation for courage.
The objectives of this study are to show that, Amos Tutuola‟s narrative strategies based on tradition enrich the
novel in Africa. This study also shows that the magical and the real in literature have variegated and unique
functions in relation to different regional, cultural and historical contexts. Another objective of this study is to
show that the writer via the aforementioned narrative strategies presents a unique idea of Africa that challenges
fixities and unified identities. The study also shows that African traditions and Yoruba belief-systems and
mythology function in the novels to provide a unique framework for a novelistic discourse. This foregrounds the
ethos and the value system of a community and challenges a totalitarian world view.
This study uses the psychological approach to focus the understanding of courage, its nature, and its
use in Amos Tutuola‟s novel The Witch Herbalist of the Remote Town. In relation with the psychological
approach, the positive psychology movement endeavors to view courage through the lenses of positive
subjective experiences, positive individual traits, and institutions that enable positive experiences and positive
traits (Peterson & Seligman, 2004; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).
The plan includes two parts dealing respectively with backgrounds to the understanding of courage and how
courage works in literature.
II. BACKGROUNDS TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF COURAGE
Scholars, politicians, and laypeople have all entered the debate over how to define courage. That is,
courage has been „„attributed to all manner of actions that indeed are admirable but hardly compare to the
conscious self-sacrifice on behalf of something greater than self-interest‟‟ (McCain & Salter, 2004, p. 13). At
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the same time, others argue that courage is attributed not only to the occasional and isolated act of rescue or self-
sacrifice, but also to everyday acts (Evans & White, 1981; Putman, 2001; Woodard, 2004). Though numerous
definitions of courage provide a rich foundation from which to build, we remain at a loss for an operational
definition of this construct on which to base sound explicit theories. Lopez and colleagues correctly assert that
„„though we have been able to parse out the different types of courage by establishing between-brand
differences, we have been less successful at determining the elements or components of courage. Thus, what is
common to all brands remains unclear‟‟ (Lopez et al., 2003, p. 189).
2.1.1. Theories of courage
Theories of courage are divided into explicit- and implicit-theoretical categories, and both are
important to the advancement of the psychological field. One considers, however, that explicit theories of
courage simply is the implicit theories of courage researchers (Ardelt, 2005).
2.1.2. Explicit theories of courage
In an explicit approach to the measurement of courage, Cox, Hallam, O‟Conner and Rachman (1983)
measure decorated (identified as courageous) bomb operators‟ physiological responses to fear and stress
compared to non-decorated (noncourageous) operators‟ responses. They found distinctive physiological
responses under stress for decorated and non-decorated bomb operators, indicating that past courageous
behaviour in a particular situation reduces one‟s physiological responses to fear and stress in similar situations.
2.1.3. Implicit theories of courage
According to Sternberg (1985) and Sternberg, Conway, Ketron and Bernstein (1981), implicit theories
are people‟s own cognitive constructions. Such theories reside in people‟s heads, and need to be discovered
rather than invented because they already exist. The goal of research on implicit theories is to find out the form
and content of people‟s informal theories. The data of interest are people‟s communications (in whatever form)
regarding their notions as to the nature of the construct. Implicit theories are important in psychology and in the
world because most judgments people make of each other are based on their implicit theories (Sternberg, 1987).
For example, there is no formal test of courage; people evaluate each other‟s courage on the basis of their
implicit theories of what courage means. Even constructs which can be measured using explicit theories, such as
in the assessment of intelligence, the overwhelming majority of judgments are based on implicit theories, such
as when people evaluate others‟ intelligence on the basis of job interviews, colloquium presentations, published
articles, interactions on dates, and so forth.
Cavanagh and Moberg assert that, courage, also called fortitude or bravery, is the ability to endure what
is necessary to achieve a good end, even in the face of great obstacles (1999, p. 2). To Clancy, courage is likely
defined as a willingness to face tough choices as well as overcoming the fear associated with them (2003, p.
