This document describes an experiment to evaluate the capillary suction time (CST) test for measuring sludge dewaterability. The objectives were to evaluate alternative test apparatus designs and procedures to improve precision and reduce costs. The CST test measures the time for filtrate to travel between electrodes using a filter paper under suction. Variables tested included funnel geometry, filter paper type, stirring, temperature, and sludge concentration. The results could help recommend improved CST test methods and better understand relationships between CST and other sludge dewaterability tests.
This experiment aims to determine porosity using a helium porosimeter. The student, Kamal Abdurahman, will conduct the experiment supervised by Mr. Ali Kamal. The helium porosimeter works by measuring the volume of helium gas that expands into sample pores based on Boyle's and Charles' laws. This allows direct measurement of grain volume and pore volume, from which porosity and grain density can be derived. The apparatus includes a helium porosimeter, pressure gauge, and various sample holders to accommodate different sized rock plugs and cores.
Rheological properties using model 900 viscometerKamal Abdurahman
The document describes procedures for determining rheological properties using a Model 900 viscometer. It outlines the aim, theory of operation, apparatus used, calibration procedures, testing procedures in both manual and automatic modes using accompanying software, and references. The viscometer measures properties like temperature, shear stress, viscosity, shear rate, and RPM by monitoring the angular displacement of a bob submerged in a test fluid under different rotational speeds.
This document describes an experiment to determine the capillary pressure-saturation curves for a core sample using a multi-desaturator cell apparatus. The apparatus applies varying pressures to the core sample to remove water from the pores and measure the resulting saturation levels. The procedure involves saturating core samples with brine, placing them in the cell on a ceramic plate, increasing the air pressure to remove water, then measuring water production and plotting capillary pressure versus saturation. The goal is to understand how capillary pressure affects water saturation in porous rock cores at different pressures.
This document provides instructions for a 1500-word report on drilling engineering systems for a Drilling Engineering II course. Students are asked to discuss 6 interrelated drilling systems and how the design and operation of each system impacts safety, quality, and efficiency of the drilling operation. The report must be submitted by email by December 16th and include sections on planning, achievement, attitude and understanding, quality of presentation, and references. Plagiarism is not permitted and late submissions within 7 days will only receive a pass mark.
This document describes an experiment to evaluate the capillary suction time (CST) test for measuring sludge dewaterability. The objectives were to evaluate alternative test apparatus designs and procedures to improve precision and reduce costs. The CST test measures the time for filtrate to travel between electrodes using a filter paper under suction. Variables tested included funnel geometry, filter paper type, stirring, temperature, and sludge concentration. The results could help recommend improved CST test methods.
This document summarizes a report on using GIS and remote sensing for natural resource mapping and management. It was prepared by Kamal Abdurahman for his supervisor at Koya University. The report describes using satellite imagery to map geology, vegetation, soils, and land use/land cover in a region of the Middle East. Imagery was analyzed using GIS software to extract spatial information on natural resources for sustainable management and decision making. Field verification involved collecting GPS points to validate mapped resources. Final maps of the study area's geology, soils, vegetation and land use were produced at a scale of 1:25,000.
This document describes a procedure for determining the liquid permeability of a core sample using a liquid permeability device. The test involves applying confining pressure and nitrogen gas pressure to the core sample to force water through it. The time required to fill graduated flasks of different volumes is measured and entered into a template spreadsheet to calculate permeability based on Darcy's law. Potential sources of error are leakage through pores allowing gas to escape and not accounting for temperature effects.
This document describes an experiment to evaluate the capillary suction time (CST) test for measuring sludge dewaterability. The objectives were to evaluate alternative test apparatus designs and procedures to improve precision and reduce costs. The CST test measures the time for filtrate to travel between electrodes using a filter paper under suction. Variables tested included funnel geometry, filter paper type, stirring, temperature, and sludge concentration. The results could help recommend improved CST test methods and better understand relationships between CST and other sludge dewaterability tests.
