The document discusses corruption in the education system. It notes that corruption can take many forms including teacher absenteeism, ghost teachers, selling of exam information, and embezzlement of school resources. This corruption undermines the goals of ensuring all children complete primary education and leads to low quality teaching, poor student achievement, and deepened inequality. Simply increasing controls may not be effective and decentralization could create new opportunities for local corruption. A holistic approach is needed that addresses corruption in education alongside more effective prosecution across all levels of government.

2.  Corruption refers to the practice of misusing one’s power and
position to achieve various illegal ends.
 Abuse of entrusted power for private (illicit) gains
 Complex Phenomenon
Bribes, fraud, extortion, favouritism, nepotism, embezzlement, collusion.
In politics, administration, justice, prosecution, private sector
 Paying for something one is entitled to get
(extortion) vs. paying for something on is
not entitled to get
 Grey areas: Lobbying, gifts
Criteria: Reciprocity, transparency and
accountability, biased decisions

3. Enough stress cannot be laid on the importance of education in today’s world. But when
education itself is full of bureaucracy, how bright can the future be?
 Between policymakers (ministerial, central level) and
providers (schools, teacher, contractors)
• Bias in regulation favouring vested interests
• Misallocation of expenditures , ghost schools
• Favouritism, nepotism, selling of posts
• Corrupt, non-competitive procurement of school books, equipments or construction contracts
 Between providers (schools, teacher, contractors) and
beneficiaries (students, parents, communities)
• Teacher absenteeism, ghost teachers, private tutoring
• Unofficial fees, embezzlement of school resources
• Selling of exam and other marketable information, selling of diplomas, misuse of selection criteria

4. Teacher absenteeism in Pakistan is among the highest in the world.
They get government salary but teach only in their tuition center
for getting extra money.

5. Corruption and Education – Relevance
Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full
course of primary schooling
But corruption may undermine achieving this and other
goals related to education

8. Corruption in Education has severe consequences which include:
o A high drop-out rate which increases at high levels of poverty
o Low quality teaching leading to poor achievement
o A system susceptible to adverse political influence
o Deepened inequality between rich and poor, preventing entire generations from
pursuing a meaningful future amongst other
oQuota & Reservation System

9.  Addressing corruption openly can lead to unintended effects
E.g. raising awareness of child abuse in schools alone could incite parents to
withdraw their children, from school
 Control vs. Motivation
 Too much focus on increasing controls may breed mistrust and undermine the
intrinsic motivation of teachers and staff in the sector
 Decentralisation
 Decentralisation may not necessarily facilitate anti-corruption efforts
 Instead, it may create new opportunities for local corrupt behaviours that may be
more difficult to control
 Holistic approach
 Anti-corruption efforts in education are a key aspect in the overall fight against
corruption
 But they may go up in smoke if not echoed by more effective prosecution and
sanctioning of corrupt cases

10. o Anti corruption policies.
o Vigorous punishments.
o Self determination of not to give bribe.
o Govt must have strict rules about corruption from lowest level to highest, that corruption
is unacceptable.
o Anti corruption organizations & Reforms Initiatives.

11. If the foundation stone happens to be crooked, how can we build up a
healthy nation?
If steps aren’t taken to prevent corruption in all ministries, including
education the future may not be as bright as it is imagined to be right now.
Corruption, which is commonly and very rightfully known as cancer, can
and will easily swallow democratic laws and regulation making them mere
paper tigers, as it is rightly said