CAR REGION

1. CORDILLERA
ADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
JOHN DAVE BACARAC
CHRISTINE BALANE
SAYRIL SALVA
MARCO BENOLIRAO
BSHM BLOCK 2
SECOND YEAR

2. PROVINCES OF (CAR)
APAYAO
ABRA
KALINGA
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
BENGUET
BAGUIO

3. The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Philippines is a land-locked region consists of the
provinces of Abra, Benguet Mountain Province and
Apayao.
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF CAR
IN THE PHILIPPINES?

4. The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR; Ilocano:
Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera; Filipino: Rehiyong
Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), also known as the Cordillera Region and
Cordillera is an administrative region in the Philippines, situated within the
island of Luzon. It is the only landlocked region in the insular country,
bordered by the Ilocos Region to the west and southwest, and by the
Cagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and southeast. It is the least
populous region in the Philippines, with a population less than that of the c
of Manila.

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The region comprises six provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao,
Kalinga and Mountain Province. The regional center is the highly
urbanized city of Baguio.
The region was officially created on July 15, 1987,and covers most of
the Cordillera Mountain Range of Luzon and is home to numerous
ethnic peoples. The Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority of Igorot
population, but was placed by the American colonial government in
the Cagayan Valley Region instead during the early 20th century, so
do Quirino.
According to the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, this region
is the least populated region in the Philippines.

6. Country :Philippines
Island group:Luzon
Regional center
and largest city:Baguio
ISO 3166 code:PH-15
Provinces 6:Abra,Apayao,Benguet,Ifugao,Kalinga,Mountain
Province
Cities 2:Baguio,Tabuk
Municipalities:75
Barangays:1,178
Cong. districts :7
Languages:Ilocano,Ibaloi,Kankanaey,Kalanguya Kalinga
ifugao,Itneg,Isneg,Pangasinan

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GEOGRAPHY
The region is the only landlocked region in
the Philippines, bounded on the northeast
and east by the Cagayan Valley, and on the
southwest and west by the Ilocos Region.
The region is primarily mountainous,
positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain
range, which includes Mount Pulag, the
highest mountain in Luzon.

8. CULTURE
The Bontoc Museum, run by the Sisters of the Immaculate
Heart of Mary, hosts many of the materials used by the
different tribes of the Mountain Province.
The Cordillera region is known for its unique musical instruments
including the gangsa kalinga, nose flute, bamboo flute, buzzer,
bangibang, tongatong, diwdiw-as, saggeypo, and bamboo zither. The
region is also known for their dance, arts, and crafts like wood-carving,
ibaloi basket, loom weaving, tinalik, loinclothes called ikat, amulets,
tattoo, akob, bobo, suklang and ikat weaving.
The symbol of the tattoo of the Bontocs is about being brave (because
of the pain while inking), a talisman or a good luck charm against evil
forces, or a symbol of a status or position (ex. Chief captain, Leader,
Mayor). They also use tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body
using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their
skin.
It has been observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on
their emotions and belief. They use their talents in making arts and
crafts as a source of income like wood-carving, basket-weaving,
weaving clothes, amulets and ikat weaving. They have different patterns
in weaving and they also have their own God that is called "Bulul", it is
the God of the rice that is made and worshipped by the Ifugaos. Aside
from their tattoo art, the Bontocs are also known for their excellence in
making different baskets for storage and rice.

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The Banaue Rice Terraces (Filipino:
Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe) are
terraces that were carved into the
mountains of Banaue, Ifugao, in the
Philippines, by the ancestors of the Igorot
people. The terraces are occasionally
called the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It
is commonly thought that the terraces were
built with minimal equipment, largely by
hand. The terraces are located
approximately 1,500 meters (4,900 feet)
above sea level. These are fed by an
ancient irrigation system from the
rainforests above the terraces. It is said
that if the steps were put end to end, it
would encircle half of the globe
Tourist attractions

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Cassamata Hill
National Park
Fire Mummies
Mount Data
Balbalasang–Balbalan National
Park
Mount Pulag
Mansion
Lion's Head
Bell Church

11. A man from Tinglayan vested in traditional garb
holding a handcrafted weapon first produced
during the Second World War; traditional Kalinga
cloth is draped over Orthodox icons in the
manner of Russian
ETHNIC GROUP Igorot people
A Bontoc woman with a snake skeleton
in her hair. Skeletons serve as a charm
against lightning.