132). Evans and White empirical definition of courage probably involves three important attributional
dimensions: (a) the fear level of the person making the attribution; (b) the perceived fear level of the attribute;
and (c) salient features of the situation e.g., objective risk involved and so on (1981, p. 420). As for Finfgeld,
being courageous involves being fully aware of and accepting the threat of a long-term health concern, solving
problems using discernment, and developing enhanced sensitivities to behavior consists of taking responsibility
and being productive. For Gergen and Gergen, to be courageous, then, is to remain steadfast within the bosom
of those relationships from which one‟s sense of personal esteem and identity are derived. Gould reveals in three
dimensions of courage: (1) fear; (2) appropriate action; and (3) a higher purpose. For Haitch, courage is two-
sided: there is an aspect of standing firm or fighting, and an aspect of accepting intractable realities. Courage is
the psychic strength that enables the self to face danger and death. Kilmann, O‟Hara and Strauss write that a
courageous act in an organization includes five essential properties: (1) member has free choice to act; (2)
member experiences significant risk; (3) member assess the risk as reasonable; (4) member‟s contemplated act
pursues excellence or other worthy aims and (5) member proceeds despite fear with mindful action (2005).
According to Klein and Napier, courage involves five factors: candor (speak and hear the truth),
purpose (pursue lofty and audacious goals), rigor (invent disciplines and make them stick), risk (empower, trust,
and invest in relationships), and will (inspire optimism, spirit, and promise) (2003). McCain and Salter define
courage as an act that risks life or limb or other very serious personal injuries for the sake of others or to uphold
a virtue: a standard often upheld by battlefield heroics but one that is certainly not limited to martial valor (2004,
p. 14). Mencius (Mengzi) distinguish between types of courage, seeing some as „„petty,‟‟ those concerned
exclusively with personal honor; and „„great,‟‟ those grounded in and oriented toward the good. „„Those who
know that they are in the right are justified in their cause and this provides them with the motivation to confront
and engage even the greatest of dangers‟‟ (cited in Ivanhoe, 2002, p. 68). Courage requires sacrifice, risk, and
overcoming fear for a good purpose. To have courage is to endure, persevere, and overcome.
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III. HOW COURAGE WORKS IN LITERATURE
This section devoted to courage in the Amos Tutuola‟s novel under scrutiny also shows the factors
correlated with physical bravery and heroic behaviour. Even ordinary people can become heroes (Franco et al.,
2011; Zimbardo, 2011). While some empirical findings indicate that both personality and situational factors are
implicated in heroic behavior (Jayawickreme & Di Stefano, 2012), actual predictors of brave behaviour have not
been found (Cougle, 2009). Thus, the fact is that we know almost nothing about the actual people who risk their
lives in order to save others. Any light that could be shed on the interaction of personal characteristics and
situational demands of brave and heroic acts is much needed. What follows are findings regarding
characteristics associated with bravery and heroism. Rachman is a pioneer in the study of courage and heroism
who attempts to define the factors involved in the creation of a hero (1990). Although Rachman primarily
focuses on the training of military professionals such as paratroopers and bomb-disposal technicians, his
findings could be also generalized to other professionals such as firefighters, policemen, high-risk professionals,
and hunters. In a series of meta-analyses, literature reviews, and surveys, Rachman (1990) found the following
factors to be crucial in the development of brave individuals.
To begin with, courage is seen in the section „‟When I Became a Hunter‟‟ the main character of this
novel is stronger and braver than any of his playmates. He is not afraid to go alone to the jungle so as to hunter
wild beasts but he is rather too happy to go to the forest. Thanks to his courage he could kill a lot of wild
animals every day. However, courage takes a real source when he spends four years with his wife LOLA
without having a baby. As he longs for being a father, he bears courage to fight for his happiness of being a
father. His courage comes from the choice of being a great hunter as all his playmates could not approach him
because of his ability of killing so many wild animals. It is obvious that there are many hunters in the Rocky
Town but they are not as brave as him, for his courage is higher and no one in the Town could be compare to
him. The courage he shows is exceptional and thanks to that, he is more important and helpful than other people
of his age. The factors correlated with physical bravery and heroic behaviour are self-confidence and training.
