Presentation on humanistic theory in literature . This is a researched work by myself as a third year student.at Karatina university

1. Humanistic
theory
revision

2. 1, Examine the basic principles
of humanistic approach to
literary criticism.
 The humanistic approach to literary criticism
focuses on understanding literature through
the lens of human experiences, emotions, and
values. The humanistic theory has basic
principles that guides this approach.

3. Cont’d
 Human Experience and Empathy: : It encourages readers to empathize
with the characters, understanding their motivations and emotions.
Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart" vividly portrays the Igbo society,
delving into their customs, traditions, and beliefs. Through Okonkwo's
character, readers experience the complexities of human emotions like
fear, pride, and determination. The principle here lies in the ability of
literature to immerse readers in diverse human experiences, fostering
empathy and understanding.
 Cultural Context and Identity: Humanistic criticism considers the historical,
cultural, and social contexts that shape both the text and its interpretation.
Achebe's writings deeply explore the significance of cultural identity. In
"Arrow of God," the clash between tradition and colonialism highlights the
struggle for preserving cultural identity. Humanistic criticism emphasizes
the importance of understanding literature within its cultural context,
acknowledging how it shapes individual and collective identities.

4. Cont’d
 Subjectivity and Interpretation: Humanistic criticism recognizes the
subjective nature of interpretation, valuing the reader's personal response
to the text. In "A Man of the People" by Chinua Achebe, the protagonist's
moral dilemmas and personal growth invite readers to form their
subjective views about the character's actions and the societal
implications emphasizing the role of individual interpretation in shaping
meaning. Humanistic criticism values diverse interpretations, recognizing
that each reader brings their unique experiences to the text.
 Moral and Ethical Considerations: Achebe's exploration of ethical
dilemmas, such as justice and morality in "No Longer at Ease," reflects
the humanistic concern for moral questions within literature. The
characters' choices and actions invite readers to contemplate ethical
implications, fostering critical thinking about human behavior, values and
vices.

5. Cont’d
 Language and Expression: Achebe's mastery of language, particularly in
using Igbo proverbs in "Things Fall Apart," highlights the significance of
language as a tool for expression and cultural preservation. Humanistic
criticism values the nuances of language, acknowledging its power to
convey emotions, perspectives, and cultural richness.
 Emphasis on Emotional and Psychological Realism: Achebe's depiction of
characters' inner thoughts and emotions, such as Okonkwo's internal
struggles, exemplifies the humanistic focus on emotional and
psychological realism. The exploration of characters' inner lives enables
readers to connect deeply with their experiences and motivations.
 The basic principles of humanistic approach to literary criticism therefore
are different and shows the diverse depth and richness of human
experiences, cultural complexities, and moral dilemmas present in
literature.

6. 2. Use appropriate illustrations
to examine how the principles
of secular humanism can be
used to analyze literary texts.
 Secular humanism is a branch of humanistic
theory that emphasizes human reason, ethics,
and individual freedom while rejecting
supernatural beliefs. When applied to literary
texts, several principles of secular humanism
can offer insightful analyses as shown in the
below illustrations.

7. Cont’d
 The principle of Human Reason and Rationality.
Secular humanism values reason and critical thinking
for instance in Shakespeare's "Hamlet," the
protagonist's contemplation of life, death, and revenge
reflects the humanistic principle of rational thought and
individual agency. Hamlet's introspection and
questioning of moral dilemmas showcase the power of
reason in human decision-making, emphasizing critical
thinking and self-reflection, the characters' choices and
actions are driven by reasoned considerations of their
circumstances, illustrating human rationality in complex
situations.

8. Cont’d
 Ethical Considerations and Morality: Secular humanism emphasizes ethical decision-
making based on human values rather than divine commandments.This principle can
be used in analyzing Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "Petals of Blood," where the characters
navigate social injustices and corruption in post-colonial Kenya. The novel prompts
ethical inquiries, highlighting the struggle for justice and moral development in a
changing society. Secular humanism emphasizes the pursuit of ethical growth and
societal progress grounded in human values.
 Individual Freedom and Autonomy: The principle of individual freedom is evident in
Shakespeare's "The Tempest," where Prospero's desire for freedom mirrors human
aspirations for autonomy. Also in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "A Grain of Wheat" explores
Kenya's fight for independence and the sacrifices made for freedom. The novel
embodies the humanistic values of individual rights and freedom, depicting the
struggle against oppression and advocating for the dignity and autonomy of
individuals within society.