12. ABRA
Abra is a Province in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Its capital is the Municipality of Bangued and
composed of 27 municipalities and 303 barangays. It is bordered by Ilocos Norte in the Northwest,
Apayao on the Northeast, Mountain Province on the Southeast and Iloco Sur on the Southwest. Abra
comes from the Spanish word "Abrir" which means to open. Abra was created as a Politico-military
Province in 1846, Prior to which it was part of the old Ilocos Province and later when loco Sur divided into
two province in 1818, with the issuance of Executive No. 220 in July 1987 by the President Corazon C.
Aquino, Abra became one of the Provinces in the Cordillera Administrative Region.Its total land area
encompasses 397,555 hectares, with Bangued as its capital town. The Province lies 2,000 feet above
sea level. The Province's climate is classified into type 1, with two defined seasons. Abra is situated in the
Mid-Western section of the cordillera administrative Region in Luzon.Tingguians are also called "itneg" a
contraction of the Ilocano words "iti uneg" which means interior that refers to the location of their
settlement at the heartland of Abra. Tingguians were the first settlers of Abra, subdivided into 12
Ethnolinguistic groups namely: Adasen, Balatok, Banao, Belwang, Binongan, Gubang, Inlaud, Mabaka,
Maeng, Masadiit, Mayudan, Agta or Negrito.The word "tingguian" is trace to the Malay root word "Tinggi"
meaning high, mountains, elevated or upper. However, the people refer themselves as "itneg", Gimpong
or Idaya-as or based on their 12 sub-people group.

13. 12 Ethnolinguistic group:
1. Adasen
The community of Adasen is now
considered as an Ethnolinguistic subtribe
of the Tingguian ethnic group. They are
mostly located in the Municipalities of
Lagayan, Lagangil;ang and Tineg in the
Northern part of the Abra Province.
Historically, the tribe is said to have come
from Cagayan, they then moved to Kalinga
then to Abra, which they now call home.
They share a few similar practices and
belief to those of the other local ethnic
groups within the regions that they have
stayed in.

14. 2. Balatoc Tribe
The Balatoc Tribe are those coming
from Kalinga. Represented by
Barangays Amti, Danac East, Danac
West, Boliney Abra.
3. Belwang/Oplai Tribe
Represented by Barangays, Dao-
angan and Kilong-olao. Oplai Tribe are
thos inhabitants coming from Belwang
Mountain Province.

15. 4. Banao Tribe
The Banao itneg are concentrated in
Eastern Abra. They are also called
Banao and Banao Tingguian. They have
three dialects- Malibcong Banao, Banao
Pikekj, and Gubang itneg-which
interestingly, belong to the Kalinga sub-
group. Their economic activities include
swidden farming, fishing, and hunting,
their staple crop is rice (planted using
both dry and wet methods).

16. 5. Binongan Tribe
Also known as Tingguian, the
Binongan itneg are found in Licuan-
Baay and Lacub, their language has
similarities with ilocano and masadiit
itneg; they use it enthusiastically. Their
economic activities include swidden
farming, fishing, hunting and mining.
their staple food/crops is rice.
6. Inlaud Tribe
Itneg Inlaud, the language and
dialects of the Inlaud Itnegs have
quite a number of lexical similarities
to the Ilocano language, which is
their second language. The Inlaud
itnegs are found in Penarubia,
Langiden, Danglas and Lagangilang.

17. 7 and 8. Mabaka Tribe and the
Gubang Tribe.
With distinct dialects and traditions were
the early settlers of Malibcong, however,
the three were in the relative peace and
harmony, bound irrevocably by their
common heritage and geography. To
further strengthen this ties, intermarriages
were entered into and peace treaties
constructed with other tribes. The peace
treaty or "Bodong" which is known among
various tribes in the entire Cordillera
operates for the maintenance of peaceful
interrelations and a concerted defense
against common enemies.