This experiment aims to determine porosity using a helium porosimeter. The student, Kamal Abdurahman, will conduct the experiment supervised by Mr. Ali Kamal. The helium porosimeter works by measuring the volume of helium gas that expands into sample pores based on Boyle's and Charles' laws. This allows direct measurement of grain volume and pore volume, from which porosity and grain density can be derived. The apparatus includes a helium porosimeter, pressure gauge, and various sample holders to accommodate different sized rock plugs and cores.
Rheological properties using model 900 viscometerKamal Abdurahman
The document describes procedures for determining rheological properties using a Model 900 viscometer. It outlines the aim, theory of operation, apparatus used, calibration procedures, testing procedures in both manual and automatic modes using accompanying software, and references. The viscometer measures properties like temperature, shear stress, viscosity, shear rate, and RPM by monitoring the angular displacement of a bob submerged in a test fluid under different rotational speeds.
This document describes an experiment to determine the capillary pressure-saturation curves for a core sample using a multi-desaturator cell apparatus. The apparatus applies varying pressures to the core sample to remove water from the pores and measure the resulting saturation levels. The procedure involves saturating core samples with brine, placing them in the cell on a ceramic plate, increasing the air pressure to remove water, then measuring water production and plotting capillary pressure versus saturation. The goal is to understand how capillary pressure affects water saturation in porous rock cores at different pressures.
This document provides instructions for a 1500-word report on drilling engineering systems for a Drilling Engineering II course. Students are asked to discuss 6 interrelated drilling systems and how the design and operation of each system impacts safety, quality, and efficiency of the drilling operation. The report must be submitted by email by December 16th and include sections on planning, achievement, attitude and understanding, quality of presentation, and references. Plagiarism is not permitted and late submissions within 7 days will only receive a pass mark.
This document describes an experiment to evaluate the capillary suction time (CST) test for measuring sludge dewaterability. The objectives were to evaluate alternative test apparatus designs and procedures to improve precision and reduce costs. The CST test measures the time for filtrate to travel between electrodes using a filter paper under suction. Variables tested included funnel geometry, filter paper type, stirring, temperature, and sludge concentration. The results could help recommend improved CST test methods.
This document summarizes a report on using GIS and remote sensing for natural resource mapping and management. It was prepared by Kamal Abdurahman for his supervisor at Koya University. The report describes using satellite imagery to map geology, vegetation, soils, and land use/land cover in a region of the Middle East. Imagery was analyzed using GIS software to extract spatial information on natural resources for sustainable management and decision making. Field verification involved collecting GPS points to validate mapped resources. Final maps of the study area's geology, soils, vegetation and land use were produced at a scale of 1:25,000.
This document describes a procedure for determining the liquid permeability of a core sample using a liquid permeability device. The test involves applying confining pressure and nitrogen gas pressure to the core sample to force water through it. The time required to fill graduated flasks of different volumes is measured and entered into a template spreadsheet to calculate permeability based on Darcy's law. Potential sources of error are leakage through pores allowing gas to escape and not accounting for temperature effects.
The document provides an overview of the history and use of fossil fuels from ancient times to the present day, when fossil fuels still make up the vast majority of energy consumption globally. It discusses key events and innovations that drove increased fossil fuel usage, particularly the rise of oil due to developments like the automobile. The roles of geoscientists and petroleum engineers in exploring for and producing oil and gas reserves are also summarized.
This document provides guidance to students on completing their final year project at Koya University's Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum Department. It covers various aspects of project development and presentation, including working with supervisors, general project structure and style, typographical design, referencing, plagiarism, and oral presentation requirements. Students are expected to complete an original research project of around 60 pages in length on an approved topic relating to their field of study.
This document describes an experiment to determine the liquid permeability of a core sample using a liquid permeability device. The experiment involves applying confining pressure from a nitrogen gas supply, using another nitrogen gas supply to push water through the core sample, and measuring the flow rate and time taken to fill a graduated flask to calculate permeability based on Darcy's law. Safety warnings and references are also provided.
This document discusses using a steady state gas permeameter to measure the permeability of samples such as oil well cores and tight gas sandstones. The steady state gas permeameter measures the drop in pressure and flow rate through a sample during testing. Software then uses Darcy's Law to compute the permeability. The apparatus includes a steady state gas permeameter. References are provided on steady state permeability measurement and properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures.