9. Cont’d
 The principle of Intellectual curiosity and enlightenment for
instance in Shakespeare's "Macbeth" delves into the
consequences of unchecked ambition and power. The play
invites intellectual curiosity, prompting readers to contemplate
the human condition and the pursuit of knowledge and
enlightenment. Secular humanism values critical thinking,
education, and the quest for understanding the world.
 Secular Ethics and Social Justice: In Ngugi wa Thiong'o's
"Wizard of the Crow," the satirical portrayal of a corrupt African
dictatorship prompts reflection on ethical governance. The novel
critiques oppressive regimes, advocating for secular ethics that
prioritize human flourishing, societal welfare, and justice for all
aligning with secular humanist principles that prioritize equality
and fairness.

10. Cont’d
 Empathy and Compassion: Shakespeare's "King Lear" delves into themes of betrayal
and familial relationships, evoking empathy for Lear's tragic downfall. The humanistic
principle of empathy is central here, urging readers to understand and relate to the
characters' emotional experiences, fostering compassion for their struggles.
 Diversity and Pluralism: Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" engages with
themes of prejudice and religious discrimination. The play invites contemplation on
tolerance, showcasing the humanistic principle of embracing diversity and advocating
for a pluralistic society that respects varied beliefs and cultures.
 From the above stated principle and illustrations, these principles of secular
humanism come to life, offering insights into the complexities of human nature,
ethical considerations, societal dynamics, and the pursuit of a more just and
compassionate world and can be applied to the criticism of literary works in different
ways.

11. 3. Use humanistic approach to
literary criticism to analyze a
text of your own choice.
 "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe offers a
rich tapestry and insight of human
experiences and cultural complexities, making
it an excellent text to analyze through the lens
of the humanistic approach

12. Cont’d
 Humanistic theory expresses Human Experience and Empathy and in
"Things Fall Apart" , Achebe's portrayal of Okonkwo's life in an Igbo
village immerses readers in a world filled with triumphs, conflicts, and
tragedies. Through Okonkwo's character, readers witness the
complexities of human emotions like pride, fear, and resilience. Achebe
crafts a narrative that fosters empathy, inviting readers to understand and
relate to Okonkwo's struggles in the face of societal changes and
personal tragedies.
 Using humanistic approach in analyzing "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua
unravels Human Resilience and Adaptation it is evident that despite the
societal upheavals, characters like Obierika exhibit resilience and
adaptation. Their responses to change highlight the human capacity to
adapt to evolving circumstances. The humanistic lens celebrates the
resilience of individuals and communities facing cultural shifts and
challenges.

13. Cont’d
 Furthermore, when using this humanism approach, it offers diverse
perspectives in interpreting and understanding of the text, that is,
ubjectivity and Interpretation whereAchebe employs multiple perspectives
to tell the story, enabling readers to interpret events and characters from
various angles. The portrayal of characters like Okonkwo, Nwoye, and
Ikemefuna invites diverse interpretations, highlighting the subjectivity of
human experiences and the complexity of individual motivations.
 The "Things Fall Apart" novel delves deeply into the Igbo culture,
traditions, and belief systems. Achebe illustrates the clash between
traditional Igbo customs and the encroachment of Western colonialism.
Through this clash, readers gain insights into the significance of cultural
identity and the profound impact of external influences on a community's
traditions and way of life.