18. 9. Maeng Tribe
The other names of "Maeng" itnegs are Luba,
Tiempo itnegs and Southern Itnegs. The majority
live in the towns of Tubo, Luba and Villaviciosa.
Theirs is the only itneg language that is similar to
Northern Kankanacy, a Mountain Province
language.
10. Masadiit Tribe.
The Masadiit Itneg reside in Sallapadan, Bucloc,
and Boliney. The Masadiit are probably among
the earliest inhabitants of Abra. The masadiit
language has a 70% lexical similarity with
Guinaang Kalinga, and has worlds in common
with the Besao and Sagada of Mountain
Province.

19. 11. Ammutan Tribe
Ammutan Tribe is said to be the descendants
of a certain man called Ammut. But now, the
Ammutan tribe is called as Mayudan Tribe.
12. Agta or Negrito
Agta villaviciosa commonly referred to as
Negritos, Agtas do belong to the Negrito
Ethnolinguistic group. The villaviciosa Agtas once
resided in Villaviciosa, Western Abra, near the
Ilocos Sur Border. Agtas are one of two Negritos
Ethnolinguistic populations that became instinct
in the past century.

20. 1. ABRA RIVER
The Abra River, also called Lagben River, is the
seventh largest river system in the Philippines in
terms of watershed size. It has an estimated
drainage area of 5,125 square kilometres (1,979 sq
mi) and a length of 179 kilometres (111 mi) from its
source in the vicinity of Mount Data in Benguet
province.[
ATTRACTIONS IN ABRA PROVINCE
2. KAPARKAN FALLS
Kaparkan Falls also known as Mulawin Falls is a limestone
terrace in the province of Abra. Kaparkan Falls can be found
exactly at Sitio Kaparkan, Barangay Caganayan, Tineg, Abra.
According to its past history, it was discovered in the year 2015
by the locals nearby and photos of it went viral online. As a
result of its gaining popularity in the country, it got featured in
popular TV travel shows such as Kapuso Mo Jessica Soho,
and Biyahe ni Drew.

21. 3. ST. JAMES THE ELDER CATHEDRAL
In 1598, a garrison was established by the first Spanish-Iloco forces who first occupied the place now known as Bangued. The said garrison
was meant to protect the Spanish missionaries, who at the time aimed to Christianize the natives and locate the goldmines, from
headhunters that pillage the community frequently. The word “Bangan”, which means roadblocks or blockade, was the source of the name
“Bangued”. In 1615, the Bangued mission was established and Fr. Juan Pareja baptized 3,000 Tingguians through the help of their chief, Don
Manuel Domaoal. Bangued was made an independent mission territory in 1692 by the Augustinians under Fr. Columbo.
The construction of the big church in Bangued began in 1722 and was completed in 1807. It was about 73 meters long. A spacious convento
was built adjoining it. It later became the Sacred Heart of Jesus Academy, which is now the Holy Spirit Academy, a convent for sisters and a
school for girls and boys.
In 1861, Bangued was formally inaugurated as a municipality and was proclaimed the capital town of Abra on July 25th, the feast day of Saint
James the Elder, in 1863. Bangued was returned to the Augustinians after 270 years of secular administration in 1892.
In March 10, 1945 at 3:00 P.M., some American planes guided by Filipinos dropped incendiary bombs on the capitol, the catholic church and
adjoining buildings. Only the church walls, convent and the bell tower of the church were spared. The roof and altar reconstruction, and the
electric pipe organ installation started in 1947.
In 1955, the church of Bangued became the cathedral of the then newly established Territorial Prelature of Bangued which was elevated into
a diocese in 1982. Originally founded by the Augustinians who built a church in the 19th century, only to be destroyed during World War II.
The Seculars, who took over built the present structure after the war. It’s a quaint yet simple facade dominated with lines.
Dedicated to Saint James the Elder, and being the seat of the Bangued Diocese, the church is the heart of Catholic spiritual life in the
province of Abra.