Self-confident because as Rachman finds it, the more self-confident people are, the less fear they will
experience in combat. This correlation is observed in combat troops in war, participants in a parachuting course,
bomb-disposal crews, and hunters. In addition, possession of a skill relevant to dealing with a dangerous
situation was also found to be directly related to self-confidence and subsequently contributing to courage. His
courage is linked to the juju the hunter received from his family. In relation with the use of Juju Amaury Talbot
(2007: p233), opines:
Before warriors start on the war-path, it is customary to offer a sacrifice to the chief fetish of the
town. All the inhabitants join in this ceremony, and afterwards each of the chosen band submits
himself to the „‟Shot and Matchet Juju,‟‟ the principal rites of which consist in the priest ribbing
magic leaves over the whole body of the warrior, in order to render him invulnerable, and a black
Juju powder over his face to make him invisible to his opponents.
This means that, he becomes a hunter when his father brings a bow for him and many arrows once the
father realizes that he is more courageous and different from his friends in order to go hunting to the closest
forest. He is very joyful but people are astonished by the fact that he is very good hunter. Then, the fact of
killing many wild animals and bringing then home makes people think that he is not normal; they are afraid of
him because they think, he will be able to kill then if he decides to do it. Juju is a kind of protection; having it
nothing could reach him or overcome him because gods of his Town are with him in the journey. His courage
also comes from the envy that he has to show his step family that their daughter is in the hands of a brave man
and she is protected in the case of danger. He goes on the journey alone without asking to be accompanied or
helped by somebody. Sturb Ervin (2015: p.23) asserts:
Heroism to me means a person acting to protect others or enhance the welfare of other individuals or
society in significant ways when this involves substantial danger to the actor. Normally this is in
physical danger, of injury, death, or imprisonment. Heroism can be a single act: jumping on train
tracks, to pull a person out of the way of a speedily oncoming train, or a soldier jumping on a grenade,
sacrificing his life in order to save his fellow soldiers. […] Heroism can also be persistent action, such
as a rescuer hiding people for a long time, or someone working to oppose a brutal, dictatorial system.
[…] Moral courage means acting on one‟s moral values and/or on one‟s caring about and empathy for
individuals, a group, society, or humanity in the face of potential or actual opposition and negative
consequences to oneself. Moral courage is of great importance, for individual welfare and the social
good.
This shows how much brave he is. In this sense, the factor correlated his the hunter‟s bravery is being
married. One expects that with age, risk-taking behaviour decrease, in particular if the instigator is married or
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has children and thus has responsibilities to others. Arnett (1998), who studies risk behaviour among people
between the ages of 21 and 28, finds that being married and having one or more children is significantly
correlated with a decrease in risk-taking behaviours. Similarly, being married or a parent is found to be related
to a decrease in alcohol use for both men and women (Bachman, Wadsworth, O‟Malley, Johnston, &
Schulenberg, 1997). In addition, training is also a factor correlated courage because the hunter was trained to be
more courageous by boosting self-confidence in one‟s capacity. This in turn reduces fear and enables him to
enter situations that are risky and to act in a courageous manner that sometimes includes putting his or her safety
at risk in order to save another from difficult situation.
Apart from his Jujus, the source of his courage also stems from his „’first mind and his second mind‟‟, his
„‟supreme mind‟‟ and his „‟memory‟‟. Those four elements cited above are his best partners; this is the reason
why he is not afraid. Thanks to his courage he conquers the bottle ape in the jungle and spends nights and days
in the forests without being afraid of the animals of the forests. The „‟born and die baby‟‟ found courage thanks
to his matchet, bow and arrows of poison which are closely to his right hand. These materials enable him to
confront anything that could attack him in any place and at any time.