1. The experiment aimed to prepare a mud with a known density and then increase its density by adding barite. Barite has a high specific gravity of 4.2, which allows mud density to be increased up to 21 pounds per gallon.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to form a mud, then weighing and adding barite while stirring. The mud balance was used to check densities before and after barite addition.
3. Barite is the most common weighting agent due to its ability to significantly increase mud density up to 21 ppg, control formation pressures, and stability. It is also readily available and chemically inert.
The aim of the experiment was to prepare a typical core plug from a rock sample. Core plugs are cylindrical samples cut from rock cores that are used to measure properties like porosity and permeability. The experiment involved cutting a core sample into plugs using a core plugging machine with a radial saw and coolant system. Measurements of the plug diameters were then taken with a ruler. Questions were discussed around issues with core plug data, the data obtained from plugs, and why the cutting machines have cooling systems.
1. The document describes an experiment to calculate porosity of a core plug using a manual saturating device. The core plug is saturated with water and its weight is measured before and after to determine pore volume and porosity.
2. There are several methods to measure porosity, including Boyle's law and fluid saturation. The fluid saturation method involves saturating a dry sample with a liquid, then calculating porosity from the weight change. This experiment uses the fluid saturation method with a manual saturator to apply vacuum and pressure cycles to saturate the plug.
3. The test procedures involve measuring the dry core, saturating it under vacuum and pressure in the saturator, then reweighing to find the
1. The aim of the experiment was to reduce the mud's density through dilution by adding water. This reduces the hydrostatic pressure.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to create mud, then adding additional water to dilute the mud. Density measurements before and after dilution showed a reduction from 8.58 ppg to 8.45 ppg.
3. Mud dilution with fresh water is not effective for field drilling or acceptable for drilling shale formations, as fresh water can damage shale through swelling. Other methods like adding bentonite or barite are required to control mud density and pressures.
The aim of the experiment was to prepare a core plug sample from a rock core by cutting a cylindrical plug using a core plug machine and saw. Core plugs are typically 1-1.5 inches in diameter and 1-3 inches long, cut either perpendicular or parallel to the axis of the core. Properties of the core like porosity and permeability are then measured on the core plugs. The necessary instruments used were a core plugging machine, radial saw, and diameter ruler. Safety precautions like lab coats and gloves were required during cutting and plugging of the rock sample.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) produces publications for engineers worldwide. Clear writing is essential due to the international audience. SPE's style guide promotes clarity, conciseness, accuracy, and consistency. It provides guidelines on abbreviations, numbers, punctuation, and other elements of technical papers. While the style guide is intended for SPE's own publications, others may also find it helpful. The objective is to define SPE's treatment of style questions, not establish a broadly applicable industry standard.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of a drilling fluid sample using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The experiment involves calibrating the Marsh funnel with water, then timing how long it takes 1000cc of an 8.6ppg mud sample to flow through the funnel into a quart measuring cup.
2. The Marsh funnel works by measuring the number of seconds it takes for 946cc of fluid to flow through the funnel, with lower times indicating lower viscosity. It is a common field method because it provides a quick qualitative measurement of changes in mud viscosity, though it does not provide a precise viscosity measurement in standard units.
3. Key factors that can affect mud viscosity include temperature, fluid composition
1. The experiment aims to clean core plugs obtained from a reservoir of hydrocarbons using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus to extract oil and calculate porosity.
2. A Soxhlet extraction involves boiling toluene in a flask, with its vapors condensing and extracting oil from the core plugs in a thimble. The process repeats through cycles of filling, soaking, and draining until the solvent runs clear.
3. The experiment involves placing core plugs in a thimble, extracting with toluene for a minimum of 7 cycles or until the plugs are clean, then drying and weighing the plugs to calculate effective porosity after hydrocarbon removal.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to measure the pH of a drilling mud sample. It provides background on what pH measures, how it is calibrated and typically ranges for drilling muds. The experiment procedure is described where a mud sample is tested and the pH is calculated after accounting for the calibration reading. The results found the pH of the sample to be 6.42. A discussion section talks about how pH levels can impact corrosion fatigue of drill pipes in drilling mud environments. Maintaining a pH above 9.5 is considered by many to help preclude shortening of fatigue life.