22. 4. SIBUD-SIBUD CAVE
Sibud-Sibud Cave is a multi-chambered cave with a couple of
caverns and beautifully-formed mineral deposits. There are two
entry point to the cave, thus a traverse route can be done; though,
the tourist may opt to trace back his initial point of entry as his exit.
Unlike other caves, Sibud-Sibud as a Class III cave, does not
require tourists to crawl or slide through crevices, wade through icy
waters, or climb stone walls. It is an easy trek save one area where
climbing through a makeshift wooden ladder is needed. Portions of
the cave floor are wet from the accumulated continuous drips from
the rocks above. Mineral deposit formations are numerous starting a
few meters from each entry points, thus giving tourists immediate
wonderment. These formations like small to giant banana blossom,
heart, flaccid, uncircumcised male genitalia (complete with scrotum),
dome-like roof, golden walls, terraces and others are all over the
place, from the walls, the floor, to the roof of the cave. Add the
flapping and squeaking of hundreds of bats, it is a surreal
experience. It is a haven for non-rigorous itinerary spelunkers.

23. 5. DON MARIANO MARCOS BRIDGE
The name of the bridge has a history, unlike other bridges being
named to the place where it is located. The bridge was
constructed in the early 1970s and when it was about to be
completed in 1974, the Provincial Board and the Mayor’s League
of Abra inked a resolution on 08 February 1974 to “name the new
bridge, DON MARIANO MARCOS BRIDGE, in memory of the
man, who, during those critical days of the Japanese Occupation
saved a vanquished people from the mire of despair into which
they were arbitrarily cast by their victors (PD 422, s. 1974).” This
was then adopted as Presidential Decree No. 422, series of 1974
when it was signed on 27 March 1974.
The Don Mariano Marcos Bridge is the third longest of its kind in
the country. Its total length is even longer than Calaba Bridge
spanning 886.812 meters across the Lagben River connecting
municipalities of Tayum and Dolores (The Philippine Star, 16
April 2017).

24. APAYAO
Apayao is a province in the Philippines situated in the Cordillera
Administrative Region occupying the northern-central section of Luzon.
Its capital is the Municipality of Kabugao.
The province has a land area of 4,502.33 square kilometers or
1,738.36 square miles. Its population as determined by the 2020
Census was 124,366. This represented 6.92% of the total population of
the Cordillera Administrative Region, 0.20% of the overall population of
the Luzon island group, or 0.11% of the entire population of the
Philippines. Based on these figures, the population density is computed
at 28 inhabitants per square kilometer or 72 inhabitants per square
mile.
Apayao has 7 municipalities. The total number of barangays in the

25. ETHNIC GROUP OF
APAYAO
1. ISNAG
The Isnag people (also
referred to as Isneg and
Apayao) are an Austronesian
ethnic group native to Apayao
province in the Philippines'
Cordillera Administrative
Region. Their native
language is Isneg (also called
Isnag), although most Isnag
also speak Ilocano.

26. 2. ITNEG
The Itnegs believe in the existence of
numerous supernatural powerful beings.
They believe in spirits and deities, the
greatest of which they believe to be
Kadaklan who lives up in the sky and who
created the earth, the moon, the stars, and
the sun. The Itnegs believe in life after
death, which is in a place they call maglawa.
They take special care to clean and adorn
their dead to prepare them for the journey to
maglawa. The corpse is placed in a death
chair (sangadel) during the wake.

27. Apayao is devoted to agricultural production, particularly food and
industrial crops such as palay, corn,coffee, root crops and
vegetables. Fruits produced include lanzones, citrus, bananas and
pineapples, durian, santol, rambutan, coconut and mangosteen.Rice
production totaled 98,489 metric tons in 2011. Parts of Apayao are
home to rice terraces.
Economic activity is also based on livestock and poultry breeding
such as swine, carabao, cattle, goat and sheep. Other additional
investment includes manufacturing, food processing, furniture, crafts
and house wares making.
Updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial
Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture,
garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares, and
agricultural support.
The people of Apayao also have a rich tradition of basket, handicraft,
and textile weaving
ECONOMY

28. ATTRACTIONS IN APAYAO PROVINCE:
1. SOLSONA APAYAO ROAD
The road was established during
the Marcos regime, and aims to
connect two provinces. This is
also now considered as one of
the tourist spots in Ilocos Norte.
In this place, you can see the
whole view of neighboring towns
of Solsona.