In Tutuola‟s universe, consciousness works in intricate and often circular ways, compressing time and
space in manners that defy the logic of the senses and its fixation with linearity, chronology and unity of form –
body, mind and soul. Tutuola‟s universe (especially through the “born and die” babies and their experiences)
suggests that consciousness is there in an out-of-body sort of way before humans enter the bodies with which
they are apparently saddled for most of their lives as human beings on earth, and consciousness remains after
humans leave these bodies, as exemplified, yet again, by the death of “born and die” babies – an issue equally
discussed further in the course of the book.
When perusing this analysis, we do grasp that his courage helps him to overcome the Abnormal
Squatting Men of the jungle and wild people who are so furious and always ready to punish people from the
Town to death whenever meeting them. This precious character permits him to escape from the crazy removable
headed wild man and fight any obstacles that he encounters all along his trip. It also helps him to fight against
the god and goddess of the river to which his wife and he are sacrificed to.
In addition, courage is not the only value of the Born and die baby. We can also underline
determination which starts when he makes up his mind to get married. In the section „‟My Preparation for My
Journey‟‟, we see that he is told that there was somebody named THE WITCH-HERBALIST who had never
failed to do everything. And her town is in the remote part of the world and that it is too dangerous for someone
to go there alone because of the danger, risk and cruel strange beings of the jungles, forest, and also because to
reach the town would take one up to six years or more. His father also tells him that it is not certain that
somebody could reach that town if he sets his foot on a journey because of the dangers and distance. After
hearing that he does not fear to go there but he is rather determine to go to the Remote Town at all costs in order
to see the WITCH MOTHER to help him to make his barren wife pregnant. He does not care about the dangers
and the duration that the trip would take. Despite that his mother and wife burst in tears and warn him not to go,
but he does not change his mind at all, for he is too determine and no one could lead him to change his decision.
He travels with many difficulties but he keeps his head up. Determination helps him to surmount any threats and
also hunger and thirsty that he fells during the voyage. An illustration that shows his determination is when he
says: „‟Although, I was in difficulties always, I was not discouraged at all. All my efforts was to reach the
Remote Town of the Witch – Herbalist at all coat‟‟ (Tutuola, 1981: p. 91). We strongly believe that his
determination comes from the fact that he wants to wipe out the shameless that bore his wife of not having a
child. Bredemeier (1997: p.42) opines:
Behaviour is determined. People‟s actions are determined. They are determined by the values of the
decision variables inside their heads; they are determined by people‟s character. That is why, as
we have noted, when people act, we can learn something about their characters. […] we think of
the values and perceptions inside people‟s heads as their „free will‟.
Moreover, he is too determined at all levels so that nothing could stop him to move forward. When we
take this into account, the factors correlated to the hunter‟s bravery are decision-making, humor, and situational
demand. In fact it appears that brave individuals often act instantaneously, perhaps skipping conscious decision-
making and thus acting on their impulse to interfere in certain situations (Jayawickreme & Di Stefano, 2012).
Therefore, there seems to be some element of impulsivity associated in at least some fraction of heroic
actions. Próchniak (2012) compares fearless and brave policemen on a variety of personality factors. His
findings indicate that the brave group is significantly more impulsive and aggressive. Carl Jung and Isabel
Briggs-Myers believe that individuals are born with preferences and are bound to stick with them for life,
whereas traits are often learned and changeable (Myers, 1995). Jung postulates in his theory of psychological
types that there are two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions with which people view the world. These
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consist of the rational (judging) functions: thinking and feeling; and the irrational (perceiving) functions:
sensation and intuition. These dimensions are important in their influence on the process of decision-making.
But most relevant to the topic of physical bravery are the preferences of intuition and feeling. Intuition
corresponds to the general trend of heroes to explain their behaviour at the time of the event as an impulse or
simply trusting their gut instincts, whereas feeling corresponds to the factor of empathy. Intuition and feeling is
found to be preferred personality characteristics relative to sensing and thinking by nurses, a profession that
often requires a quick decision-making process (Pretz & Folse, 2011). These results are even more significant as
the nurses‟ expertise and experience increase. Overall, it is possible that some individuals who tend to rely more
on their intuition or perhaps instincts might perform better on the battlefield. This notion is further supported
by Rand and Epstein (2014) who provide findings indicating that people who perform acts of bravery explain
their decision-making cognitive processes as “overwhelming intuitive, automatic and fast.”