This experiment aims to clean a core sample using the Soxhlet extraction method to remove any oil or water and preserve the original properties of the reservoir rock. The core sample is placed in a thimble and submerged in toluene solvent inside a Soxhlet apparatus. Toluene is slowly boiled and condenses, flowing over the core sample and removing any contaminants through multiple cycles. After drying, the core sample weight is measured before and after to calculate fluid saturations and determine if the cleaning was successful in purifying the core.
1. This experiment aims to find the properties of plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity and yield point of drilling mud using a Fann V-G viscometer.
2. A Fann viscometer measures the rheology of drilling mud by applying forces between a central bob and outer rotating sleeve to determine viscosity parameters.
3. The experiment involves preparing a bentonite mud sample, loading it into the Fann viscometer, and taking readings at different RPMs to calculate viscosity values.
1) The document summarizes an experiment to measure the static filtration behavior of a water-based mud. Key measurements taken include the volume of mud filtrate collected after 30 minutes and the thickness of the resulting filter cake.
2) The experiment involves placing a mud sample in a filter press cell between two rubber gaskets and a filter paper. Pressure is applied and the volume of filtrate is measured over 30 minutes.
3) Results showed a mud cake thickness of 3mm and filtrate volume of 25ml. The document discusses factors like the purpose of rubber gaskets and screens, how mud cakes form in real wells, and advantages of mud cakes.
This document describes an experiment to measure the capillary suction time (CST) of a bentonite mud sample. The CST test measures how quickly water passes through a filter medium and indicates the filterability and permeability of drilling muds. The experiment involves mixing water and bentonite to make a mud sample, calibrating a mud balance, filling the balance cup with the mud and measuring its density, diluting a portion of the mud with water, and using the mud balance to measure the CST. The CST test is commonly used in the petroleum industry to evaluate borehole stabilization, study shale properties around the wellbore, and analyze the effects of salts and polymers on drill cuttings.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of drilling fluid using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The experiment was conducted on December 10th, 2015 and supervised by Mr. Pshtiwan Jaf.
2. A Marsh funnel viscometer works by measuring the time required for 946 cm3 of fluid to flow out of the funnel, with shorter times indicating higher viscosity. The funnel was calibrated using water, which should have a viscosity of 26 ± 0.5 seconds.
3. The experiment involved preparing 1000cm3 of mud with a density of 8.6ppg and measuring the time for 946cm3 to flow through the funnel. This provided a qualitative measure of how the
This experiment aims to determine the porosity of a core sample using the saturation method. The procedure involves saturating a dry core sample with brine under vacuum and pressure, then measuring the saturated and dry weights to calculate pore volume and porosity. Effective porosity is measured, representing the interconnected pores that contain movable fluids like brine. Core plugs are analyzed to determine physical rock properties like porosity and permeability important for calculating oil and gas in place volumes. The result of porosity value for the sample will be reported to the nearest 0.1%.
This document describes an experiment to prepare core plugs from rock core samples. The objectives are to determine physical properties of the rock like porosity and permeability. The procedure involves slabbing the core, drilling plugs from the core using a core plugging machine, and analyzing the plugs through routine and special core analysis. Routine analysis provides properties for reservoir evaluation while special analysis gives information on multiphase flow and wettability. The results of core analysis are used to improve hydrocarbon recovery and production predictions.
The document provides an overview of the history and use of fossil fuels from ancient times to the present day, when fossil fuels still make up the vast majority of energy consumption globally. It discusses key events and innovations that drove increased fossil fuel usage, particularly the rise of oil due to developments like the automobile. The roles of geoscientists and petroleum engineers in exploring for and producing oil and gas reserves are also summarized.