29. 2. APAYAO PROVINCIAL MUSEUM
The Isnag Museum is cultural and historical in
the Apayao town of Calanasan, Philippines. It
is a monument to the Isnag people's rich
tradition and culture, one of Apayao's
indigenous tribes.
One of the museum's features is a recreation
of an Isnag house, which provides visitors
with a realistic sense of what life was like for
the tribe in the past. The house is composed
of wood with a thatched roof, and the walls
and pillars have beautiful carvings and
decorations.

30. 3. PUDTOL FALLS
Pudtol Falls is one of the most famous
waterfalls in Apayao, located in the
Philippines' northern area. Its succession of
cascading falls and pristine pools, ideal for
swimming and diving, set it apart.
Pudtol Falls contains numerous flowing
waterfalls, each with its distinct personality.
The falls cascade over cliffs, creating a
dramatic and beautiful sight.
The pools at the bottom of the falls are
crystal clean with a brilliant blue-green tint.
The water is so pure that you can see rocks
and fish swimming beneath it.

31. 4. LUSSOK CAVE
The Lussok Cave is a natural wonder near Luna,
Apayao Province, Philippines. It is a must-see site
for outdoor enthusiasts and wildlife lovers.
An underground river connects the cave's
chambers. The river can be explored by boat, a
fascinating and unique experience. The river also
supports a variety of aquatic creatures, including
fish and crabs.
Lussok Cave is famous for its breathtaking rock
formations that have formed over thousands of
years. Stalactites, stalagmites, and other unusual
rock formations adorn the cave's walls, guaranteed
to impress visitors.

32. 5. BACUT LAKE TOURISM AND NATURE
PARK
Bacut Lake Tourist and Natural Park is a
magnificent attraction in the Philippines'
province of Apayao. With its tranquil
surroundings and breathtaking scenery, Bacut
Lake is a popular destination for nature lovers,
adventure seekers, and tourists looking to
relax and unwind.
The park encompasses lush woods,
undulating hills, and crystal-clear lakes,
providing tourists with a view of the
Philippines' natural splendor. The park's
highlight is Bacut Lake, a tranquil body of
water that covers over 200 hectares and is
surrounded by lush flora.

33. KALINGA Is An Agro-Industrial Province And Eco-Tourism Destination In The Cordillera Administrative
Region With God-Loving, Empowered, Self-Reliant, Healthy And United People Proud Of Their Cultural
Heritage Under A Transparent, Responsive And Dynamic Governance Living In A Peaceful And Sound
Environment”.
The Name Kalinga Is Derived From The Ibanag And Gaddang “Kalinga” Which Means “Headhunters.”
Headhunting Was Considered Noble And It Symbolizes Bravery. Tatoos, A Status Symbol Given To
Warriors As Reward. Thus, A “Mingol” Or Warrior Enjoys A High Status In Kalinga Society.
It Is Composed Of 7 Municipalities:
1.Balbalan
2.Lubuagan
3. Pasil
4.Pinukpuk
5.Rizal
6.Tanudan
7.Tinglayan
KALINGA

34. Kalinga, with its rich cultural heritage and scenic landscapes, offers
various attractions for visitors. Some notable attractions include:
1) Buscalan Village: Famous for being the home
of the last traditional tattoo artist, Whang-Od,
Buscalan provides a unique cultural experience.
Visitors can witness the art of hand-tapped
tattoos, an ancient Kalinga tradition
2 Chico River: Known for its scenic beauty and
adventurous activities, Chico River is ideal for
whitewater rafting and trekking. It offers a chance to
appreciate the natural landscape of Kalinga.