In addition, although physical bravery could not be simply explained by humor, it is an important factor
to include in any analysis of characteristics among individuals who demonstrate physical bravery. Humor has
been previously identified by Madigan (2013) as an ideal component of bravery among British soldiers and
civilians during World War II. Madigan (2013) proposes that humor acts as a method of “robust rejection of
victimhood and an emphasis on perseverance” (p. 1). Other researchers have theorized that there is a link
between humor and the characteristic of curiosity, which in turn is associated with seeking aspects such as
novelty and complexity (Langevin & Day, 1972). Also, research suggests that certain leadership styles center
around inspiring innovation and creativity particularly benefit from the use of humor (Holmes & Marra, 2006).
This information supports the idea that humor is associated with some of the qualities implicated in research on
physical bravery. Finally, in her book about 12 Jewish boys and girls who survived the Holocaust in
Europe, Bluglass (2003) suggests that humor, among other adaptive defense mechanisms (altruism, suppression,
and sublimation), had a prominent positive impact on these children‟s chances of surviving the horrific reality
they experienced. Thus, it appears that humor plays an important adaptive role in the lives of those who
experience danger and risk to themselves. Additionally, a situational demand that is also a sense of
responsibility to self and others, powerful effects of group membership, group morale, and the need to avoid
disapproval, are all implicates the hunter‟s tendency to act in brave manners.
This last value is depicted after crossing all sort of difficulties encountered on the way from the Rocky to the
Remote Town. He persevered until achieving his goal. Thanks to perseverance he experiences horrible and good
things and also events that he never dreams to see and live in his whole life. It permits him to sit and eat together
with the Witch Mother. Through it he also sees how much the Witch Mother is powerful. He sees how the
Witch – Herbalist and omniscient mother saves the sick persons from various diseases. His perseverance permits
him to see how the hall Assembly of the mother is organizing ceremonies and the way it praises the Witch
mother. Thanks to it he also sees how the Town of Witch mother is well structured and how houses are very
beautiful. Perseverance helps him to see and meet semi-deathless people of the Remote Town. We think that if
he does not persevere he will not see the wonders like: the recovery of the complete skeleton, the recovery of
the thin man and the bold lady, the recovery of the Epileptic Man and the woman with one hear and also the
recovery of the Man with eight Burdens, etc. Finally, his perseverance is so beneficial to the extent that he gets
what he expects getting from the Witch- Herbalist. Perseverance leads him to obtain the healing of his barren
wife who could not bear a pregnancy and to earn dignity and respect within his community and in front of his
step family. Thanks to his perseverance his couple is overjoyed for they could now have a child. Jordan Anne,
Orison Carlile, Annetta Stark (2008: p. 154) opine:
[…] some individuals engage in individuals engage in tasks that consume large amounts of their free
time and effort […] people persevere in difficult tasks […] they are motivated. The „motivation‟
comes from the Latin movere – „to move‟. It refers to the set of factors that move people so that
they respond.
After perusing and scrutinizing this novel, the moral lesson that we draw is that, if one wants to achieve
his target and wants to move forward in life he has to be courageous and determined, no matter how the
greatness of the danger or difficulty he might be facing and time that will take him to reach his goal. In addition,
perseverance is a value that helps us not to be dishearten but rather to continue to fight, to keep the head up and
believe that one shall reach his goal. We strongly believe that these three main values are actually linked
together and thanks to these values, he could reach the Remote Town and meet the Witch Mother and bring the
soup to his barren wife who became pregnant after taking the portion. These three cardinal values are weapons
that helped him to reach his target and to earn dignity, respect and to be accepted as a real couple within the
whole community of the Rocky Town.