This document provides guidance to students on completing their final year project at Koya University's Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum Department. It covers various aspects of project development and presentation, including working with supervisors, general project structure and style, typographical design, referencing, plagiarism, and oral presentation requirements. Students are expected to complete an original research project of around 60 pages in length on an approved topic relating to their field of study.
This document describes an experiment to determine the liquid permeability of a core sample using a liquid permeability device. The experiment involves applying confining pressure from a nitrogen gas supply, using another nitrogen gas supply to push water through the core sample, and measuring the flow rate and time taken to fill a graduated flask to calculate permeability based on Darcy's law. Safety warnings and references are also provided.
This document discusses using a steady state gas permeameter to measure the permeability of samples such as oil well cores and tight gas sandstones. The steady state gas permeameter measures the drop in pressure and flow rate through a sample during testing. Software then uses Darcy's Law to compute the permeability. The apparatus includes a steady state gas permeameter. References are provided on steady state permeability measurement and properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures.
1. The experiment aimed to prepare a mud with a known density and then increase its density by adding barite. Barite has a high specific gravity of 4.2, which allows mud density to be increased up to 21 pounds per gallon.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to form a mud, then weighing and adding barite while stirring. The mud balance was used to check densities before and after barite addition.
3. Barite is the most common weighting agent due to its ability to significantly increase mud density up to 21 ppg, control formation pressures, and stability. It is also readily available and chemically inert.
The aim of the experiment was to prepare a typical core plug from a rock sample. Core plugs are cylindrical samples cut from rock cores that are used to measure properties like porosity and permeability. The experiment involved cutting a core sample into plugs using a core plugging machine with a radial saw and coolant system. Measurements of the plug diameters were then taken with a ruler. Questions were discussed around issues with core plug data, the data obtained from plugs, and why the cutting machines have cooling systems.
1. The document describes an experiment to calculate porosity of a core plug using a manual saturating device. The core plug is saturated with water and its weight is measured before and after to determine pore volume and porosity.
2. There are several methods to measure porosity, including Boyle's law and fluid saturation. The fluid saturation method involves saturating a dry sample with a liquid, then calculating porosity from the weight change. This experiment uses the fluid saturation method with a manual saturator to apply vacuum and pressure cycles to saturate the plug.
3. The test procedures involve measuring the dry core, saturating it under vacuum and pressure in the saturator, then reweighing to find the
1. The aim of the experiment was to reduce the mud's density through dilution by adding water. This reduces the hydrostatic pressure.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to create mud, then adding additional water to dilute the mud. Density measurements before and after dilution showed a reduction from 8.58 ppg to 8.45 ppg.
3. Mud dilution with fresh water is not effective for field drilling or acceptable for drilling shale formations, as fresh water can damage shale through swelling. Other methods like adding bentonite or barite are required to control mud density and pressures.
The aim of the experiment was to prepare a core plug sample from a rock core by cutting a cylindrical plug using a core plug machine and saw. Core plugs are typically 1-1.5 inches in diameter and 1-3 inches long, cut either perpendicular or parallel to the axis of the core. Properties of the core like porosity and permeability are then measured on the core plugs. The necessary instruments used were a core plugging machine, radial saw, and diameter ruler. Safety precautions like lab coats and gloves were required during cutting and plugging of the rock sample.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) produces publications for engineers worldwide. Clear writing is essential due to the international audience. SPE's style guide promotes clarity, conciseness, accuracy, and consistency. It provides guidelines on abbreviations, numbers, punctuation, and other elements of technical papers. While the style guide is intended for SPE's own publications, others may also find it helpful. The objective is to define SPE's treatment of style questions, not establish a broadly applicable industry standard.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of a drilling fluid sample using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The experiment involves calibrating the Marsh funnel with water, then timing how long it takes 1000cc of an 8.6ppg mud sample to flow through the funnel into a quart measuring cup.
2. The Marsh funnel works by measuring the number of seconds it takes for 946cc of fluid to flow through the funnel, with lower times indicating lower viscosity. It is a common field method because it provides a quick qualitative measurement of changes in mud viscosity, though it does not provide a precise viscosity measurement in standard units.