35. 3 Museum of Cordilleran Sculpture: Located
in Tabuk City, this museum showcases the
artistic achievements of the Cordilleran
people, including the Kalinga, through a
collection of sculptures and artifacts.
4 Kalinga Cultural Village A place to
immerse yourself in the local culture,
featuring traditional Kalinga houses,
artifacts, and performances that highlight
the ethnic diversity of the province

36. BENGUET
The highland province is known as the Salad
Bowl of the Philippines due to its huge production
of upland vegetables.
Situated within the interior of Benguet is the
highly urbanized city of Baguio, which is
administered independent from the province,
Municipalities13,Atok,Bakun,Bokod,Buguias,Itogo
n,Kabayan,Kapangan,Kibungan,La,Trinidad,Man
kayan,Sablan,Tuba,Tubla and 140 barangays

37. Benguet is generally peopled by two major
ethnolinguistic groups, namely; Kankanan-ey and
Ibaloi.
1. KANKANAN-EY
The Kankanaey live in the upland areas of
Benguet province and belong to the tribal group
called "Igorots" They are one of the larger tribes
the region. They are a hardworking people in the
field of agriculture who are already reached by
modern technologies. The Kankanaey build rice
terraces which have become sufficient sources of
food. The staple foods of the Kankanaey are
camote, rice, potatoes, and other root crops like
tugi and gabi.

38. 2. IBALOI
The Ibaloi are an indigenous ethnic group found in
Benguet province of the northern Philippines. Ibaloi is
derived from a prefix signifying "pertaining to" and
badoy or house, together then meaning "people who
live in houses". The Ibaloi are one of the indigenous
peoples collectively known as Igorot (igudut, "hill-
dwellers"), who live in the cordillera central of Luzon.
The Ibaloi believe in two kinds of spirits (anitos). The
nature spirits are associated with calamities, while the
ancestral ones (ka-apuan) make their presence known
in dreams or by making a family member sick.

39. ATTRACTIONS IN BENGUET PROVINCE
1. BENCAB MUSEUM
The BenCab Museum is an art museum in Tuba,
Benguet, Philippines. The construction of the BenCab
Museum's building began in 2006.The museum
institution itself was established in 2009 by National
Artist Benedicto Cabrera with the BenCab Art
Foundation managing the facility.
Cabrera intended to establish a private museum to
host his personal art collection consisting his own
works, Cordilleran indigenous art which he considers
as underappreciated, erotica, and works of other
artists that appealed to him.

40. 2. MT. PULAG NATIONAL PARK
Mt. Pulag was proclaimed a national park through
Presidential Proclamation No. 75 on February 20,
1987, covering an area of 11,550 hectares
(28,500 acres). It is part of the Cordillera
Biogeographic Zone and is a National Integrated
Protected Areas Programme (NIPAP) site.
The national park is inhabited by different ethnic
groups such as the Ibalois, Kalanguya, Kankana-
eys, Karao, and Ifugaos. Mount Pulag is famous
for its "sea of clouds" and its exceptional view of
the Milky Way Galaxy at dawn, which has
attracted many tourists who wish to see the
"other-worldly" scenery.

41. 3. DIPLOMAT HOTEL
The Baguio City Heritage Hill and Nature Park (formerly
and still commonly known as the Diplomat Hotel) is an
abandoned structure atop Dominican Hill, Baguio,
Philippines. The local government initiated rehabilitation
efforts, which was started in April 2022, through a 15
million Philippine pesos grant from the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts. The whole
property on which it stands has been renamed as the
Dominican Heritage Hill and Nature Park. A panoramic
view of the city unfolds from its vantage point, the stone
crucifix on the outdoor patio of the hotel's second floor.
The hotel is considered by paranormal believers to be
haunted due to its brutal World War II history and is
considered by these believers as a "ghost magnet.

42. BAGUIO
Baguio was established as a hill station by the United States in
1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway. It was
the United States' only hill station in Asia.
Baguio is classified as a highly urbanized city (HUC). It is
geographically located within Benguet, serving as the provincial
capital from 1901 to 1916, but has since been administered
independently from the province following its conversion into a
chartered city. The city is the center of business, commerce, and
education in northern Luzon, as well as the seat of government of
the Cordillera Administrative Region.According to the 2020
census, Baguio has a population of 366,358

43. ETHIC GROUPS IN PROVINCE OF
BAGUIO:
1. IGOROT
They are a group of wet-rice agriculturalists
occupying the mountains in the area of northern
Luzon, Philippines. Igorot are any of various
ethnic groups in the mountains of this region, all
of whom keep their traditional religion and way
of life. Some live in the tropical forests of the
foothills, but most live in rugged grassland and
pine forest zones higher up. They numbered
about 1.5 million in the early 21st century and
the main identified groups are Bontoc, Ibaloi,
Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga and Kankanaey.