Furthermore, the three minds play important roles in The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town. In the
story of the brave hunter who takes the decision to go to the distant Rocky Town to look for a powerful herbalist
who would provide him with the medicine to make his wife pregnant, the first, second and third mind play a
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pivotal role. Indeed, these three minds in this novel are the wayfarers, partners of the brave hunter. They play a
crucial role in helping him in his two journeys. The minds are the hunter‟s advisers in the course of his long
journeys. It is likewise written in this novel, in the section “I left my Town for the Remote Town” that the third
mind was the hunter‟s memory, and was able and ready to help him perhaps whenever his two “minds” failed to
advise or desert him (Tutuola, 1981: p. 28). And it is also for recording all the offences which the first and
second minds commits on the way. It is finally for blaming even judging his two minds‟ behaviours on the way.
In fact the factor correlated with physical bravery and heroic behaviour in here is modeling of others to the
extent that in the battlefield it was found that both fear and courage are acquired through modeling by others.
The presence of a Three minds is found to be one of the most significant factors in hunter‟ capacity to cope in
combat and defense conditions.
It is important to say that the three minds occupy an irrevocable place in Amos Tutuola‟s The Witch-
Herbalist of the Remote Town. They occupy the whole of the novel, by the way they are so prevalent in this
novel in general and in its story in particular. Indeed, when we try to read about the “Abnormal Squatting Man
of the jungle”, we guess that the first mind is the first to advise the brave hunter when he first begins to ask from
his two partners, that is the first and second mind as follows “what could I do to save me from this Abnormal
huge and cruel Squatting Man of the jungle?” In reality, the hunter is in danger and when his first mind realizes
such a danger, he advises him further that he should not bother whether his wife is pregnant or not. He also
advises him to return from there to his town. But, the second mind reacts automatically and advises the hunter
like this “He should object to his first mind‟s advice”, why? Because it would be a great shame to him if he
returned to his Town without reaching the Remote Town of the Witch-Herbalist and bringing the medicine
which could make his wife pregnant, for the people of the Town were expecting him to return to them with such
medicine” (Tutuola, 1981: p. 36). Also, it is thanks to the second mind‟s advice that the brave hunter succeeds to
continue his journey for the Remote Town, because he advises him hastily that he should not mind his first
mind, but he should continue his journey and that there would be no harm for him at all and that he would
overcome all the dangerous wild people of the jungles (Tutuola, 1981: p. 40). So, these above lines show us the
rightful advices of the second mind.
After reading deeply, we found out that the hunter‟s first mind was giving him right advice sometimes,
it was also sometimes misleading him (Tutuola, 1981: p. 42). In this respect, his first mind hastily reminds that
although the wild people are super able, he must not forget at all that he is going to the Witch-Herbalist in order
to make the medicine which would make his barren wife pregnant (Tutuola, 1981: p. 45). By the way, the brave
hunter prefers to dance with the wild wealthy people of the jungle first. Or, he does not if his barren wife rather
than miss that dance, because the song and dance are so fascinating, in reality, there is not any living creatures to
hear that kind of song. So, the hunter losses all his senses that night because of that song and dance. That is why,
his first mind begins to deceive him repeatedly, telling him for instance to continue to dance and sing with those
wild people. This passage shows how the first mind is deserting the hunter because of his laziness. The matter is
that, even the brave hunter himself realized that it is a great mistake to him that the warning of his second mind
does not enter into his ears. Though the second mind advises him first that he must not forget that he is going to
the Witch-Herbalist (Tutuola, 1981: p. 48-49). In another story Tutuola (2014: n.p) also writes:
So one day, he invited all the hunters to his house. He told them that he was going to the Jungle of the
Pigmies. But it was a great surprise and fear to those hunters to hear like that from my father. They
advised him not to go back to this jungle but he did not follow their advice at all. After several days
travel with much difficulties he reached this jungle. He killed many wild animals, he fought with many
other harmful creatures and he conquered them. But when he uncountable pigmies attacked him and
they did not allow him to travel as far as he wished in this jungle perhaps he might come across his
sons, then he took some of the animals which he killed and he returned to the town.