3. Key factors that can affect mud viscosity include temperature, fluid composition
1. The experiment aims to clean core plugs obtained from a reservoir of hydrocarbons using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus to extract oil and calculate porosity.
2. A Soxhlet extraction involves boiling toluene in a flask, with its vapors condensing and extracting oil from the core plugs in a thimble. The process repeats through cycles of filling, soaking, and draining until the solvent runs clear.
3. The experiment involves placing core plugs in a thimble, extracting with toluene for a minimum of 7 cycles or until the plugs are clean, then drying and weighing the plugs to calculate effective porosity after hydrocarbon removal.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to measure the pH of a drilling mud sample. It provides background on what pH measures, how it is calibrated and typically ranges for drilling muds. The experiment procedure is described where a mud sample is tested and the pH is calculated after accounting for the calibration reading. The results found the pH of the sample to be 6.42. A discussion section talks about how pH levels can impact corrosion fatigue of drill pipes in drilling mud environments. Maintaining a pH above 9.5 is considered by many to help preclude shortening of fatigue life.
This experiment aims to clean a core sample using the Soxhlet extraction method to remove any oil or water and preserve the original properties of the reservoir rock. The core sample is placed in a thimble and submerged in toluene solvent inside a Soxhlet apparatus. Toluene is slowly boiled and condenses, flowing over the core sample and removing any contaminants through multiple cycles. After drying, the core sample weight is measured before and after to calculate fluid saturations and determine if the cleaning was successful in purifying the core.
1. This experiment aims to find the properties of plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity and yield point of drilling mud using a Fann V-G viscometer.
2. A Fann viscometer measures the rheology of drilling mud by applying forces between a central bob and outer rotating sleeve to determine viscosity parameters.
3. The experiment involves preparing a bentonite mud sample, loading it into the Fann viscometer, and taking readings at different RPMs to calculate viscosity values.
1) The document summarizes an experiment to measure the static filtration behavior of a water-based mud. Key measurements taken include the volume of mud filtrate collected after 30 minutes and the thickness of the resulting filter cake.
2) The experiment involves placing a mud sample in a filter press cell between two rubber gaskets and a filter paper. Pressure is applied and the volume of filtrate is measured over 30 minutes.
3) Results showed a mud cake thickness of 3mm and filtrate volume of 25ml. The document discusses factors like the purpose of rubber gaskets and screens, how mud cakes form in real wells, and advantages of mud cakes.
This document describes an experiment to measure the capillary suction time (CST) of a bentonite mud sample. The CST test measures how quickly water passes through a filter medium and indicates the filterability and permeability of drilling muds. The experiment involves mixing water and bentonite to make a mud sample, calibrating a mud balance, filling the balance cup with the mud and measuring its density, diluting a portion of the mud with water, and using the mud balance to measure the CST. The CST test is commonly used in the petroleum industry to evaluate borehole stabilization, study shale properties around the wellbore, and analyze the effects of salts and polymers on drill cuttings.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of drilling fluid using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The experiment was conducted on December 10th, 2015 and supervised by Mr. Pshtiwan Jaf.
2. A Marsh funnel viscometer works by measuring the time required for 946 cm3 of fluid to flow out of the funnel, with shorter times indicating higher viscosity. The funnel was calibrated using water, which should have a viscosity of 26 ± 0.5 seconds.
3. The experiment involved preparing 1000cm3 of mud with a density of 8.6ppg and measuring the time for 946cm3 to flow through the funnel. This provided a qualitative measure of how the
This experiment aims to determine the porosity of a core sample using the saturation method. The procedure involves saturating a dry core sample with brine under vacuum and pressure, then measuring the saturated and dry weights to calculate pore volume and porosity. Effective porosity is measured, representing the interconnected pores that contain movable fluids like brine. Core plugs are analyzed to determine physical rock properties like porosity and permeability important for calculating oil and gas in place volumes. The result of porosity value for the sample will be reported to the nearest 0.1%.