44. 2. IBALOI
The Ibaloi are an indigenous ethnic group found in
Benguet province of the northern Philippines. Ibaloi is
derived from a prefix signifying "pertaining to" and
badoy or house, together then meaning "people who
live in houses". The Ibaloi are one of the indigenous
peoples collectively known as Igorot (igudut, "hill-
dwellers"), who live in the cordillera central of Luzon.
The Ibaloi believe in two kinds of spirits (anitos). The
nature spirits are associated with calamities, while
the ancestral ones (ka-apuan) make their presence
known in dreams or by making a family member sick.

45. 3. KANKANAN-EY
The Kankanaey live in the upland areas of
Benguet province and belong to the tribal
group called "Igorots" They are one of the
larger tribes the region. They are a
hardworking people in the field of agriculture
who are already reached by modern
technologies. The Kankanaey build rice
terraces which have become sufficient
sources of food. The staple foods of the
Kankanaey are camote, rice, potatoes, and
other root crops like tugi and gabi.

46. ATTRACTIONS IN THE PROVINCE
OF BAGUIO:
1. OUR LADY OF ATONEMENT CATHEDRAL
The Our Lady of the Atonement Cathedral, commonly known as Baguio
Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located at Cathedral Loop
adjacent to Session Road in Baguio, the Philippines, and is the see of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Baguio. Dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary
under the title of Our Lady of Atonement, its distinctive exterior, twin
spires and stained glass windows make it a popular tourist attraction in
Baguio. It served as an evacuation center under the Japanese
Occupation during Second World War. The cathedral has a distinctive
façade with a rose window and twin square belfries with pyramidal roofs.
Within its large courtyard is a viewing deck that overlooks Session Road
and the downtown commercial district of Baguio.
The cathedral is accessible to pedestrians from Session Road via 104-
step stone staircase that ends at a Calvary, or through the adjacent
campus of Saint Louis University.

47. 2. BURNHAM PARK
Burnham Park, officially known as the Burnham
Park Reservation, is a historic urban park located
in downtown Baguio, Philippines. It was designed
by eponymous American architect and Baguio city
planner, Daniel Burnham. Burnham Park was
envisioned by American architect Daniel Hudson
Burnham as part of a larger plan for the city of
Baguio in 1905. After having presented the
preliminary plans for Baguio and the capital city of
Manila, Burnham left the task of interpreting such
plans to William E. Parsons. The area where
Burnham Park is situated was formerly known as
'Baguio Meadow".

48. 3. BAGUIO BOTANICAL GARDEN
The Baguio Botanical Garden is a botanical garden
in Baguio, Philippines, located on Leonard Wood
Road between Wright Park and Teacher's Camp.
The garden, which was previously a zoo, was
renamed to the Imelda Park by Ferdinand Marcos
for his wife in 1970.
The park closed for ten months in 2021 due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. During that time, it underwent
a renovation which made the park more aesthetic
and added ramps. It also contains a sunflower farm
and gardens spotlighting Dahlia, cactuses,
marguerites, orchids, and succulents.
One of the garden's main attractions is a 150 m
(490 ft) long tunnel which was dug out by Japanese
Imperial Army soldiers during World War II for use
as storage, treatment, and a bunker.

49. 4. MINES VIEW PARK
Mines View Park is an overlook park on the
northeastern outskirts of Baguio in the Philippines.
It is five kilometers away from the Heart of
Baguio, passing through the Baguio Botanical
Garden, the Mansion House, Wright Park, and the
Pacdal Circle. Located on a land promontory 4 km
from downtown Baguio, the park overlooks the
mining town of Itogon, particularly the abandoned
gold and copper mines of the Benguet
Corporation, and offers a glimpse of the
Amburayan Valley.
The observation deck is situated below a winding
stone-covered stairway close to the parking area.