This illustration shows how people do not follow right advices, and the consequences they experience.
A key contribution of Tutuola‟s is in how he brings essence and consciousness into conversation that evidences
their complementarity. Consciousness opens a window to the world in its tangible and intangible, visible and
invisible multiplicities, by means of which it constantly enriches itself. Tutuola introduces us to the complexity
of consciousness not only through the transcendental capacity for presence in simultaneous multiplicities, but
also through the reality of interdependencies especially extensively developed in The Witch-Herbalist of the
Remote Town, through the idea of the interconnections and interdependencies between the “First Mind,” the
“Second Mind,” the “Memory” and the “Supreme Second” of the brave hunter of the Rocky Town (Tutuola
1981: 270-279).
Furthermore, after he escapes from the wild jungle people thanks to his juju which makes him invisible,
the second mind advises the hunter to continue his journey at the same time and not to wait for one more
twinkling at the foot of the mighty tree, otherwise the cruel Squatting Man would trace him out very soon and
even punish him to death at last. He hints him that the cruel Squatting Man will meet him in a court of law and
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there he will be sentenced to death very soon for harming him. This passage also justifies how the second is
always crucial in his way of advising and leading the hunter.
Apart from receiving right and wrong advices from first and second minds, there are also some special
moments that could not help the brave hunter, neither advise nor lead him. It is not astonished when we read
“his first and second minds could not help him because both had become powerless” (Tutuola, 1981: p. 63). It
means that they are becoming powerless and unable to give even wrong or right advice to the hunter. That is
why, in “Long-Breasted Mother of the Mountain”, the two minds are inactive and unable to help the hunter who
is also unable to decide within himself whether to run away for his life, or to shoot the wild Mother with his
bow to save his life. In this respect, as the Long-Breast Mother and the old Father of the Mountain come to
judge the brave hunter about the issue of hurting the Abnormal Squatting Man with his poisoned arrow some
time ago, it comes to his memory that his second mind foretold him some time ago that he would be sentenced
to death sooner or later. That is the first reaction of the hunter‟s memory, because since he has left his Rocky
Town for the Remote Town, his third partner or wayfarer never reacted. Here, we think that his third mind plays
a vital role in reminding him things on the way. It is the “memory” that helps greatly the hunter in his way of
planning what to do in order to save from the wild people (Tutuola, 1981: p. 63).
In the same way, the second mind‟s advises the hunter to defend himself in “The hunter‟s Dialects”.
The wild people of the Mountain have mercy on him that he succeeds to vanquish them. In fact, he comes to the
palace of the king but he is allowed to enter. He stands up for a moment. To his surprise, the entrance is opened
and two bearers spread a net on his whole body and takes him before the king. As the king, his subjects and
bearers are afraid of him because they consider him as a devil, the king takes the decision to send the bearers to
kill him. To save his life, he takes on of the thunderbolts from his juju-bag, he prays the god of thunder of his
town and he throws it into the floor of the palace. The king, his subjects and bearers are flung to different parts
of the palace. As the thunder continues to roar into the palace and everywhere in the town, he goes before the
king who allows him to pass through his town and keeps his way to The Remote Town.
The hunter is actually the embodiment of courage. His bravery makes him not fear neither the Abnormal
Squatting Man when he attacks him in the jungle, nor court members who want to see him dead, even when the
gateman confronts him. Bravery here is coupled to determination to defend himself against any obstacle.
(Tutuola, 1981: p. 67).