14. Cont’d
 Consequences of behavior and personal actions is evident in the novel "Things Fall
Apart" by Chinua. It delves into ethical dilemmas faced by the characters within their
cultural context. Okonkwo's adherence to traditional values clashes with changing
societal dynamics brought about by colonialism, sparking questions about justice,
morality, and the consequences of personal choices in a rapidly changing world.
 Achebe's use of language also in his text "Things Fall Apart" including the
incorporation of Igbo proverbs and idioms, adds depth and richness to the narrative.
The language serves not only as a means of communication but also as a cultural
marker, emphasizing the importance of language in expressing emotions, values,
and cultural nuances.
 In conclusion it is therefore evident that " through a humanistic lens in "Things Fall
Apart," Chinua Achebe masterfully weaves a narrative that not only chronicles the
disintegration of a traditional society but also delves into the intricacies of human
experiences, cultural identity, ethical quandaries, and the complexities of individual
agency within a changing world, making it a rich source for humanistic analysis.

15. 4. Use appropriate illustrations
to examine the basic tenets to
liberal humanism.
 Liberal humanism advocates for the importance of the
individual and the exploration of their experiences. In
"Things Fall Apart," the character Okonkwo embodies
the complexities of individuality within a changing
society. His internal struggles, desires, and fears reflect
the liberal humanistic belief in the depth of individual
human experience. Okonkwo's quest for personal
success and his eventual downfall underlines the
tension between traditional values and external
influences, highlighting the conflict between individual
agency and societal norms.

16. Cont’d
 Liberal humanism believes in Individualism and Autonomy. Imbuga's play "Betrayal in
the City" presents the character of Doga, a university lecturer and intellectual. Doga
epitomizes liberal humanism through his commitment to freedom of thought and
expression. His character challenges oppressive political regimes, symbolizing the
pursuit of individual freedoms in the face of authoritarian control. Doga's unwavering
stand against tyranny and his tragic fate underscore the clash between personal
convictions and repressive systems, echoing the tenets of liberal humanism
advocating for individual autonomy.
 Within the novel "Arrow of God," Ezeulu embodies the struggle for individual agency
amidst societal expectations. Ezeulu, as the chief priest, grapples with the conflict
between personal beliefs and the community's traditions. His journey reflects the
liberal humanistic idea of individuals navigating their values within societal
frameworks. Ezeulu's internal turmoil and eventual clash with colonial forces
demonstrate the complexities of asserting personal identity and autonomy within a
changing world.

17. Cont’d
 In Imbuga's play "Aminata," the titular character embodies liberal
humanism through her pursuit of education and self-determination.
Aminata challenges gender norms and societal limitations placed on
women, advocating for individual agency and equality. Her determination
to seek education and independence highlights the liberal humanistic
belief in the empowerment of individuals to shape their destinies despite
societal constraints. Aminata's resilience and aspirations epitomize the
pursuit of personal freedom and self-realization.
 Through the character Obi in "No Longer at Ease," Achebe portrays the
clash between personal aspirations and societal expectations. Obi,
educated abroad, returns to Nigeria with liberal ideals but faces the
challenges of navigating cultural norms and corruption. His internal
conflict mirrors the liberal humanistic struggle between individual
convictions and societal pressures. Obi's tragic downfall underscores the
tension between personal freedom and societal norms.

18. Cont’d
 Imbuga's play "The Return of Mgofu" features the character of Mgofu, a
disillusioned politician. Mgofu represents liberal humanism's critique of
political systems and the pursuit of personal integrity within corrupt
environments. His refusal to compromise his values for political gain
reflects the belief in individual moral agency and the struggle against
systemic corruption. Mgofu's character embodies the liberal humanistic
quest for ethical governance and individual moral responsibility.
 In "Anthills of the Savannah," Achebe introduces Beatrice, a strong
female character challenging patriarchal norms. Beatrice embodies liberal
humanism's advocacy for gender equality and individual autonomy. Her
outspokenness and determination to effect change in a male-dominated
society symbolize the pursuit of personal agency and social justice.
Beatrice's character represents the liberal humanistic ideals of
empowerment, equality, and the struggle against oppression.

19. Cont’d
 In conclusion, it is evident from the above
illustrations that through the characters and
narratives in the works of both Chinua Achebe
and Francis Imbuga, the principles of liberal
humanism such as reason, individualism, ethical
considerations, pursuit of knowledge, empathy,
progress, and cultural pluralism—are vividly
portrayed, offering insights into the complexities of
human experiences and values within diverse
societal contexts.

20. THANK
YOU
TEL:
07046781
14
MARK COLLINS