This document describes an experiment to prepare core plugs from rock core samples. The objectives are to determine physical properties of the rock like porosity and permeability. The procedure involves slabbing the core, drilling plugs from the core using a core plugging machine, and analyzing the plugs through routine and special core analysis. Routine analysis provides properties for reservoir evaluation while special analysis gives information on multiphase flow and wettability. The results of core analysis are used to improve hydrocarbon recovery and production predictions.
This document summarizes a student's fluid mechanics lab experiment on measuring mud density. The aim was to learn how to use a mud balance apparatus to measure the density of drilling mud and see how density changes with the addition of barite. The student first prepared a bentonite mud and measured its density. Barite was then added to increase the mud density, which was remeasured. Understanding mud density is important for maintaining proper hydrostatic pressure to prevent fluid influx from formations during drilling.
Carbon residue is a test performed on lubricating oils and fuels to determine their potential to form carbon deposits. The test involves heating an oil sample in a small tube and measuring the carbon residue left behind. A higher carbon residue number indicates the oil or fuel is more likely to leave deposits that can clog engines or damage components over time.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
This document discusses measuring the pH of drilling mud using a pH meter. It begins with an introduction of the aim, which is to measure the pH of drilling mud to understand its acidity and alkalinity. It then discusses the theory behind pH and how hydrogen ion concentration relates to acidity and alkalinity. The apparatus used is a pH meter, which is calibrated using standard water. Samples are then tested and the pH is measured and recorded. The discussion covers how pH is important for drilling operations and can impact equipment, as well as methods for measuring pH.
This document discusses mud filtration experiments. It aims to monitor the rate of fluid loss from a filter press under controlled conditions and measure the thickness of residue deposited on the filter paper. Filtration properties are important for understanding invasion into porous formations and filter cake buildup on wellbores. The experiment uses a standard filter press to test mud samples under static and dynamic filtration conditions at varying temperatures and pressures. Results like fluid loss volume and filter cake thickness indicate how much water/oil wetting and permeability damage may occur in formations. Formation damage can reduce productivity and is affected by factors like filter cake properties, filtrate invasion, and drilling/completion operations.
1. Open-hole completions, also called 'barefoot' completions, involve setting casing above the productive interval and drilling into and through the reservoir, leaving it uncased and exposed to the wellbore.
2. For a simple open-hole well completion, the process involves setting production casing above the zone of interest before drilling into it, leaving it open to the wellbore, and then installing wellhead equipment to control flow.
3. Key steps include drilling into the formation, installing wellhead valves and pipes to direct and burn off initial flow, and cleaning the well until the flow stabilizes before testing and starting production.
This document provides an overview of galvanic corrosion. It defines corrosion and galvanic corrosion specifically. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact, where the more active metal corrodes at an accelerated rate while the noble metal corrodes at a reduced rate. The document highlights how the difference in corrosion potentials between the metals determines the severity of galvanic corrosion. It also notes some methods to prevent galvanic corrosion, such as using galvanic coatings and controlling the surface area ratio between the metals. Videos are included to demonstrate galvanic corrosion procedures and examples.
The document discusses different types of drilling rigs and factors for selecting a rig. It outlines various land and offshore rigs, including conventional land rigs, mobile land rigs, inland barge rigs, posted barge rigs, submersible rigs, fixed jacket rigs, and drill ships. Key factors for selecting a rig include the surface location, maximum hole depth, horsepower requirements, cost, and availability. Offshore rigs like submersible rigs can work in water depths from 18 to 70 feet, while drill ships are used for the deepest water depths of over 2500 meters.
Structural Geology for petroleum Egineering GeologyKamal Abdurahman
Structural geology is the study of geological structures like faults, folds, and joints. It provides important information for fields like engineering geology, economic geology, and plate tectonics. Folds form when rock layers bend under pressure and heat. The limbs of folds dip inward or outward forming anticlines and synclines. Faults form when rocks break under stress, producing displacement along a fracture. The hanging wall moves relative to the footwall. Joints are fractures without displacement that form to relieve stress. Unconformities represent gaps in the geological record due to erosion. They provide evidence about past environmental conditions. Structural features must be considered for engineering projects due to their effects on rock strength and fluid flow. Plate t
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network