In other words, after reading deeply, we found out that when the brave hunter is fighting with the wild
Man on the theme of the Crazy Removable Headed wild Man, we the third mind that is the memory of the
hunter blames the second mind who advises the hunter too late: “He blamed the second mind that it was too late
to remind him at that moment that he was a brave hunter of the wild beasts.” (Tutuola, 1981: p. 73). So, these
lines, show us how the second mind also gives wrong advices, and how the memory is playing his role of
recording offences and blaming as well. In the same way, when we read “The Town of the born and die babies”,
we also see that the hunter‟s memory or third mind is so strong in his way of recording the offences committed.
For instance, he accused them like this: “where were the two of you when he was fighting the demon? He knew
that both of you have deserted him, for you feared that the worst thing was going to happen to him.” (Tutuola,
1981: p. 88). It is clear that the third mind plays irrevocable role in Amos Tutuola‟s The Witch-Herbalist of the
Remote Town.
Finally, the first mind also gives rightful advices: “His first mind hastily advised him to jump over the
barrier to the other side, where he stood, and continue his journey to the Road-side Town.” It was thanks to his
first mind‟s cunning that he succeeds to vanquish and escape from the Stalwart Gateman and his Devil.
(Tutuola, 1981: p. 106-107).
Taking into consideration all of these facts, it is crucial to point out that the three minds help greatly the
brave hunter not only to reach the Remote Town of the Witch-Herbalist, but also during his two journeys, that is
from the Rocky Town to the Remote Town, from the Remote Town to the Rocky Town and from the Rocky
Town to the god of the river, from the god of the river to the Remote Town. So, what is essential to keep in
mind here is that the misleading of the first mind. In fact, he incites the brave hunter to stop on his way back to
his Rocky Town without following the second mind‟s advice. He eats from the soup to his entire satisfaction
without knowing what could happen to him later, because his first partner advises him to stop and eat from that
soup. In reality, this is what provoked a terrible situation in his Town. It means that his first partner gives him a
wrong advice that leads him to conceive like a woman. It is useful to blame not only his first mind for his bad
advice, but also we have to blame the hunter himself because of his weakness. He decides to eat from the soup
because of hunger.
Furthermore, the first, second and third minds are sometimes active, inactive or powerless. The third
mind reacts anytime. We think that these minds help the brave hunter to concretize his actions, success, decision
and determination. That is why, even the hunter himself thanks the three minds because they help him greatly.
So, he asserts: “I thank you greatly as well for your help and the useful advice, which you gave me throughout
my first and second journeys. Although you deserted me sometimes when I was in danger, that did not affect me
so much for my memory reminded with me and served me each time that you deserted me. But I think your
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desertion and misadvise may be brought to the judgment by my memory sooner or later, for he recorded down
all your behavior throughout the journeys” (Tutuola, 1981: n.p).
IV. CONCLUSION
In sum it the six years of journey, conquering of escaping from such haunting characters as the
Abnormal Squatting Man of the Jungle and the Crazy Removable-Headed Wild Man to reach the Remote Town
of the Witch-Mother in search of medicine for his barren wife is actually an act of both physical and mental
bravery. Courage as it is manifested and used in Amos Tutuola‟s novel plays help one understand its meaning as
it is linked to the main theme of the novel. The different manifestations and uses of courage in the novel reveal
the hunter‟s determination and perseverance. He receives from the witch herbalist the kind of medicine that
cures his wife bareness. Reading the novel through the psychological approach brings us toward an
understanding of courage as a physical and mental strength the hunter uses to defend himself from forces against
him in his to the Remote Town. In congruence with the literature, courage is positively correlated with voice
behaviour and the hunter‟s personality characteristics personality characteristics associated with social
responsibility, altruistic moral reasoning, empathic concern, and risk-taking tendency. In addition, the brave
hunter has been greatly helped by the advices of his three partners namely the First Mind, Second Mind, and
Third Mind. As Samson wins over all his enemies except before Delilah the woman, the hunter also wins over
all the forces against him on his way to the Remote Town, except hunger on his way back to the Rocky Town
because the First Mind deserts him, giving bad advices. By the way, the moral lesson we draw in here is that
people should rely on others, but with a very high level of sensibility in examining everything and retaining only
what is good.
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