50. 5. GOOD SHEPHERD CONVENT
The Good Shepherd Convent in Baguio City has a rich
and enduring history that dates back to its founding in
1952 by the Religious of the Good Shepherd
congregation. The Founders’ mission was to provide a
safe and nurturing environment for women and children
who were in need of support and care. Their dedication
and commitment to this goal resulted in the
establishment of a thriving community that has been a
beacon of hope for generations.
The Good Shepherd Convent serves as a testament to
the founders’ vision and their unwavering commitment to
helping those in need. The legacy of the founders lives
on, inspiring countless individuals to follow in their
footsteps and work towards building a more
compassionate and equitable world.

51. MOUNTAIN PROVINCE is a landlocked province in the northern part of
the Philippines, situated in the Cordillera Central mountain range. It is
known for its picturesque landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and diverse
indigenous communities, predominantly the Igorots.
The province was established during the American colonial period,
separating from the old Mountain Province, which included present-day
Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Apayao. Bontoc serves as the capital
of Mountain Province.
Indigenous traditions and rituals are integral to the identity of the province.
The terraced rice fields, ancestral houses, and unique burial practices
contribute to the cultural richness of the area. Mountain Province is also a
popular destination for ecotourism, with attractions like Sagada, Banaue
Rice Terraces, and the scenic landscapes of the Cordilleras.
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

52. 1. Banaue Rice Terraces
While not located directly in the
Mountain Province, the nearby
Banaue Rice Terraces are a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
and a major attraction. These
terraces, carved into the
mountains by Ifugao ancestors,
showcase ancient engineering
and agricultural prowess
ATTRACTION

53. 2. Sagada
A popular destination within the
Mountain Province, Sagada is known
for its breathtaking landscapes, hanging
coffins, and extensive cave systems.
The serene environment attracts nature
enthusiasts and those seeking cultural
experiences
3. Bontoc Museum
Located in the capital, Bontoc,
this museum houses artifacts
and exhibits that provide
insights into the indigenous
cultures of the Mountain
Province

54. 4. Maligcong Rice Terraces Found in
the town of Bontoc, Maligcong boasts
beautiful rice terraces surrounded by
lush greenery, offering a peaceful
retreat.
5. Festivals:
Various festivals in the Mountain
Province, such as the Lang-ay
Festival, celebrate indigenous
traditions through dances, rituals, and
cultural presentations

55. The Mountain Province in the Philippines is home to various indigenous ethnic groups, each with its own
distinct culture, traditions, and history. The primary ethnic groups in the Mountain Province include:
1. Bontoc
- The Bontoc people are known for their intricate rituals, customs, and agricultural practices.
- They are traditionally engaged in terrace farming, carving rice terraces into the mountainsides.
- Bontoc rituals cover aspects of agriculture, fertility, and, historically, headhunting (though this has
ceased in modern times).
2. Kankanaey
- The Kankanaey people predominantly reside in the western part of the province.
- They have a strong agricultural tradition and are recognized for their agricultural terraces.
- The Kankanaey also have vibrant oral traditions, including epic chants that pass down their cultural
history.
3. Ifugao
- While primarily associated with the neighboring province named after them, the Ifugao people also
have a presence in the Mountain Province.
- They are renowned for their UNESCO World Heritage Site, the intricate Ifugao Rice Terraces,
showcasing advanced engineering and agricultural skills.
4. Tingguian
- The Tingguians are known for their weaving traditions, producing intricate textiles that reflect their
cultural identity.
- They have a unique artistic heritage, particularly in their craftsmanship of textiles.
These indigenous groups contribute significantly to the cultural diversity of the Mountain Province. While
they share certain similarities due to their mountainous environment, each group maintains its own
identity, language, and customs. Efforts are ongoing to preserve and celebrate the rich cultural heritage of
these ethnic communities.

56. Religion
Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman
Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region,
however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of the population)
adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and
Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20–30% of the
population. The traditional animist religions maintain a
significant presence in the region and are still practiced by
the tribal people. There is a significant increasing members
of Iglesia Ni Cristo for the landmarks like chapels /kapilyas in
each town

57. THANK YOU